Search

Mixed infection with Beijing and non-Beijing strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been reported and has been suggested to mediate elevation of the reinfection rate in regions with a high incidence of tuberculosis (TB). To evaluate the prevalence of infection with both Beijing and non-Beijing strains of M. tuberculosis in eastern Taiwan, the region with the highest TB incidence in Taiwan, 185 active pulmonary TB patients were enrolled at Tzu Chi General Hospital from October 2007 to September 2008. A modified multiplex PCR method was developed to distinguish Beijing and non-Beijing strains directly using the sputum of patients. Of the 185 patients, 46.5% were infected with a Beijing strain, 42.2% were infected with a non-Beijing strain, and 11.3% were infected with both strain types. Notably, mixed infection with both strain types was not associated with TB treatment history or the high-incidence race group, aborigines. In addition, the incidence rate of mixed infection before treatment with anti-TB medication was as high as that in patients with a history of anti-TB treatment. Further analysis of antibiotic susceptibility revealed that Beijing strains alone had the highest multidrug resistance rate (17.5%), mixed infection had the highest rate of resistance to at least one drug (23.8%), and non-Beijing strains had the highest rate of sensitivity to all drugs (79.5%), implying that Beijing strains are predominant in the development of drug resistance in tuberculosis.

Nowadays, the international battery manufactories plan to mass produce high energy-storage products with 300Wh/kg or higher in 2020-2030 to double EV cars traveling distance. However, this will not be immediately effective meet the huge demands used in transporting vehicles. To connect this technical gap, we challenge high energy SSLIB (350Wh/kg) with following strategies: (1) Nickel-rich high working-voltage (>3.9V) cathode material with core-shell structure. (2) Lithium metal/ alloy anode with buffer layer and special morphology. (3) Nano-composited solid state electrolyte with inorganic oxide compound Li+ superconductor. (Total conductivity= 2*10-4S/cm @ rt.) Another part of this poster, we apply different temperature, voltage and current density limit to maximize the efficacy of SSLIB. Meanwhile, we force the battery to fail. To the best of our knowledge, there are limited literatures discussing about SSLIB failure mode. With in-situ micro- and macroscopic examination, we can exam SSLIB failure mechanism. With comparison of computerial simulation, we try to define SSLIB failure mode and establish SSLIB safety testing standards. Figure 1

Regioselective addition of ammonia, primary or secondary amines, aniline, or amino derivatives either to a neutral ( η 1 -allenyl)platinum complex trans -Pt(Br)(PPh 3 ) 2 ( η 1 -CHCCH 2 ) ( 1 ) or to a cationic η 3 -allenyl/propargyl platinum complex [Pt(PPh 3 ) 2 ( η 3 -C 3 H 3 )](BF 4 ) ( 2 ) provide the synthesis of cationic N -protonated, N -alkylated, and N -arylated η 3 -azatrimethylenemethane complexes {Pt(PPh 3 ) 2 ( η 3 -CH 2 C(NRR′)CH 2 ]}(X) (R=H R′=H ( 3a ), Me ( 3b ), Et ( 3c ), i Pr ( 3d ), t Bu ( 3e ), c-C 6 H 11 ( 3f ), Ph ( 3g ), CH 2 CH 2 OH ( 3h ), R=R′=Et ( 3i ), c-C 3 H 6 (from azetidine 3j ), Ph ( 3k ), R=Me R′=Ph ( 3l ); X=Br, BF 4 ), respectively. Addition of amides to 1 gave a neutral η 3 -azatrimethylenemethane complex Pt(PPh 3 ) 2 [ η 3 -CH 2 C(NSO 2 Ph)CH 2 ] ( 4m ). Similar reactions using palladium complexes yield {Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 [ η 3 -CH 2 C(NRR′)CH 2 ]}(X) (R=H R′= i Pr ( 7d ), Ph ( 7g ), R=R′=Et ( 7i ); X=Br, BF 4 , OTf), Pd(Br)(PPh 3 )[ η 3 -CH 2 C(NEt 2 )CH 2 ] ( 8i ) and Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 [ η 3 -CH 2 C(NR)CH 2 ] (R=SO 2 Ph ( 9m ), p -SO 2 C 6 H 4 Me ( 9n )). Synthesis of three complexes, {M(PPh 3 ) 2 [ η 3 -CH 2 C(NHR)CH 2 ]} + (M=Pt R=SO 2 Ph ( 3m ); M=Pd R=SO 2 Ph ( 7m ), p -SO 2 C 6 H 4 Me ( 7n )), can not be done by hydroamination reactions, but has been successful using protonation of η 3 - N -TMM complexes 4m , 9m , and 9n , respectively. Spectroscopic and crystallographic characterizations indicate that these N -TMM complexes exhibit intermediary structural features between η 3 -2-aminoallyl and metallacyclobutanimine complexes. 2