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Instruments flown on CubeSats are small. Meaningful applications of CubeSats in astronomical observations rely on the choice of a particular subject that is feasible for CubeSats. Here we report the result of a feasibility study for observing gamma-ray polarization from Cygnus X-1 using a small Compton polarimeter on board a 3U CubeSat. Silicon detectors and cerium bromide scintillators were employed in the instrument models that we discussed in this study. Through Monte Carlo simulations with Geant4-based MEGAlib package, we found that, with a 10-Ms on-axis, zenith-direction observation in a low inclination, low altitude earth orbit radiation background environment, the minimum detectable polarization degree can be down to about 10\% in 160 - 250 keV, 20\% in 250 - 400 keV, and 65\% in 400 - 2000 keV. A 3U CubeSat dedicated to observing Cygnus X-1 can therefore yield useful information on the polarization state of gamma-ray emissions from the brightest persistent X-ray black-hole binary in the sky., 11 pages, 7 figures, accepted on June 11, 2020, for publication in The Astronomical Journal

The Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) is a compact Compton telescope which is inherently sensitive to gamma-ray polarization in the energy range of 0.2-2.0 MeV. A long duration gamma-ray burst, GRB 160530A, was detected by COSI during its 2016 COSI’s balloon flight. The polarization of GRB 160530A was constrained based on the distribution of azimuthal scattering angles from each incident photon inside COSI’s germanium detector array.1 In order to determine COSI’s polarization response and to identify systematic deviations from an ideal sinusoidal modulation, the polarization performance of COSI was validated in the laboratory prior to the 2016. A partially polarized beam was created by scattered emission from a radioactive source off a scintillator. In addition, measurements and simulations of unpolarized radioactive sources were compared to validate our capability of capturing the instrument systematics in the simulations. No statistically significant differences exist between the measured and simulated modulations and polarization angle, where the upper bound on the systematic error is 3%-4%.2 In this talk, I will present the measurements used to validate COSI’s polarimetric performance. Furthermore, I will use these results to estimate the minimum detectable polarization levels for current and future COSI missions.

Here we study a 1-200 keV energy spectrum of the black hole binary Cygnus X-1 taken with NuSTAR and Suzaku. This is the first report of a NuSTAR observation of Cyg X-1 in the intermediate state, and the observation was taken during the part of the binary orbit where absorption due to the companion's stellar wind is minimal. The spectrum includes a multi-temperature thermal disk component, a cutoff power-law component, and relativistic and non-relativistic reflection components. Our initial fits with publicly available constant density reflection models (relxill and reflionx) lead to extremely high iron abundances (>9.96 and 10.6(+1.6)(-0.9) times solar, respectively). Although supersolar iron abundances have been reported previously for Cyg X-1, our measurements are much higher and such variability is almost certainly unphysical. Using a new version of reflionx that we modified to make the electron density a free parameter, we obtain better fits to the spectrum even with solar iron abundances. We report on how the higher density (n_e = (3.98(+0.12)(-0.25))E20 cm-3) impacts other parameters such as the inner radius and inclination of the disk., 14 pages, accepted by ApJ

The Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI), formerly known as the Nuclear Compton Telescope (NCT), is a balloon-borne soft gamma-ray telescope (0.2–5 MeV) designed to study astrophysical sources of nuclear-line emission and gamma-ray polarization. The heart of COSI is a compact array of cross-strip germanium detectors (GeDs), providing excellent spectral resolution ( ~ 0.2 – 1 % ) and the capability to track individual photon interactions with full 3D position resolution to 1.6 mm3. COSI is built upon considerable heritage from the previous NCT balloon instrument, which has flown successfully on two conventional balloon flights to date. The Crab Nebula was detected at a significance of 6σ in the second flight, which is the first reported detection of an astrophysical source by a compact Compton telescope. COSI has been upgraded from the previous NCT instrument to be an Ultra Long Duration Balloon (ULDB) payload, utilizing a new detector configuration optimized for polarization sensitivity and employing a mechanical cryocooler to remove consumables (LN2) for ULDB flights. The instrument is being integrated for a ULDB flight in December 2014 from Antarctica on a superpressure balloon. Here we will present the redesign of the instrument and our current progress in preparing for the flight.

International audience; The Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) is a balloon-borne, soft gamma-ray (0.2-5 MeV) telescope designed to study astrophysical sources of nuclear-line emission and gamma-ray polarization. The heart of COSI is a compact array of cross-strip germanium detectors (GeDs), providing excellent spectral resolution (0.3% at 662 keV) and the capability of tracking the photon scattering history with full 3D position resolution of less than 2 $mm^{3}$ for each interaction. With good efficiency, wide-field imaging, and polarization sensitivity, COSI is a powerful observatory in the medium gamma-ray regime. The most recent balloon flight of COSI was launched from Wanaka, New Zealand, in May 2016 on a Super Pressure Balloon floating for 46 days. During this flight, COSI discovered GRB 160530A and detected several sources, including the Crab, Cen A, Cyg X-1, and the 511-keV emission from the galactic center. Here we will present the characteristics and capabilities of this novel instrument and preliminary results from the 2016 flight.

The Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) is a balloon-borne gamma-ray (0.2-5 MeV) telescope with inherent sensitivity to polarization. COSI's main goal is to study astrophysical sources such as $\gamma$-ray bursts, positron annihilation, Galactic nucleosynthesis, and compact objects. COSI employs a compact Compton telescope design utilizing 12 high-purity cross strip germanium detectors (size: $8\times8\times1.5$ cm$^3$, 2 mm strip pitch). We require well-benchmarked simulations to simulate the full instrument response used for data analysis, to optimize our analysis algorithms, and to better understand our instrument and the in-flight performance. In order to achieve a reasonable agreement, we have built a comprehensive mass model of the instrument and developed a detailed detector effects engine, which takes into account the individual performance of each strip as well as the characteristics of the overall detector system. We performed detailed Monte-Carlo simulations with Cosima/Geant4, applied the detector effects engine, and benchmarked the results with pre-flight calibrations using radioactive sources. After applying the detector effects engine, the simulations closely resemble the measurements, and the standard calibration, event reconstruction, and imaging pipeline used for measurements can also be applied to the simulations. In this manuscript, we will describe the detector effects engine, the benchmarking tests with calibrations, and the application to preliminary results from COSI's 46-day balloon flight in 2016., Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures, proceedings in 11th INTEGRAL Conference: Gamma-ray Astrophysics in Multi-Wavelength Perspective, 10-14 October 2016, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

The Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) is a balloon-borne, soft-gamma ray imager, spectrometer, and polarimeter with sensitivity from 0.2 to 5 MeV. Utilizing a compact Compton telescope design with twelve cross-strip, high-purity germanium detectors, COSI has three main science goals: study the 511 keV positron annihilation line from the Galactic plane, image diffuse emission from stellar nuclear lines, and perform polarization studies of gamma-ray bursts and other extreme astrophysical environments. COSI has just completed a successful 46-day flight on NASA's new Super Pressure Balloon, launched from Wanaka, New Zealand, in May 2016. We present an overview of the instrument and the 2016 flight, and discuss COSI's main science goals, predicted performance, and preliminary results., 10 pages, 17 figures, Proceedings in 11th INTEGRAL Conference: Gamma-Ray Astrophysics in Multi-Wavelength Perspective, 10-14 October 2016, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

The Nuclear Compton Telescope (NCT) is a balloon-borne telescope based on the 3D-positioning germanium detectors. It is designed to study astrophysical sources of gamma-ray emission in the energy range of 0.2 MeV to 10 MeV. The data readout system of NCT is designed to amplify, digitize and collect signals from a germanium detector according to a certain trigger scheme. It also has an interface to the NCT flight computer to receive commands and transfer data. This paper contains the design and the scientific test result of the readout system.

The Nuclear Compton Telescope (NCT) is a balloon-borne telescope designed to study astrophysical sources of nuclear line emission and polarization at soft gamma-ray (0.2-10 MeV) energies. NCT uses high-purity germanium strip detectors for 3D tracking of photon interactions. Compton imaging enables effective background rejection, resulting in a compact but highly efficient instrument. The NCT prototype completed a successful flight from Fort Sumner, New Mexico in 2005. We have since integrated additional detectors, updated the readout electronics, and improved other flight systems. Two flights of the full instrument are upcoming: a conventional flight in New Mexico and a long duration flight from Australia. We give an overview of the instrument and its status prior to the planned balloon flights.

The Nuclear Compton Telescope (NCT) is a balloon-borne soft gamma ray (0.2-10 MeV) telescope designed to study astrophysical sources of nuclear line emission and polarization. The heart of NCT is an array of 12 cross-strip germanium detectors, designed to provide 3D positions for each photon interaction with full 3D position resolution to 1.6 mm3. The x and y positions are provided by the orthogonal strips, and the interaction depth (z position) in the detector is measured to an accuracy of 0.4 mm FWHM using the relative timing of the anode and cathode charge collection signals. The charge collection signals are affected by cross-talk when interactions occur in adjacent strips, altering the timing measurement in those interactions. We simulated this effect in our NCT detectors, and have developed a method to correct the timing information. Here we present the simulation and the correction results.

The Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) is a balloon-borne soft gamma-ray (0.2 to 5 MeV) telescope designed to perform wide-field imaging, high-resolution spectroscopy, and novel polarization measurements of astrophysical sources. COSI employs a compact Compton telescope design, utilizing 12 cross-strip germanium detectors to track the trajectory of incident photons, where position and energy deposits from Compton interactions allow for a reconstruction of the source sky position, an inherent measure of the linear polarization, and significant background reduction. COSI was launched from the Long Duration Balloon site near McMurdo Station, Antarctica, in December 2014 where the primary science goal was to measure gamma-ray burst polarizations; however, the flight was cut unexpectedly short due to a leak in the balloon. We will present instrument calibrations of the energy and 3D-position of interactions within the detector that were taken in preparation for the 2014 campaign. We will discuss the integrated instrument and system testing to determine the angular resolution and detector efficiency, for comparison to simulations.

The Nuclear Compton Telescope (NCT) is a balloon-borne soft γ-ray (0.2-10 MeV) telescope designed to perform wide-field imaging, high-resolution spectroscopy, and novel polarization analysis of astrophysical sources. NCT employs a novel Compton telescope design, utilizing 12 high spectral resolution germanium detectors, with the ability to localize photon interaction in three dimensions. NCT underwent its first science flight from Fort Sumner, NM in Spring 2009, and was partially destroyed during a second launch attempt from Alice Spring, Australia in Spring 2010. We have begun the rebuilding process and are using this as an opportunity to update and optimize various aspects of NCT. The cryostat which houses the 12 germanium detectors is being redesigned so as to accommodate the detectors in a new configuration, which will increase the effective area and improve the on-axis performance as well as polarization sensitivity of NCT. We will be replacing the liquid nitrogen detector cooling system with a cryocooler system which will allow for long duration flights. Various structural changes to NCT, such as the use of an all new gondola, will affect the physical layout of the electronics and instrument subsystems. We expect to return to flight readiness by Fall 2013, at which point we will recommence science flights. We will discuss science goals for the rebuilt NCT as well as proposed flight campaigns.

The Nuclear Compton Telescope (NCT) is a balloon-borne telescope designed to study astrophysical sources of gammaray emission with high spectral resolution, moderate angular resolution, and novel sensitivity to gamma-ray polarization. The heart of NCT is a compact array of cross-strip germanium detectors allowing for wide-field imaging with excellent efficiency from 0.2-10 MeV. Before 2010, NCT had flown successfully on two conventional balloon flights in Fort Sumner, New Mexico. The third flight was attempted in Spring 2010 from Alice Springs, Australia, but there was a launch accident that caused major payload damage and prohibited a balloon flight. The same system configuration enables us to extend our current results to wider phase space with pre-flight calibrations in 2010 campaign. Here we summarize the design, the performance of instrument, the pre-flight calibrations, and preliminary results we have obtained so far.

The Nuclear Compton Telescope (NCT) is a balloon-borne soft gamma-ray telescope. Its compact design uses cross-strip germanium detectors, allowing for wide-field imaging with excellent efficiency from 0.2-10 MeV. Additionally, the Compton imaging principle employed by NCT provides polarimetric sensitivity to several MeV. NCT is optimized for the study of astrophysical sources of nuclear line emission. A ten-detector instrument participated in the 2010 balloon campaign in Alice Springs, Australia, in order to conduct observations of the Galactic Center Region. Unfortunately, a launch accident caused major damage to the payload, and no flight was possible. We discuss the design, calibration, and performance of the instrument as well as prospects for its future.

The Nuclear Compton Telescope (NCT) is a balloon-borne soft gamma ray (0.2-10 MeV) telescope designed to study astrophysical sources of nuclear line emission and polarization. The heart of NCT is an array of 12 cross-strip germanium detectors, designed to provide 3D positions for each photon interaction with full 3D position resolution to < 2 mm^3. Tracking individual interactions enables Compton imaging, effectively reduces background, and enables the measurement of polarization. The keys to Compton imaging with NCT's detectors are determining the energy deposited in the detector at each strip and tracking the gamma-ray photon interaction within the detector. The 3D positions are provided by the orthogonal X and Y strips, and by determining the interaction depth using the charge collection time difference (CTD) between the anode and cathode. Calibrations of the energy as well as the 3D position of interactions have been completed, and extensive calibration campaigns for the whole system were also conducted using radioactive sources prior to our flights from Ft. Sumner, New Mexico, USA in Spring 2009, and from Alice Springs, Australia in Spring 2010. Here we will present the techniques and results of our ground calibrations so far, and then compare the calibration results of the effective area throughout NCT's field of view with Monte Carlo simulations using a detailed mass model.

The Nuclear Compton Telescope (NCT) is a balloon-borne gamma-ray telescope which uses cross-strip germanium detectors to study astrophysical sources of nuclear line emission. The compact design allows for wide-field imaging with excellent efficiency from 0.2–10 MeV. Moreover, the Compton imaging principle utilized by NCT provides polarimetric sensitivity above 200 keV. We conducted an extensive calibration campaign using radioactive sources prior to our flight from Ft. Sumner, New Mexico in Spring 2009. We present the results of our calibration of the effective area throughout NCT's field of view and compare them with Monte Carlo simulations using a detailed mass model. Additionally, we assess NCT's polarimetric capabilities with observations of a partially-polarized beam.

The Nuclear Compton Telescope (NCT) is a balloon-borne soft gamma-ray (0.2-10 MeV) telescope designed to study astrophysical sources of nuclear line emission and polarization. NCT consists of twelve high-purity germanium cross-strip detectors (GeDs) that measure both the position and energy of gamma-ray interactions. A 10-GeD version was flown on May 17-18 2009 from the Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility in Fort Sumner, NM, with a total flight duration of 38.5 hours. Here we summarize the instrument, the calibrations, the flight, and our preliminary science results.

The Nuclear Compton Telescope (NCT) is a balloon-borne soft gamma ray (0.2–10 MeV) telescope designed to study astrophysical sources of nuclear line emission and polarization. The heart of NCT is an array of 12 cross-strip germanium detectors, designed to provide 3D positions for each photon interaction with full 3D position resolution to < 2 mm3. Tracking individual interactions enables Compton imaging, effectively reduces background, and enables the measurement of polarization. The keys to Compton imaging with NCT's detectors are determining the energy deposited in the detector at each strip and tracking the gamma-ray photon interaction within the detector. The 3D positions are provided by the orthogonal X and Y strips, and by determining the interaction depth using the charge collection time difference (CTD) between the anode and cathode. Our preliminary calibrations of the energy and the 3D position of interactions have been completed as well as the verifications of imaging capabilities. Here we will present the techniques and results.

The nuclear Compton telescope (NCT) is a balloon- borne soft gamma-ray (0.2 MeV-10 MeV) telescope designed to study astrophysical sources of nuclear line emission and polarization. A prototype instrument was successfully launched from Fort Sumner, New Mexico on June 1, 2005. The NCT prototype consisted of two 3D position sensitive high-purity germanium strip detectors (GeDs) fabricated with amorphous Ge contacts. We are currently working toward two balloon flights: another conventional balloon flight from Fort Sumner, New Mexico in September 2008, and a long-duration balloon flight (LDBF) from Alice Springs, Australia in December 2009. The NCT instrument is being upgraded to include all twelve planned GeDs. The electronics for all twelve detectors have been redesigned for smaller size, lower power consumption, and lower noise, and are now being fabricated and tested. Here we present our current progress in preparing for the flights.

Since the discovery of the trans-neptunian objects (TNOs) in 1992, nearly one thousand new members have been added to our Solar System, several of which are as big as--or even larger than--Pluto. The properties of the population of TNOs, such as the size distribution and the total number, are valuable information for understanding the formation of the Solar System, but direct observation is only possible for larger objects with diameters above several tens of kilometres. Smaller objects, which are expected to be more abundant, might be found when they occult background stars, but hitherto there have been no definite detections. Here we report the discovery of such occultation events at millisecond timescales in the X-ray light curve of Scorpius X-1. The estimated sizes of these occulting TNOs are < or =100 m. Their abundance is in line with an extrapolation of the distribution of sizes of larger TNOs.