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The multifactorial pathophysiology of pelvic floor disorder accounts for the coexistence of several pelvic floor disorders in many women. Up to 54% of women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) report concurrent stress urinary incontinence (SUI). While POP is a risk factor for coexistent SUI, apical and anterior prolapse can also conceal SUI symptoms that are unmasked by POP repair, resulting in de novo SUI postoperatively. It is important for pelvic reconstructive surgeons to consider the relationship between POP and urinary incontinence in presurgical planning and to discuss with patients the risks and advantages of concurrent versus staged anti-incontinence procedures.

Barnacle feeding and respiration depend on the activity of feeding appendages known as cirri. We measured the oxygen consumption of individuals of the acorn barnacle Balanus glandula Darwin, 1854 to determine how changes in beating behavior, body size, and cirrus length affected energy demand. Respiration rates increased exponentially with body mass to the 0.66 power. Respiration rates did not differ significantly among pumping, normal, and fast beats, even though these beats involve different levels of cirral and opercular activity. Finally, barnacles from a location of high water motion exhibited significantly shorter cirri and lower oxygen consumption for a given body size than those from calmer waters.