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Distinct empathy deficits are often described in patients with conduct disorder (CD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) yet their neural underpinnings and the influence of comorbid Callous‐Unemotional (CU) traits are unclear. This study compares the cognitive (CE) and affective empathy (AE) abilities of youth with CD and ASD, their potential neuroanatomical correlates, and the influence of CU traits on empathy. Adolescents and parents/caregivers completed empathy questionnaires (N = 148 adolescents, mean age = 15.16 years) and T1 weighted images were obtained from a subsample (N = 130). Group differences in empathy and the influence of CU traits were investigated using Bayesian analyses and Voxel‐Based Morphometry with Threshold‐Free Cluster Enhancement focusing on regions involved in AE (insula, amygdala, inferior frontal gyrus and cingulate cortex) and CE processes (ventromedial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction, superior temporal gyrus, and precuneus). The ASD group showed lower parent‐reported AE and CE scores and lower self‐reported CE scores while the CD group showed lower parent‐reported CE scores than controls. When accounting for the influence of CU traits no AE deficits in ASD and CE deficits in CD were found, but CE deficits in ASD remained. Across all participants, CU traits were negatively associated with gray matter volumes in anterior cingulate which extends into the mid cingulate, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and precuneus. Thus, although co‐occurring CU traits have been linked to global empathy deficits in reports and underlying brain structures, its influence on empathy aspects might be disorder‐specific. Investigating the subdimensions of empathy may therefore help to identify disorder‐specific empathy deficits.

Central Chile (32-35°S) lies at the northern border of strong influence of the Westerly circulation belt (Westerlies) and is therefore characterized by a steep precipitation gradient. In this region, quantitative reconstructions of Holocene precipitation are scarce. Hence, the present study estimates precipitation changes, based on lake level fluctuations of Laguna Aculeo (33°50′S, 70°54′W). The lake level curve has been reconstructed using a multi-proxy study of lake sediments. Lake level changes have been simulated using a simple water balance model. As a result, palaeo-precipitation could be estimated: uncertainties concerning the input parameters and past conditions have limitated the precision of precipitation estimates. The results suggest that during the beginning of the Holocene, when the lake level (<1.5 m) was low, precipitation was <200 mm/year. Before 8000 cal yr BP, the lake frequently dried out. Between 8000 and 6000 cal yr BP, precipitation appeared to be higher (150-300 mm/year) and after about 6000 cal yr BP, precipitation increased dramatically (350-450 mm/year). Around 3000 cal yr BP, modern lake level and precipitation (450-550 mm/year) were generally established. The dry conditions during the early and mid-Holocene are in good agreement with other records from Central Chile and northern Patagonia. The Westerlies were probably deflected southward by the southeast Pacific subtropical high-pressure cell during the mid- and early Holocene. Subsequently, the increase in moisture in Central Chile during the late Holocene appears to be strongly related to intensified Westerly activity and probably also to increased El Niño activity.