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International audience; Aim: To develop clinical practice recommendations for nurse-administered intramuscular injections in mental health.Background: Intramuscular injection is the main route of long-acting injectable antipsychotics’ administration that appear to improve the long-term prognosis of mental illness. Specific guidelines related to the nurse administration of intramuscular injections need to be updated and to explore not only the technical aspects of this procedure.Design: A modified RAND/University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) appropriateness method Delphi study was conducted between October 2019 and September 2020.Methods: A multidisciplinary steering committee conducted a literature review and developed a list of 96 recommendations. These recommendations were submitted in a two-round Delphi electronic survey to a panel of 49 experienced practicing nurses from five mental health hospitals in France. Each recommendation was rated for its appropriateness and applicability in clinical practice on a 9-point Likert scale. Consensus among nurses was evaluated. The steering committee discussed the results after each round and approved the final set of recommendations. Results: A final set of 79 specific recommendations were accepted for their appropriateness and applicability in clinical practice. Recommendations were classified in five domains: legal and quality assurance aspects, nurse-patient relationship, hygiene, pharmacology, and injection technique. Conclusion: The established recommendations placed patients at the heart of the decisions concerning the intramuscular injection and underlined the need for specific training programs. Future research should focus on the integration of these recommendations in clinical practice, by both before-and-after studies and regular assessments of professional practices with relevant indicators. Impact: The recommendations developed for good nursing practices explored not only the technical aspects but integrated the nurse-patient relationship. These recommendations may impact usual practices of administration of long-acting injectable antipsychotics and most of them could be applied in many countries. No Patient or Public Contribution: Due to the study design.

Aims: The screen the antiulcer activity and to isolate the phytoconstituents of stem bark extract of Ficus bengalgensis. Methodology: The cleaned, dried and powdered stem barks of Ficus bengalgensis were subjected to extraction. The extracts were then packed into column chromatography for the isolation of phytoconstituents and they were characterized by IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and mass spectroscopy. Invivo antiulcer activity were performed by 4-H pylorus ligation and ethanol induced ulcer methods. Results: Preliminary phytochemical studies showed the presence of steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates. Isolation of extracts led to give compounds like triterpenoid, a steroid and a flavonoid. The extract was found to be safe up to 2000mg/kg body weight. Antiulcer activity was found significant at level P=05 when compared with control models in experimental animals. Conclusion: From petroleum ether extract isolated alpha-amyrin acetate, stigmasterol and quercetin from chloroform extract. The presence of triterpenoids, steroids and flavonoid might be responsible for the antiulcer activity of the stem bark extract of Ficus bengalgensis.

Aim: To screen the antiepileptic activity of ethanolic fruit extract of Indian filbert. Methodology: The cleaned, dried and powdered fruits of Indian filbert were subjected to extraction.Preliminary Phytochemical studies were carried out for the presence secondary metabolites.Acute toxicity and anticonvulsant effect on maximal electroshock induced seizures and metrazol (pentylenetetrazole) induced seizures carried out in experimental animals. Results: Preliminary phytochemical studies showed the presence of steroids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates. Acute toxicity of ethanolic extract of fruits were found to be safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight Ethanolic extract of Indian (100,200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced the duration of seizures induced by maximal electroshock (MES) as well as protected animals from metrazol induced tonic seizures and the results were found to be significant (P=0.05) when compared to control Conclusions: The presence of triterpenoids, steroids and flavonoid might be responsible for the antiepileptic activity of the fruit extract of Indian filbert.

Plants contain large number of phytochemical components which are bioactive and useful in the treatment of various disease conditions. But there is a need to investigate the constituents present in medicinal plants responsible for their pharmacological action. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides and steroids in the stems of Passiflora foetida L commonly known as Passion fruit. The present work aims at extraction, isolation & characterization of active constituents present in the stems of Passiflora foetida L. The ethanolic extract of stems was subjected to preliminary phytochemical tests. Extraction was carried by a Soxhlet extractor and the following compounds were isolated from different solvents. Three constituents were isolated, Kaempferol is a polyphenol isolated from from n- butanol extract. A flavonoid, Apigenin from ethyl acetate extract and Beta- Sitosterol a phytosterol was isolated from petroleum ether extract. All the components isolated were characterized by IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and mass spectroscopical data.

Aims: The present work was designed to isolate the chemical constituents from the leaf extracts of the plant Annona reticulata L. most commonly known as Ramphal or Bullock’s heart or Custard apple belongs to the family Annonaceae. Methods: The extraction of leaf powder was done using various solvents. The preliminary phytochemical tests were carried out using standard chemical tests. Phytochemical constituents were isolated using column chromatography and characterization of the compounds were carried out using IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectroscopy data. Results: The results from the preliminary phytochemical studies showed the presence of alkaloids, triterpenoids, carbohydrates,saponins and flavonoids. Isolation of leaf extracts revealed the presence of a steroid, alkaloid and flavonoid which were confirmed by spectral analysis to be α – amyrin caprylate, xylopine and fisetin. Conclusion: The study confirmed the presence of α – Amyrin caprylate, Fisetin and Xylopine as its main chemical constituents.

Objectives: The present work was designed to investigate the phytochemical and in vitro screening of the flower extracts of Mirabilis jalapa. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical constituents were isolated using column chromatography and characterized of the compounds were carried out using IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectroscopy data. In vitro anti-diabetic activity was evaluated by alpha-amylase inhibition assay and Alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay. Results: Phytochemical investigation of the ethanol extract revealed the presence of a flavonoid Kaempferol and a triterpenoid Lupeol. In vitro investigation indicated that the Mirabilis jalapa flowers extracts has considerable anti-diabetic activity Conclusion: The anti-diabetic activity may due to the presence of phytoconstituents like flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids.

Aims: To carry out extraction, preliminary phytochemical analysis and invivo analgesic screening of extract of the stem of Passiflora foetida L. Methodology: Passiflora foetida L; Family: Passifloraceae, is an exotic fast-growing perennial and medicinal vine occurring in Germany, France and other European countries and USA and grown in different parts of India. Dried stems of Passiflora foetida L was coarsely powdered and maceration was done using Soxhlet apparatus. The ethanolic extract of stems of Passiflora foetida L was subjected to preliminary phytochemical tests. Then subjected to in vivo analgesic activity. Results: Phytochemical investigation of the stem of Passiflora foetida L preliminary test showed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids and steroids. Acute toxicity study of ethanolic extract of stems of Passiflora foetida L was carried out and extracts were found to be safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight. Pharmacological activities of stems of Passiflora foetida L was carried out from ethanolic extract. Conclusion: Phytochemical investigation of ethanolic extract of stems were carried out and Analgesic activity by tail flick method in rats and acetic acid induced writhing method in mice, showed statistically significant activity (P=.05) when compared to control. The ethanolic stem extract of Passiflora foetida L proved to have significant pain relieving action in a dose dependent manner.

Visando analisar como se configuram valores organizacionais, valores do trabalho e atitudes retaliatórias de jovens trabalhadores, realizou-se um estudo de caso em empresa pública. Dados de 508 questionários coletados em todo país foram analisados, pautando-se em estatística descritiva uni e bivariada. Quanto aos resultados da pesquisa, os valores “realização no trabalho” e “realização na organização” são os mais comungados pelos jovens aprendizes abordados, denotando certa congruência entre objetivos pessoais e organizacionais. Já o orgulho da organização não se reflete na mesma proporção em relação ao trabalho que efetivamente realizam, em face das diferenças encontradas entre “prestígio organizacional” e “prestígio no trabalho”. A posição dos jovens com relação às atitudes retaliatórias foi previsível, tendo em vista sua aderência aos valores compartilhados, em ambos os níveis observados, e sua pouca experiência de trabalho e na vida, de modo geral. Os resultados dos testes de correlação surpreenderam devido a sua heterogeneidade quando do cruzamento dos temas. In order to analyze how organizational values, work values and retaliatory attitudes of young workers are configured, a case study was carried out in a public company. Data from 508 questionnaires collected throughout the country were analyzed based on univariate and bivariate descriptive statistics. The values "achievement at work" and "achievement in the organization" are the most common among young apprentices addressed, denoting a certain congruence between personal and organizational goals. On the other hand, the pride of the organization is not reflected in the same proportion in relation to the work they actually do, given the differences found between "organizational prestige" and "prestige at work". The position of young people with respect to retaliatory attitudes was predictable, given their adherence to shared values, at both levels, and their little work experience and life in general. The results of the correlation tests were surprising due to their heterogeneity when crossing the themes.

The biological effects of organophosphorus (OP) compounds are the results of the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an important neuro mediator acetylcholine (ACh) splitting enzyme in the human body at the synaptic clefts. Due to the non-availability of AChE, accumulation of ACh takes place, which in turn over stimulates parasympathetic nerve receptors, and causes a fatal cholinergic crisis. Out of various AChE reactivators, the oxime derivatives remains as one of the most resourceful prototypes and paves the way for the search of more effective AChE reactivators. In the present work, various 2-quinolon-3-oxime were synthesized by 3-Acetyl-4-methoxy-1-phenyl/methyl-quinolin-2(1H)-one with different benzaldehyde, followed by oximation with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The Synthesized compounds tested against OP inhibited AChE and the results so obtained were compared with standard pralidoxime. Among tested compounds, compound having a nitro substitution at 3rd (5g) and 4th (5f) positions gave potent activity against chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion inhibited AChE.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterised by hyperglycaemia due to impaired insulin secretion with or without insulin resistance. Uncontrolled blood glucose in the long term will lead to micro vascular and macro vascular complications with increased morbidity and mortality and negatively affecting the quality of life. Comprehensive diabetes care is a complex task that takes the entire team of healthcare professionals including the pharmacist to work together to provide, multidisciplinary care for patients. Pharmacist’s role has changed dramatically over the past three decades which has changed the concept of pharmacy from product oriented to a patient focused one with the concept of pharmaceutical care. The evolving role of clinical pharmacist in the management of diabetes mellitus - drug therapy, diabetes care and education has been described here. Optimizing the drug therapy for achieving the better therapeutic outcomes without causing drug related problems has been considered as the primary goal of therapy in the diabetes management. Well trained and readily accessible clinical pharmacists are the key healthcare professionals who can move closer towards achieving better medication therapy outcomes for the patients. Clinical pharmacist coordinates with the physician during drug therapy and applies his clinical expertise in identifying, resolving and preventing drug related problems by providing interventions which is of valuable aid in accurate, safe and cost effective use of drugs for the physicians. In addition, pharmacist also plays a very important role on diabetes care and education by screening patients at high risk for diabetes, monitoring diabetic treatment goals, assessing patient’s health status and providing counseling for medication adherence which will help in optimizing the blood sugar level and enhancing the quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus.

A series of novel substituted N-(3-acetyl-2-oxoquinolin-1(2H)-yl)benzamide (AJQC1AJQC12) have been synthesized upon refluxing 3-acetyl-1-amino-quinolin-2-one and substituted benzoic acid in the presence of dry redistilled pyridine and silicon tetrachloride as coupling agent. 3-acetyl-1-amino-quinolin-2-one (AJQ1-AJQ12) were synthesized from substituted 3-acetyl coumarin upon refluxing with hydrazine hydrate and ethanol. The structures of the final carboxamide derivatives were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR and mass spectra. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity by tube dilution method and antitubercular activity by microplate Alamar blue assay. Most of the compounds have exhibited promising antibacterial, antifungal and antitubercular activities.

Organophosphate (OP) compounds exert inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by irreversibly binding to catalytic site of an enzyme. Despite continued efforts to discover improved reactivators, there has been little success towards innovation of AChE reactivators. In the present investigation, new series of 2-quinolone fused thiazole derivatives 3a-3f and 4a-4f were evaluated for their in vitro reactivation efficacy against chlorpyrifos inhibited AChE using 2-PAM as standard. Even though the non oxime derivatives were not as effective as pralidoxime (2-PAM), but exhibited considerable AChE reactivation. The compounds, 3b, 3c, 3f, and 4f, showed promising reactivation against chlorpyrifos inhibited AChE.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder which results from defects in insulin secretion. Among the various methods of diabetes management, herbal products are best alternative drug with zero side-effects. The aim of this work was to assess the phytochemicals qualitatively and to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of unripe fruits extract of Artocarpus gomezianus . The in vitro alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory studies were performed using different concentration of extract and compared with a standard drug. Our assay result suggests that methanolic extract of Artocarpus gomezianus exhibit dose-dependent increase in percentage inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase enzymes (IC50 is 70.29) and α-amylase (IC50 is 68.75). Acarbose was used as a standard drug.

Chilli peppers are used worldwide in foods for their pungent flavour, aroma, and to prolong food spoilage. chillies has been used as food, spice and household medicine for several common problems such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, joint pain, skin problem, and used as carminative, appetizer, stomachic, beverages, relief of pain in neuropathy and counter irritant in treatment of rheumatism, lumbago. While it’s biological function is to repel herbivores animals and fungi. An increasingly wide range of potential applications has increased interest in capsaicin. Especially compelling are the promising results of medical studies showing possible beneficial effects in many diseases. The present work was aimed to evaluate the comparative in vitro antioxidant activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of four types of chillies viz; guntur, round, byadgi and kashmiri chillies by DPPH assay, super oxide radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity and the results were compared with standard drug.

Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae) is a species of palm mainly grown in Asian countries for seed crop. Areca nut leaves are commonly used in traditional systems of medicine against various ailments. There is a need for identifying native natural plant sources to acquire their recognized medicinal properties, which may widen them to use as new therapeutics for various diseases. The present work was aimed to evaluate the in vitro pharmacological screening of the extracts of the leaves of Areca catechu L. by DPPH assay, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity. The extracts of the leaves of Areca catechu L. showed significant results with the standard ascorbic acid.

A series of novel substituted 1 - amino - 3 - (5 - phenyl - 4, 5 - dihydro - 1 H - pyrazol - 3 - yl) quinolin - 2(1 H ) - one (AJP1 - AJP8) have been synthesized upon reaction with 1 amino - 3 - cinnamoyl - quinolin - 2(1 H ) - one by using hydrazine hydrate as cyclising medium in alcohol medium. 1 - amino - 3 - cinnamoyl - quinolin - 2(1 H ) - one were synthesized by condensing 3 - acetyl - 1 - amino - quinolin - 2 - one with different substituted benzaldehyde in presence of ethanolic KOH. The structures of the final synthesized compounds were con firmed by IR, 1 H NMR a nd mass spectra. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activity against Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans , Aspergillus nige r respectively by cup plate method. Compounds AJ P1 , AJ P3 , AJ P4 , AJ P5, AJP6 and AJ P7 showed good antibacterial activity compared to the standard drug amoxicillin. Compounds AJ P 1, AJ P 3, AJ P5 and AJ P 7 showed moderate antifungal activity compared to the standa rd drug fluconazole. The synthesized compounds were screened for their anti inflammatory activity by Carrageenan induced paw edema method. Compounds AJP1 and AJP7 showed significant anti - inflammatory activity compared to the standard drug diclofenac sodium .

Phenyl oxazolidinones were prepared from R - glycidyl butarate and Para bromo aniline, further (3 - (4 - bromophenyl) methylene oxazolidine - 5yl) and substituted benzothiazinen was refluxed resulted in oxazoli dinones benzothiazinen moieties. Treatment of these oxazolidinones benzo thiazinen moieties with methane sulfonyl gives its sulphonates on further treatment with sodium azide and tri phenyl phosphine in acetic anhydride gives acetamide derivatives . Further synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, H NMR 1 and Mass spectral studies. T he synthesized compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and antifungal activity against , Candida albicans and Aspergillus

A new series of substituted 1,2,3-triazoles (4a-n) were synthesized from 4-azido-2,8-bistrifluoromethylquinoline 2. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of 2 with ethyl acetoacetate afforded 1-(2,8-Bistrifluoromethylquinolin-4-yl)-5-methyl-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid 3, which was then converted into its corresponding acid hydrazide 3a. Condensation of this hydrazide with different aromatic aldehydes resulted in the formation of Schiff's bases, N-[1-Arylmethylene]-1-[2,8-bistrifluoromethylquinoline-4-yl]-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbohydrazides (4a-n). These newly synthesized 1,2,3-triazole derivatives were characterized by analytical and spectral data. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antibacterial and antifungal activity. A brief investigation of the structure activity relationships revealed that the nature of the substituent on position 4 of the triazole ring influences the antimicrobial activity. Among the newly synthesized compounds, the most active compound was 4n, which contained the 3-methylthien-2-yl moiety and showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against all the strains used for testing. Compounds 4b, 4c, 4e, 4f, 4h and 4l showed significant antimicrobial activity at the concentration of 6.25 μg/mL.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Ibuprofen are widely used for the treatment of pain, fever and inflammation [1 – 3]. Prostaglandins are important biological mediators of inflammation, originating from biotransformation of arachidonic acid catalyzed by cyclooxygenase [4]. In the early 1990s, it was discovered that the enzyme exists as two isoforms, one constitutive (COX-1) and the other inducible (COX-2) [5]. COX-1 is constitutively expressed and provides cytoprotection in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, while COX-2 is inducible and mediates inflammation [4, 6]. Prolonged use of NSAIDs like Ibuprofen has been associated with gastrointestinal complications ranging from stomach irritation to life-threatening gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding [7, 8]. Therefore the development of new NSAIDs without these side effects has long been awaited. Selective COX-2 inhibitors with better safety profile have been marketed as a new generation of NSAIDs [9]. Thus, there remains a compelling need for effective NSAIDs with an improved safety profile. It has also been reported that the presence of the 4-methylthiophenyl moiety [10] is found to increase the biological activity of the molecules. A few heterocyclic analogs containingN-bridged heterocycles bearing the 4-methylthiophenyl moiety possess good antiinflammatory [10, 11] and antimicrobial [12, 13] activities.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Calotropis gigantea R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae) is a perennial undershrub found chiefly in wastelands throughout India. It has been reported as a traditional folkloric medicine for a variety of alignments. The plant Calotropis gigantea is also used in some parts of India for wound healing in combination with other plants. However there are no scientific reports on wound healing activity of the plant Calotropis gigantea R.Br. Aim of the study: To investigate the effects of Calotropis gigantea root bark on wound healing activity in rats by excision, incision and dead space wound healing models in rats. Methodology: Wistar albino rats of either sex weighing between 180 and 200 g were topically treated with extract formulated in ointment by using simple ointment BP as base. 5% (w/w) ointment was applied once daily in excision wound model. Calotropis gigantea ethanolic extract was given orally at a dose of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg in incision and dead space wound healing models. Rats of standard groups were treated with 5% Povidone iodine ointment topically. The percentage wound closure, epithelization time, hydroxyproline content and scar area on complete epithelization were measured. Results: Topical application of Calotropis gigantea in excision wound model increased the percentage of wound contraction. Scar area and epithelization time were decreased. In incision wound and dead space wound breaking strength of wounds and hydroxyproline was increased. Conclusion: Calotropis gigantea accelerated wound healing in rats and thus supports its traditional use. © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aim To assess the impact of clinical pharmacist interventions in drug therapy in hospitalized patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods A Prospective interventional study was carried out in the medicine wards of a tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of 10 months from September 2013 to June 2014. The drug therapy details of the patients were collected from inpatient case records in the respective clinical wards. Clinical pharmacist reviewed the drug therapy, identified the drug related problems during ward rounds and discussed with the physicians and suitable suggestions was provided which had been documented. Results A total of 189 drug therapy problems were identified from 151 patient case records. The number of drug related problems was found to more in males than females. Drug related problems were commonly seen in patients aged between 61 and 70 years of age. The most common drug related problems was found to be drug use without indication (17.98%) followed by improper drug selection (16.40%). The most frequent suggestions by the clinical pharmacist were on cessation of drug (30.68%). The acceptance rate of suggestions and the changes in drug therapy was found to be high (58.20%). The majority of the level of significance of drug related problems was seen to have moderate significance in grade. Conclusion Involvement of clinical pharmacist as a member of healthcare team during ward rounds in hospitalized patients with diabetes mellitus helps in identification and prevention of drug related problems which will helps to rationalize drug therapy, achieve better therapeutic outcomes and improved patient care.

Oncogenes are the primary candidates for target-directed therapy, given that they are involved directly in the progression and resistance of tumors. However, the appearance of point mutations can hinder the treatment of patients with these new molecules, raising costs and the need to development new analogs that target the novel mutations. Based on an analysis of homologies, the present study discusses the possibility of predicting the failure of a protein as a pharmacological target, due to its similarities with retrovirus sequences, which have extremely high mutation rates. This analysis was based on the molecular evidence available in the literature, and widely-used and well-established PSI-BLAST, with two iterations and maximum of 500 aligned sequences. The possibility of predicting which newly-discovered genes involved in tumor progression would likely result in the failure of targeted therapy, using free, simple and automated bioinformatics tools, could provide substantial savings in the time and financial resources needed for long-term drug development.

Objective: Plants have been one of the important sources of medicines since the beginning of human civilization. Achyranthes aspera Linn. belonging to family Amaranthaceae, commonly found in India. The plant is used as antiarthritic, purgative, diuretic, antimalarial, etc. Methods: The antihyperlipidemic activity of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of leaves of A. aspera was evaluated using triton-induced hyperlipidemia model in albino Wistar rats. The acute toxicity study confirmed that both the extracts were found to be safe at 5000 mg/kg b.w. in female albino Wistar rats. In this model, eight groups (six animals per group) of animals were used. Group I and II were considered as saline and hyperlipidemic controls, respectively, and other groups received their respective agents (alcoholic or aqueous extract/atorvastatin/ayurvedic preparation) and all the groups received triton WR1339 (200 mg/kg b.w. i.v.) except saline control group. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TGs) level are estimated for the evaluation of antihyperlipidemic effects of extracts. Results : The ethanolic extract has shown a significant reduction in serum cholesterol and TGs level indicating antihyperlipidemic potentials in the plant while aqueous extract has not shown any beneficial effect. Conclusion: In this triton-induced hyperlipidemia model, serum and TG levels were analyzed ethanolic extract was shown antihyperlipidemic activity. Further clinical studies are compulsory to confirm the findings. Keywords: Achyranthes aspera, High-density lipoprotein, Low-density lipoprotein, Triglyceride, Total cholesterol, Triton, Antihyperlipidemic.

A new series of Chalcones (2a-j) were prepared by reacting 2-acetyl Pyrrole and substituted ketones in alcohol medium in presence of NaOH. The Chalcones undergoes selective cyclization with phenoxy acetic acid hydrazide (1) in glacial acetic acid medium to yield the title compounds 1,3,5-trisubstituted Pyrazolines (3a-j). The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity by egg albumin denaturation and protein denaturation method. All the new compounds were established on the basis of 1H-NMR, IR and Mass spectral data. Some of the tested compounds 3a, 3f showed good anti-inflammatory activity when compared to the standard drug diclofenac sodium.

In order to develop relatively small molecules as pharmacologically active molecules, a series of oxazolidinones having benzo thiazinen moieties and their derivatives were synthesized, and characterized by IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectral studies. Oxazolidinones were prepared from R-glycidylbutarate and Para bromo aniline. Various substituted oxazolidinones benzo thiazinen were prepared by simple reflux in the presence of acetonitrile. Treatment of these oxazolidinones benzo thiazinen deravatives with methanesulfonyl gives its sulphonates derivatives on further treatment with sodium azide and tri phenyl phosphine in acetic anhydride to give its acetamide derivatives. All the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Plants have been one of the important sources of medicines since the beginning of human civilization. Achyranthes aspera Linn. (A.aspera) belonging to family Amaranthaceae, commonly found in India. The plant is used as antiarthritic, purgative, diuretic and antimalarial etc. The antihyperlipidemic activity of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of leaves of A.aspera was evaluated using cholesterol induced hyperlipidemia in albino wistar rats. In this model, 8 groups consist of 6 animals per group. Group I and II were considered as saline and hyperlipidemic controls respectively, and groups III-VIII received respective treatment (ethanolic extract 250 mg, 500 mg, aqueous extract 250mg, 500 mg, Ayurvedic preparation and atorvastatin). All the groups received cholesterol (400 mg/kg b.w. p.o) except saline control for 4 weeks. The serum HDL, LDL, TG, and TC levels were analyzed in cholesterol induced hyperlipidemia where both the extracts of ethanolic and aqueous extract were shown antihyperlipidemic activity compared to hyperlipidemic control.

A series of novel substituted 1-amino-3-(5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)quinolin-2(1H)-one (AJP1-AJP8) have been synthesized upon reaction with 1-amino-3-cinnamoyl-quinolin-2(1H)-one using hydrazine hydrate as cyclising agent in alcohol medium. 1-amino-3-cinnamoyl-quinolin-2(1H)-one were synthesized by condensing 3-acetyl-1-amino-quinolin-2-one with different substituted benzaldehyde in presence of ethanolic KOH. The structures of the final synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR and mass spectra. The final synthesized compounds were screened for their antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging method and in vitro cytotoxic activity against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma cells (EAC) by Trypan blue exclusion method.

Novel fused heterocycles (III) are obtained by condensing triazoles with various N-arylmaleimides in acetic acid media.

The acid hydrazides (2) derived from ibuprofen and 4-methylthiophenyl acetic acids have been subjected to cyclization with carbon disulphide under basic conditions to yield 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiones (3) which on aminomethylation with formaldehyde and secondary amines afforded a series of Mannich bases (4 and 5). Purity of the compounds has been confirmed by TLC. Structures of these compounds were established on the basis of elemental analyses and spectral studies. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, ulcerogenic and antimicrobial activities.

Background: Poisoning with organophosphorus (OP) compounds are frequent because OP are widely used as insecticide or pesticide. OP compounds exert inhibition on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by irreversibly binding to the catalytic site of the enzyme. The inhibition of AChE leads to hyperstimulation of muscarnic and nicotinic receptors due to excess of acetylcholine (ACh). Methodology: Various quinolin-2(1H)-one fused oxazole were synthesized by condensation and cyclization of chalcones with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in presence of piperidine. Synthesized compound were tested for in vitro reactivation of chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion inhibited AChE enzyme using pralidoxime (2-PAM) as standard reference. Result: Among the synthesized compounds, the compound 3b, 3f, 3g, and 5a have showed promising activity as compared to standard against chlorpyrifos inhibited AChE. However, 3f and 3g showed good activity as compared to standard against methyl parathion inhibited AChE. th Conclusion: The derivatives having nitro and chloro substitution at 4 th position gave potent activity against both OP compounds as compared to standard at concentration 0.001 M. Moreover, these quinolone fused oxazole seem to be very promising because of their sufcient reactivation potency at lower concentration (10 -3 M).

An efficient and modified synthesis of ethyl-4-nitro/5-nitro/6-nitro and 7-nitroindole-2-carboxylates is described. Carbohydrazides of corresponding ethyl nitroindole-2-carboxylates underwent smooth one-step transformation to 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl nitroindoles (4a–l) on reaction with aromatic carboxylic acids in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride. An alternate method to synthesize 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl nitroindoles is also described. Among the newly synthesized 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl nitroindoles, a few compounds are studied for anti-inflammatory activity.

A new 2-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(pyrazin-2-yl)acetamide (4) was synthesized by the reaction of 1-phenylpiperazine (3) with 2-chloro-N-(pyrazin-2-yl)acetamide (2) in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The structure of the newly synthesized compound was characterized by IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, mass spectral and elemental analysis. The synthe- sized compound was screened for its in vitro antioxidant, in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The title compound exhibited noticeable DPPH radical scavenging activity, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in comparison with the standard.