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In this paper the authors explore the impact of loss of a parent to suicide on adolescents in military families using Marcia’s identity status theory and the Roy adaptation model (RAM). After describing a brief case study of a 13-year-old boy in a military family who lost his father in this manner, these two theories are applied to better understand his struggle to develop and maintain a healthy identity and adapt to numerous relocations, deployments, and then loss. The military family stressors are seen as weakening the resilience of children in such families, making them more vulnerable to the impact of parent loss. Implications for nurses and other healthcare professionals are discussed.

Military-connected students move between 6 to 9 times throughout their K-12 experience, creating unique challenges relating to integration, adaptation, identity development, and acceptance. However, when transitions occur during a global pandemic, isolation and disconnect with schools and the community create new challenges that impact health and well-being. The MAPS21 study uncovers the lived experiences of military-connected students who have experienced a transition during the pandemic and gives rise to the need for interdisciplinary care within the public-school setting to promote mental health and academic support during and post-pandemic transitions.Military adolescents and their parent(s) were interviewed and data were analyzed following an interpretive phenomenological process. A social-ecological model served as the guide to understand the participants' experiences and to further inform future supportive measures.Seven subthemes surface under Individual, Relationships, Community, and Society and Policy, the levels within the social-ecological model. These subthemes included: anticipatory processes, control, growth and maturity, adapting views, isolation, school support, community support.Military-connected students may experience adverse outcomes relating to mental health and academic progression after experiencing a move during the pandemic. This study provides an avenue for teams of interdisciplinary professionals to collaborate within the public-school setting to provide proactive support through engagement and policy development.

A 9-year-old castrated male Portuguese water dog was presented following incomplete excision of a malignant melanoma at the left lip commissure by the referring veterinarian. Physical examination was otherwise unremarkable. The patient was staged using thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, and fine-needle aspirates of the mandibular lymph nodes and spleen. Given the absence of any definitive evidence of metastasis, the malignant melanoma was surgically completely removed. The dog then received four melanoma vaccine doses as an adjuvant therapy and remained clinically healthy for more than 3 months after the last immunization. However, 232 days after the initial discovery of the lip mass, the dog was euthanized due to deterioration and a poor prognosis based on the presence of lung metastases and neoplastic melanocytic pleural effusion. The latter has been rarely reported in dogs, despite the high prevalence of oral malignant melanomas and the tendency of these tumors to metastasize to the lungs.

The challenges that military adolescents face, including frequent relocations, pose potential risks to their identity development. The central aim of this study is to understand the impact that frequent relocations have on the identity development of highly mobile military adolescents. Military adolescents between the ages of 16 and 18 years were interviewed. An interpretive phenomenological design was employed to inform the interview and analytic approach. An inductive approach using humanistic interpretation through Hermeneutic circles was conducted. Four overarching themes were identified, including self-perception in the world, building relationships, overwhelming emotions, and fostering healthy transitions. Several subthemes developed and gave rise to common adolescent experiences. Military adolescents facing frequent relocations experience a series of identity crises that are often masked in daily life and kept secret from peers and family. Healthy transitions require the adolescent and family to openly and repeatedly explore the impact of relocations on the inner and social life of adolescents. This study calls for future research on the military adolescent-provider relationship to explore how to better help meet the needs of this population from a health care standpoint.

Here, we describe the synthesis, characterization and in vitro and in vivo performance of a series of tantalum oxide (TaO(x)) based nanoparticles (NPs) for computed tomography (CT). Five distinct versions of 9–12 nm diameter silane coated TaO(x) nanocrystals (NCs) were fabricated by a sol-gel method with varying degrees of hydrophilicity and with or without fluorescence, with the highest reported Ta content to date (78%). Highly hydrophilic NCs were left bare and were evaluated in vivo in mice for micro-CT of full body vasculature, where following intravenous injection, TaO(x) NCs demonstrate high vascular CT contrast, circulation in blood for ~ 3 h, and eventual accumulation in RES organs; and following injection locally in the mammary gland, where the full ductal tree structure can be clearly delineated. Partially hydrophilic NCs were encapsulated within mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs; TaO(x)@MSNPs) and hydrophobic NCs were encapsulated within poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA; TaO(x)@PLGA) NPs, serving as potential CT-imagable drug delivery vehicles. Bolus intramuscular injections of TaO(x)@PLGA NPs and TaO(x)@MSNPs to mimic the accumulation of NPs at a tumor site produce high signal enhancement in mice. In vitro studies on bare NCs and formuated NPs demonstrate high cytocompatibility and low dissolution of TaO(x). This work solidifies that TaO(x)-based NPs are versatile contrast agents for CT.

RENAISSANCESt. Anne in Renaissance Music: Devotion and Politics. By Michael Alan Anderson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. [xvii, 345 p. ISBN 9781107056244 (hardcover), $99; ISBN 9781139899604 (e-book), $79.] Music examples, illustrations, tables, appendices, endnotes, bibliography, index.Music and Riddle Culture in the Renaissance. By Katelijne Schiltz, with a catalog of enigmatic canonic inscriptions by Bonnie J. Blackburn. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015. [xxx, 513 p. ISBN 781107082298 (hardcover), $135; ISBN 9781316309933 (e-book), $108.] Music examples, illustrations, tables, appendices, footnotes, bibliography, indexes (compositions, general).Popular devotion of the Middle Ages and Renaissance has received sustained scholarly attention, but despite some noteworthy studies, the musical aspect of the subject has lagged behind. The complex multidisciplinary research required to integrate music with liturgy, iconography, political and social history, and regional practices requires special patience, intuition, and skills. Only rarely is the function and impetus for a musical composition noted or implied, and texts set to music, though often drawn from liturgy or lay devotional books, were often altered to suit their musical purposes. Understanding the reasons and results of textual choices often requires sophisticated sleuthing. Michael Anderson notes, "Art for art's sake was completely foreign to both the artist or composer and his noble patron. Art instead had a job to per- form, one that shifted according to circumstances. This principle would be easily grasped if the texts of the music for St. Anne . . . simply announced their functional intent. But such music does not exist" (p. 3). Music for St. Anne spans the sacred, Latin-texted genres of the period: polyphonic motets, Mass Ordinaries, and liturgical plainchant. This book includes close readings of selected musical passages for all of these genres.A study focused on a topic rather than on a particular time, place, composer, patron, or musical genre or style brings together all of those entities, allowing a wide berth for discovery. The topical thread gathers related artifacts, beliefs, and stories not only across a generously proportioned Renaissance, but also from the predecessors of Renaissance ideas and customs. Anderson asks, "How did Mary's mother, a woman not mentioned in the New Testament, rise to this lofty status, on a par with royalty and well suited to aid in maternity?" (p. 1). Musical documentation of Anne's political force forges a trail to unexpected destinations and identifies her intimate ties to noble and royal families. Chapter 1 identifies Anne's attributes that were important to her devotees and shows their relevance to ruling families: the corporeality of Christ, motherhood, marriage, widowhood, noble lineage, female education, wealth, and well-being represented their most fervent beliefs, hopes, and ambitions. Anderson follows these tenets into the personal lives of the powerful patrons who called upon Anne.Plainchant frames the investigation, beginning with a versified plainchant Office for St. Anne preserved in the early-fifteenthcentury Turin Codex used at the Cypriot court of King Janus. The search for the genealogy of the Turin Office draws together threads from earlier studies, linking the Cypriot practices to English and French traditions with a common ancestor-a 1424 Benedictine breviary now at Oxford (Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson C. 489). The texts of the Bodleian breviary, in turn, point to a tradition that predates the official sanctioning of Anne's feast day in 1378. New musicological subjects radiate from the chapter's quest to identify a tradition of St. Anne Office chants: a little-known web of related sources, some far-flung; the practice of ordering Office chants by mode; the phenomenon of versified Offices; and the unique musical repertory of Turin.Anderson digs deeper: compared with the Office for St. …

Objective—To determine the effect of semen in urine specimens on urine protein concentration measured by means of dipstick analysis. Sample Population—14 urine samples from 3 adult castrated male dogs and 14 semen samples from 7 adult sexually intact male dogs. Procedures—Serial dilutions of the whole ejaculate or spermatozoa-free seminal fluid in urine were created, and unaltered and diluted urine samples were analyzed by means of a commercially available dipstick; pH and specific gravity of the samples were also measured. Spermatozoa and WBC counts of the semen samples and protein concentration of the seminal fluid were determined. Results—Protein concentrations determined by means of dipstick analysis of urine samples to which whole ejaculate (dilutions of 1:1, 1:2, 1:16, 1:64, and 1:256) or seminal fluid (dilutions of 1:1, 1:2, 1:16, and 1:64) had been added were significantly higher than concentrations in unaltered urine samples. All 13 samples to which whole ejaculate was added at a dilution of 1:2 and 10 of 12 samples to which seminal fluid was added at a dilution of 1:2 were positive for blood on dipstick analysis. There was no significant linear correlation between spermatozoa or WBC count of the semen sample and protein concentration of the spermatozoa-free seminal fluid. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that regardless of whether spermatozoa were present, semen contamination could result in false-positive results for protein and blood during dipstick analysis of urine samples from sexually intact male dogs.

Non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis is infrequently reported in frogs and toads. This case report describes a captive marine toad, Bufo marinus, which presented with spontaneous acute fracture of the left tibia. In spite o f amputation and antibacterial therapy, this toad continued to decline, so elective euthanasia and subsequent post-mortem examination were performed. Microscopic evaluation of the fracture site and additional organs including one front limb, lungs, heart, liver and kidneys exhibited granulomatous inflammation associated with numerous acid-fast positive bacilli. Mycocbacterium marinum and M. terrae were isolated from lung and liver. The toad also had pigmented fungi within granulomas in a number of different tissues, including bone.

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia occurs infrequently in poultry and is undocumented in parrots. In this study, we describe a blue-crowned conure (Aratinga acuticaudata) with a strongly regenerative anemia, a predominance of round, small erythrocytes (presumed spherocytes), leukopenia followed by leukocytosis, elevated plasma protein, biliverdinuria, and polyuria. Radiography and ultrasonography demonstrated a markedly enlarged spleen. After immunosuppressive treatment with prednisolone, the anemia, abnormal erythrocyte morphology, and biliverdinuria resolved but returned promptly after discontinuation of the therapy. We propose that this conure suffered from an immune-mediated hemolytic anemia.

Heinz-body hemolytic anemia and nephrosis associated with hemoglobinuria were diagnosed in a North American river otter. Fluids were administered, and the signs of renal failure improved immediately. Severe anemia developed, and the otter received a semisynthetic hemoglobin product to maintain the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood until a blood transfusion could be given. Immediate clinical improvement was observed following hemoglobin administration, and adverse effects were not seen. Six days after admission, the otter began to produce its own RBC and recovered without complications. The Heinz-body anemia was determined to be caused by methylene blue that was in the water of minnows consumed by the otter the night before it became ill. Methylene blue is a common ingredient in products used to extend the life of bait fish. Bait fish kept in water treated with methylene blue should not be used as food for fish-eating animals.

The DeBakey VAD is a miniaturized, electromagnetically driven axial flow pump intended for long-term ventricular assist. Safety and performance data from six calves implanted with the complete DeBakey VAD system are reported elsewhere; here we describe complications and necropsy findings for these same six animals, all of which survived 90 days. The study was conducted according to a uniform protocol, which included anticoagulation and antibiotic prophylaxis. Clinical complications tracked included bleeding, cardiovascular abnormalities (e.g., arrhythmias, tachycardia unrelated to pain, bradycardia), hemolysis, hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, thromboembolism (neurologic or peripheral), or infection. Each adverse event was retrospectively categorized with regard to severity (mild, moderate, severe) and relationship to device. Clinical findings were confirmed by necropsy. There was no evidence of systemic infection, thromboembolism, hemolysis, or renal or hepatic dysfunction in these six animals during the study period. A single adverse event was noted in each of two of the calves. Both events were considered mild according to the predefined criteria. Bleeding related to the surgical implantation procedure and requiring reoperation occurred in one animal. The other animal had evidence of a superficial infection at the exit site of the cables on the left lateral thoracic wall; the infection did not extend into the thoracic cavity. Chronic, healed small renal infarct scars were present in several animals. Mild valvular endocardiosis was observed in two calves and mild fibroelastosis was present in the endocardium at the site of the inflow cannula in three calves; however, these lesions were not considered clinically significant. No other gross or histologic abnormalities were noted at necropsy. In conclusion, calves implanted with the complete DeBakey VAD for 90 days demonstrated few complications and had no significant necropsy findings. Complications common to ventricular assist device (VAD) support (i.e., hemolysis, infection, bleeding, thromboembolism) were rare during long-term support (90 days) with the DeBakey VAD.

A 10-month-old spayed female Doberman Pinscher was presented for lameness. On physical examination, the dog was lethargic and febrile and had a 2-cm raised subcutaneous mass at the base of the left ear. Fluid from the mass was drained. Direct smears of the fluid, stained with modified Wright's and new methylene blue, were highly cellular and contained large numbers of degenerate neutrophils with moderate numbers of macrophages. Large numbers of round yeast organisms, 8-20 mum in diameter, were observed extracellularly. The organisms had a thick blue wall and granular internal contents and broad-based budding was seen frequently. Branching hyphae or pseudohyphae, with parallel sides and 2-4 mum in diameter, appeared to extend from the surface of the yeast. The morphology of the yeast organisms was consistent with Blastomyces dermatitidis, with atypical hyphae formation. Culture results were not definitive because it was not possible to induce transition from the mycelial to the yeast form at 37 degrees C and because the morphology of the mycelial form of B. dermatitidis could not be differentiated from that of Emmonsia parvae. The organism was confirmed as Ajellomyces dermatitidis (the mycelial form of B. dermatitidis) using 18S ribosome RNA gene sequencing and comparison with an available databank. The mycelial form of B. dermatitidis is rarely found in the tissue of dogs, and may have been induced in this case by low environmental temperatures and the time delay between sample collection and slide preparation.

Avian thrombocytes are circulating nucleated blood cells which play an active role in both haemostasis and phagocytosis. To better define their role in haemostasis, thrombocyte aggregation was measured in whole blood from healthy adult ostriches using an electrical impedance aggregometer. Thrombocytes were stimulated with collagen (5µg/ml or 1µg/ml), platelet-activating factor (PAF (0.1µ m, 0.01µ m, or 0.001µ m), or ADP (25µ m). Irreversible aggregation occurred consistently in response to collagen or PAF but not to ADP. Aggregation in response to high concentrations of PAF or collagen was not affected by in vitro incubation with 500µ m aspirin. Aggregation in response to low concentrations of PAF or collagen was partially inhibited by in vitro incubation with 500µ m aspirin, suggesting the presence of a prostaglandin-dependent mechanism for regulation of thrombocyte activation similar to that in mammalian platelets.

Since hemolysis has been a common problem in submitted ratite serum samples, a study was performed to determine interference by hemolysates. Nine chemistry analytes including glucose, total protein, albumin, creatine kinase (CK), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AS7), calcium (Ca), phosphorus, and uric acid were evaluated on a wet reagent analyzer (Ciba Corning Express 550) and on a dry slide reagent analyzer (VetTest 8008). In emus, increasing hemoglobin concentrations increased total protein, albumin, and CK for both analyzers. With increasing hemoglobin concentrations, the Ciba Corning 550 analyte values were increased for AST, Ca, and uric acid and decreased for glucose and phosphorus, the opposite effect was seen in values from the VetTest 8008. GGT levels were variable or sometimes undetectable. Changes in ostrich analytes with hemolysis were similar to emus using the same analyzer. The effects of serum hemolysis often differed in magnitude and direction between the two chemistry analyzers. Interferographs were constructed to aid in rapid assessment of the effects of hemolysis on submitted serum samples.

Von Willebrand's disease (vWD) is a bleeding disorder that is recognized commonly in dogs but rarely in cats. This article presents the pathophysiology and clinical features of vWD, including a discussion of inherited and acquired types of vWD. Laboratory evaluation and treatment of vWD are reviewed.

Platelet aggregation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) secretion were measured in whole blood and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from normal dogs using electrical impedance and turbidimetric techniques. General appearance of the aggregation curves, ATP secretion, and aggregation rate were similar in PRP in response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or collagen using both techniques. In response to ADP, aggregation was detected sooner while the maximum aggregation response decreased at a relatively greater rate with decreasing agonist concentrations using the turbidimetric technique. Shape change was consistently detected using the turbidimetric, but not the impedance, technique. Using electrical impedance, there were differences between whole blood and PRP in aggregation and ATP secretion responses which depended on the agonise used to activate the platelets. In response to ADP, aggregation responses were lower in whole blood relative to PRP. In response to platelet-activating factor (PAF), maximum aggregation was greater in whole blood while aggregation rate and ATP secretion were greater in PRP. In response to collagen, aggregation response and ATP secretion were lower in PRP. Dilution of PRP with buffer instead of platelet-poor plasma (PPP) lessened many of the differences between whole blood and PRP samples. These findings suggest that plasma constituents and blood cells other than platelets affect aggregation and secretion in an agonist-dependent manner.

Platelets from dogs with Basset hound hereditary thrombopathy (BHT) change shape but do not aggregate in response to most physiologic agonists [adenosine diphosphate (ADP), platelet-activating factor (PAF), collagen, thromboxane mimetic U46619 plus epinephrine and low concentrations of thrombin]. Aggregation in response to higher concentrations of thrombin is slow, but irreversible. The responses of normal canine and affected BHT platelets to the nonphysiologic agonist phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) were investigated. Aggregation of normal canine and affected platelets by PMA was irreversible and associated with dense granule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) secretion. The addition of PMA to [(3)H]-arachidonic acid-labelled normal and affected canine platelets had no significant effect on the production of 1,2-diacylglycerol (1,2-DAG). Activation of [(32)P]-labelled platelets by PMA was associated with rapid phosphorylation of the 47 kDa substrate of protein kinase C and slow phosphorylation of the 20 kDa myosin light chain in both groups. In affected platelets, there was reduced phosphorylation of a band of approximately 65 kDa. The identity and functional significance of this band is not known. This study provides evidence that direct activation of protein kinase C by PMA in BHT circumvents the dysfunction characteristic of Basset hound hereditary thrombopathy and that the defect must exist somewhere at a point in signal transduction prior to activation of protein base C. We also conclude that normal and affected canine platelets possess protein kinase C and a 47 kDa substrate function that is similar to human platelets.

Bronchoalveolar ravage (BAL) fluid was collected from control ponies and from affected ponies with heaves which were in clinical remission. Significant differences were not detected between the two groups in total nucleated cell count or relative percentages (relative cell counts) of small lymphocytes, large mononuclear cells, eosinophils, or mast cells. The mean relative neutrophil count of BAL fluid from the affected group was statistically greater than that of controls; however, the difference between the two groups was not sufficient to be of diagnostic significance.

A severe bleeding disorder in Simmental cattle has been described in widespread locations in the USA and Canada. The clinical findings are consistent with a hemophilia-like disease or, more precisely, a hereditary hemorrhagic diathesis and include spontaneous epistaxis, hematuria, and excessive bleeding associated with trauma or standard management procedures such as tattooing, ear tagging, and castration. A preliminary investigation of this defect showed that blood-platelet numbers and coagulation profiles of affected cattle were normal. Affected animals have a marked dysfunction of platelets (thrombopathy), termed Simmental hereditary thrombopathy. The defect is very similar or identical to that described in the same breed by 2 other laboratories.

AIM Since canine hereditary essential hypertension has been previously reported in a colony of Siberian husky dogs, we tested the suitability of this model for use in studies on the platelet defect identified in humans with essential hypertension. METHODS Platelet aggregation and dense granule ATP secretion were measured in dogs with essential hypertension and normotensive control dogs. RESULTS The platelets from the hypertensive group showed significantly increased aggregation and secretion in response to stimulation with ADP. There was no significant increase in aggregation or secretion when platelets from hypertensive dogs were stimulated by platelet-activating factor, thrombin, calcium ionophore A23187 or phorbol myristate acetate. CONCLUSION The increased aggregation and secretion responses in platelets from the hypertensive dogs suggest that a defect similar to that reported in humans with essential hypertension exists and that further investigation is warranted.

Background — Morphology and cytochemistry are the foundation for classification of leukemias in dogs and cats. Advances in automated hematology instrumentation, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular biology are significantly improving our ability to recognize and classify spontaneous myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders. Objective — The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of flow cytometry‐based light scatter patterns provided by the Cell-Dyn 3500 (CD3500) automated hematology analyzer to predict the lineage of leukemic cells in peripheral blood of dogs and cats. Methods — Leukemic cells from 15 dogs and 6 cats were provisionally classified using an algorithm based on the CD3500 CBC output data and were subsequently phenotyped by enzyme cytochemistry, immunocytochemistry, indirect flow cytometry, and analysis of antigen receptor gene rearrangement. Results — The algorithm led to correct predictions regarding the ontogeny of the leukemic cells (erythroid/megakaryocytic potential, myeloid leukemia, monocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, lymphoid leukemia) in 19/21 animals. Mismatches in the WBC impedance count and the WBC optical count in conjunction with microscopic assessment of blasts in the blood were useful for predicting myeloproliferative disorders with erythroid or megakaryocytic potential.The leukocyte light scatter patterns enabled distinction among myeloid leukemias (represented by acute myelomonocytic leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia) and lymphocytic leukemias (including acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemias). One case of acute lymphocytic leukemia was misidentified as chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Conclusions — Algorithmic analyses can be applied to data generated by the CD3500 to predict the ontogeny of leukemic cells in the peripheral blood of dogs and cats. This rapid and quantitative technique may be used to improve diagnostic decisions, expand therapeutic choices, and increase prognostic accuracy. (Vet Clin Pathol. 2002;31:167-182)

— We evaluated the utility of cytochemistry, immunophenotyping, flow cytometry, and in vitro culture with forced differentiation of leukemic cells as diagnostic aids to identify the malignant cell ontogeny in a dog with leukemia. A tentative diagnosis of monoblastic leukemia was established by microscopic examination of Romanowsky-stained blood smears and bone marrow aspirate smears. This diagnosis also was supported by the light scatter signature that identified the blast cells as large, non-granular monocytic cells using a CellDyn 3500 automated hematology analyzer; as well as by the detection of N-butyrate esterase and the lack of chloroacetate esterase or leukocyte peroxidase by cytochemical staining. Subsequently, leukemic cells were isolated from the dog's peripheral blood and placed into tissue culture or cryopreserved. The leukemic cells grew in suspension cultures and proliferated spontaneously for up to 4 days. By day 7, proliferation was negligible. Upon culture with conditioned supernatant using mitogen-stimulated human T cells as a source of cytokines, an increased proportion of cells entered S phase by day 2 of culture; however, proliferation declined markedly by day 4, at which time the cells had apparently differentiated to adherent, vacuolated macrophages. The cytokine-stimulated leukemic cells were positive for the monocyte/macrophage specific markers alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, lysozyme, CD14, MHC class II, and calprotectin, an antigen found in differentiated macrophages and granulocytes. Despite the strong tendency of the leukemic cells towards monocytic differentiation, our results suggested that they retained some features of a myelomonocytic precursor. These data show that cytochemistry, immunophenotyping, flow cytometry, and in vitro differentiation of canine leukemia cells are useful tools for confirming the lineage of malignant hematopoietic cells. (Vet Clin Pathol 27:40–49, 1998)

Thrombosis of the caudal vena cava in a dog secondary to metastatic neoplasia is described. The dog had a palpable abdominal mass and persistent thrombocytopenia due to a thrombosed caudal vena cava that was surgically removed. A few days after its removal, the dog died and neoplastic cells of neural crest origin were identified at the edge of the thrombus. Massive thrombosis can be an unusual cause of platelet consumption, leading to thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Deep vein thrombosis of the vena cava can occur in dogs and may mimic an abdominal mass. Multiple mechanisms may be involved in the development of venous thrombosis, including endothelial damage by neoplastic cells and the presence of a hypercoagulable state secondary to neoplasia. Extensive collateral circulation may allow removal of diseased vena cava.

Thromboembolic disease and progression to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) are potential life-threatening complications for dogs with nephrotic syndrome. Platelet count, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), plasma concentration of fibrinogen degradation products (FDPs), antithrombin III (ATIII), protein C, and plasminogen were used to identify hemostatic abnormalities in a dog with nephrotic syndrome. Pulmonary thromboembolic disease was diagnosed by thoracic radiography, arterial blood gas analysis, and pulmonary scintigraphy. Prompt recognition and treatment of hemostatic complications is necessary in dogs with nephrotic syndrome.

A severe hereditary hemorrhagic diathesis in Simmental cattle has been identified in North America. Platelet numbers and coagulation profiles of affected cattle are normal. We have further characterized the severe dysfunction of platelet aggregation. All agonists tested elicited normal shape change. Aggregations in response to ADP, A23187, and collagen were absent. Aggregations were decreased or required more time for completion in response to PAF and thrombin. No ultrastructural abnormalities were observed in transmission electron micrographs. Dense granule release of ATP in response to PAF was normal. Thrombin-induced aggregation was dependent upon external calcium concentration in normal but not affected animals. Clot retraction in the blood from affected animals was abnormal. The data implicate a defect of Ca++ mobilization or utilization.