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Resource planning at urban scale has received significant scrutiny in recent years. What has been paid less attention is whether existing tools such as optimization models can play a role in helping with this planning. The reason for the historical lack of interest is argued as due to both insufficient computing capability and practical modelling difficulties. The proposition put forward here is that optimization software can work with large distributed systems associated with urban resources. Resources considered include inter alia capital, employees, and technologies. To help support the contention, a mixed integer linear program and a nonlinear program have been formulated and tested. RESCOM and LAPM are optimization models developed in this research to make decisions on urban scale at the concept stage of design. The focus is on residential energy retrofits and workforce allocation for technology deployment respectively. Solutions are described to the problems encountered. Obstacles include use of available data, modelling interventions in a computationally efficient manner, and modelling thermal energy requirements as dependent on both temperature and thermal transmittance. Real world case studies in the London Borough of Haringey demonstrate the functionalities of the models. It is proposed that it is the structure rather than the objective function's value which should be analysed. Three methods are employed to test the resilience of solution structures as follows: i) scenario analysis, ii) generation of near-optimal solution alternatives, and iii) uncertainty analysis. The detailed analysis of the results is an important - but often omitted - step yielding interesting findings. Yet the insights must be considered with respect to the scope and assumptions within the models. Notwithstanding, RESCOM and LAPM carefully combine modern developments in the literature with practical real-world constraints to provide novel contributions to existing knowledge. The hypothesis put forward as a result of the research described in this work is that optimization software can be successfully employed for modelling resources planning at the large scale.

This thesis is an inquiry into whether Frege intended his logicist reduction to be an explication of the content of ordinary arithmetic, or whether he conceived of it as a replacement, or indeed as something in between those two possibilities. In other words, did Frege seek to capture in Concept Script the Sinn and Bedeutung of our ordinary arithmetical language? Or did he seek to capture none, or just one of those things-Bedeutung? On the face of it, Frege himself is not altogether transparent on the matter: he appears at best unclear, and at worst inconsistent. I argue that Frege sought to uncover both the Sinn and Bedeutung of our arithmetical language. This in itself is not a new thesis, though few subscribe to it. Those who do subscribe to it argue that, for Frege, we have a defective or partial grasp of the content of ordinary arithmetic, which deficiency Frege sought to make good by constructing a logically perfect language in which the full contents of ordinary arithmetic are revealed. I reject the view that our grasp is defective, this on exegetical and non-exegetical grounds. Distinguishing between defective understanding, and defective grasp, I claim that Frege took our grasp to be full, if to some extent tacit and unperspicuous. The methodology of my inquiry lies in the main on a reappraisal of Frege's text. But it lies also on the fruitfulness of the claim that the doctrine of the recovery of tacit grasp informs Frege's logicism. Not only does this doctrine help to make plausible the above claim regarding the relation between our arithmetic and Concept Script arithmetic. It helps to resolve other issues, which arise in the course of arguing for that claim. These other issues are of an independent interest. One such issue concerns what Frege meant by the claim that, by means of fruitful definitions, analytic truths can extend our knowledge, and how this relates to the notion of carving up a proposition already grasped. Another issue concerns whether and in what sense we should regard Frege's logicism as epistemologically motivated.