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Abstract Conventional flip‐flops are more vulnerable to particle strikes in a radiation environment. To overcome this disadvantage, in the literature, many radiation‐hardened flip‐flops (FFs) based on techniques like triple modular redundancy, dual interlocked cell, Quatro and guard‐gated Quatro cell, and so on, are discussed. The flip‐flop realized using radiation hardened by design Quatro cell is named as the improved version of Quatro flip‐flop (IVQFF). Single event upset (SEU) at inverter stages of master/slave and at output are the two drawbacks of IVQFF. This study proposes a guard‐gated Quatro FF (GQFF) using guard‐gated Quatro cell and Muller C‐element. To overcome the SEU at inverter stages of IVQFF, in GQFF, the inverter stages are realized in a parallel fashion. A dual‐input Muller C‐element is connected to the GQFF output stage to mask the SEU and thus maintain the correct output. The proposed GQFF tolerates both single node upset (SNU) and double node upset (DNU). It also achieves low power. To prove the efficacy, GQFF and the existing FFs are implemented in 45 nm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. From the simulation results, it may be noted that the GQFF is 100% immune to SNUs and 50% immune to DNUs.

Abstract Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Systems play a vital role in energizing microelectronic devices with the low‐frequency operation. Here, a novel piezoelectric energy harvesting device has been developed for low power electronic devices. The developed Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Systems consists of a cantilever with poles projecting outwards and the cantilevers one end is connected to the wind‐catcher, and another end is connected to the torsional spring. The developed Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Systems signifies its application in energizing microelectronic devices. The cantilever is placed inwards to the piezoelectric crystal stack. When the wind strikes, a vortex is created in the windcatcher, which oscillates the cantilever and generates stress in the piezoelectric crystal stack to develop electric energy. The output voltage obtained from the Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Systems does not affect any input frequency of the piezoelectric crystal. The result obtained shows that the developed Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Systems generates 120–200 eV with 2.9 × 1016–4.84 × 1016 Hz frequency considering an elementary charge unit as 40 for a variable wind flow of 4–9 m/s. This research aims to develop an efficient wind‐based Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Systems for low powered microelectronic devices.

Abstract The paper represents a comprehensive review of the wind farm layout and reliability assessment of the wind farm integrated electrical power system. The authors have done a review on the proliferation of renewable energy which raises the uncertainties in the electrical power system. The uncertainties including wind speed and wake effect are important to deal with when an isolated microgrid is considered. The scenario becomes vigilant when the wind farms are integrated with the main grid. Due to uncertainties, the study of reliability evaluation of a wind integrated power system would become significant to analyse the electrical power system behaviour effectively. So, the paper discusses the layout optimisation methods of wind turbines considering the uncertainty parameters, mainly the wake effect. In this regard, the different wake models and optimisation methods based on a single‐objective and multi‐objective functions are reviewed in detail with the proper comparisons. The paper serves as a better illustration of the competency of these optimisation methods on the optimal wind turbine location on a wind farm. Furthermore, the paper extends the view on the reliability and cost assessment, and reliability improvement techniques of the wind integrated power system. This article provides comprehensive information, yields an attractive and subsequent tool for research requirements for the researchers to design the wind farm layout, and assessed the reliability of a wind integrated power system.

Deep learning (DL) is an exciting field of interest for many researchers and business. Due to a massive leap in DL based research, many domains like Business, science and government sectors make use of DL for various applications. This work puts forward the importance of DL and its application in a few critical electrical segments. Initially, an introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) is presented. Then the need for DL and the popular architectures, algorithms and frameworks used are presented. A summary of different techniques used in DL is outlined, and finally, a review on the application of deep learning techniques in some popular electrical applications is presented. Five critical electrical applications, namely identification of bearing faults, hot spots on the surface of PV panels, insulator faults, an inspection of power lines and Electric vehicles have been considered for review in this work. The primary aim of this work is to present chronologically, a survey of different areas in which it applies DL along with their architectures, frameworks and techniques to provide a deeper understanding of DL for widespread use in real-time applications.

This article presents a novel asymmetrical 21-level multilevel inverter topology for solar PV application. The proposed topology achieves 21-level output voltage without H-bridge using asymmetric DC sources. This reduces the devices, cost and size. The PV standalone system needs a constant DC voltage magnitude from the solar panels, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique used for getting a stable output by using perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm. The PV voltage is boosted over the DC link voltage using a three-level DC-DC boost converter interfaced in between the solar panels and the inverter. The inverter is tested experimentally with various combinational loads and under dynamic load variations with sudden load disturbances. Total standing voltage with a cost function for the proposed MLI is calculated and compared with multiple topologies published recently and found to be cost-effective. A detailed comparison is made in terms of switches count, and sources count, gate driver boards, the number of diodes and capacitor count and component count level factor with the same and other levels of multilevel inverter and found to be the proposed topology is helpful in terms of its less TSV value, devices count, efficient and cost-effective. In both simulation and experimental results, total harmonic distortion (THD) is observed to be the same and is lower than 5% which is under IEEE standards. A hardware prototype is implemented in the laboratory and verified experimentally under dynamic load variations, whereas the simulations are done in MATLAB/Simulink.

This paper presents a novel topology for the single-phase 31-level asymmetrical multilevel inverter accomplished with reduced components count. The proposed topology generates maximum 31-level output voltage with asymmetric DC sources with an H-bridge. The fundamental 13-level multilevel inverter (MLI) topology is realized, and further, the topology is developed for 31-level can be used for renewable energy applications. This reduces the overall components count, cost and size of the system. Rather than the many advantages of MLIs, reliability issues play a significant role due to higher components count to reduce THD. This is a vital challenge for the researchers to increase the reliability with less THD. Several parameters are analyzed for both fundamental 13-level and developed 31-level MLIs such as total standing voltage (TSV), cost function (CF) and power loss. The inverter is tested experimentally with various combinational loads and under dynamic load variations with sudden load disturbances. Total standing voltage with the cost function for the proposed MLI is compared with various topologies published recently and is cost-effective. A detailed comparison of several parameters with graphical representation is made. Less TSV and components requirement is observed for the proposed MLI. The obtained total harmonic distortion (THD) is under IEEE standards. The topology is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and verified experimentally with a hardware prototype under various conditions.

The multilevel inverters (MLI) are resourceful in producing a voltage waveform with superior-quality staircase counterfeit sinusoidal and depressed harmonic distortion (THD). Several conventional topologies are proposed to realize the MLI however, the limitations of these topologies may involve more DC sources and power-switching devices, and less THD, which in turn, increases the cost and size of the inverter. These drawbacks can be eliminated with the proposed hybrid Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter with reduced components topology. As compared with the established MLI topologies the recommended topology having a reduced number of DC sources, power-switching devices, component count level factor, lesser TSV, more efficient, lesser THD, and cost-effective. The proposed MLI is a blend of a single-phase T-Type inverter and an H-Bridge module made of sub switches. This article incorporates the design and simulation of the multilevel inverter with staircase PWM technique. Further, the 9-level and 17-level MLI is examined with different combinational loads. The proposed inverter is stable during nonlinear loads, and it is well suited for FACTS and renewable energy grid-connected applications. An operational guideline has been explained with correct figures and tables. The Output voltage wave is realized in numerical simulation. Finally, the experimental demonstrations were performed by implementing a hardware prototype setup for both linear and nonlinear loads using the dSPACE controller laboratory.

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of physical devices, which collects data and processes into a system without human intervention. In the commercialized market, IoT architectures are upgrading day by day to reduce data transmission costs, latency, and bandwidth usage for various application requirements. The extensively available IoT architectures and their specification resist the researchers to select a system-on-chip (SoC) for heterogeneous IoT applications. This paper seeks to comprehend the various IoT device specifications and their characteristics to support multiple applications. Moreover, microprocessor architectures and their components are detailed to facilitate developer knowledge in advanced methodology and technology. The various instructions set architectures (ISA) are implemented in a Zynq-7000 (xc7Zz20clg484-1) FPGA device to examine the feasibility of design space requirements for real-time hardware execution. To select specific system-on-chip (SoC) architecture for heterogeneous IoT applications, a genetic algorithm (GA) based optimization method is implemented in MATLAB. The proposed algorithm identifies the optimized SoC architecture concerning device parameters such as a clock, cache, RAM space, external storage, network support, etc. Further, the confusion matrix method evaluates the proposed algorithm's accuracy, which yields 84.62% accuracy. The outcome of SoCs attained through the GA are tested by analyzing their execution time and performance using various evaluation benchmarks. This article helps the researchers and field engineers to comprehend the microarchitecture device configurations and to identify the superior SoC for next-generation IoT practices.

The efficient and compact design of multilevel inverters (MLI) motivates in various applications such as solar PV and electric vehicles (EV). This paper proposes a 53-Level multilevel inverter topology based on a switched capacitor (SC) approach. The number of levels of MLI is designed based on the cascade connection of the number of SC cells. The SC cells are cascaded for implementing 17 and 33 levels of the output voltage. The proposed structure is straightforward and easy to implement for the higher levels. As the number of active switches is less, the driver circuits are reduced. This reduces the device count, cost, and size of the MLI. The solar panels, along with a perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm, provide a stable DC voltage and is boosted over the DC link voltage using a single input and multi-output converter (SIMO). The proposed inverters are tested experimentally under dynamic load variations with sudden load disturbances. This represents an electric vehicle moving on various road conditions. A detailed comparison is made in terms of switches count, gate driver boards, sources count, the number of diodes and capacitor count, and component count factor. For the 17-level, 33-level, and 53-level MLI, simulation results are verified with experimental results, and total harmonic distortion (THD) is observed to be the same and is lower than 5% which is under IEEE standards. A hardware prototype is implemented in the laboratory and verified experimentally under dynamic load variations, whereas the simulations are done in MATLAB/Simulink.

A new single-phase 15-level inverter with a reduced number of components for the Solar PV application is proposed in this paper. It is incorporate the proposed inverter with a boost converter to extract energy from the solar PV modules, the proposed inverter aids to generate fifteen stepped output voltage levels with lower THD. The proposed inverter can improve efficiency and reduce losses, cost, and complexity of the overall system. The conventional boost converter will boost the output voltage to a maximum voltage from Solar PV with MPPT(P&O). The proposed inverter is tested experimentally using the dSPACE RTI 1104 controller along with MATLAB/Simulink. A detailed comparison with existing MLIs with the proposed inverter. The work presents experimental results not only to show its efficiency but also to the effectiveness under different circumstances of linear and non-linear loads. The inverter is stable during the non-linear loads and well suits for grid-connected systems.

Clean and environment-friendly energy harvesting are of prime interest today as it is one of the key enablers in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as well as accelerates social progress and enhances living standards. India, the second-most populous nation with a population of 1.353 billion, is one of the largest consumers of fossil fuels in the world which is responsible for global warming. An ever-increasing population is projected until 2050, and consequently, the energy demand in the upcoming decades will be co-accelerated by the rapid industrial growth. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) with the support of National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog is working to achieve the Indian Government's target of attaining 175 GW through renewable energy resources. Many Indian states are currently increasing their renewable energy capacity in an objective to meet future energy demand. The review paper discusses in-depth about the three Indian states, namely Karnataka, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, which pioneers the renewable energy production in India. The global energy scenario was discussed in detail with Indian contrast. Further, the barriers to the development of renewable energy generation and policies of the Indian government are discussed in detail to promote renewable energy generation throughout India as well as globally since the challenges are similar for other nations. This study analyzed various prospects of the country in renewable energy which has been done in a purpose to help the scholars, researchers, and policymakers of the nation, as it gives an insight into the present renewable energy scenario of the country.

In this article, a novel three-phase asymmetrical multilevel inverter is presented. The proposed inverter is designed with an optimal hardware components to generate three-phase nineteen output voltage levels. The proposed inverter exhibits various advantages like a suitable output voltage waveform with improved power quality, lower total harmonic distortion (THD), and more moderate complexity, reduction in cost, reduced power losses, and improved efficiency. A comparison of the proposed topology in terms of several parameters with existing methods illustrates its merits and features. The proposed inverter tested with steady-state and dynamic load disturbances. Various experimental results are included in this article to validate the performance of the proposed inverter during various extremities. In addition, a detailed comparison is tabulated between simulation and experimental results graphically. The proposed inverter has been stable even during load disturbance conditions. The simulation and feasibility model are verified using a prototype model.

The solar PV based power generation systems are growing faster due to the depletion of fossil fuels and environmental concerns. Combining PV panels and energy buffers such as battery through multi-port converter is one of the viable solutions to deal with the intermittency of PV power. The goal of this paper is to design and analyze the proposed triple port DC-DC buck-boost converter for high step-up/step-down applications. It has two unidirectional ports (port-1 and port-3) and one bi-directional port (port-2) for harnessing photovoltaic energy and charging the battery. At port-1, the combined structure of buck and buck-boost converter is used with a particular arrangement of switches and inductors. The step-up/step-down voltage conversion ratio is higher than the conventional buck-boost converter, and the polarity of the output voltage is maintained positive. The battery is added at the bi-directional port, for the storage of energy through the bi-directional boost converter. The switches operate synchronously for most of the modes making the control strategy simple. The characteristics and modes of operation along with a switching strategy, are elaborated. Experimental results are presented which validate the agreement with the developed theoretical expectation.

Rapid industrialization and its automation on the globe demands increased generation of electrical energy with more reliability and quality. Renewable energy (RE) sources are considered as a green form of energy and extensively used as an alternative source of energy for conventional energy sources to meet the increased demand for electrical power. However, these sources, when integrated to the utility grid, pose challenges in maintaining the power quality (PQ) and stability of the power system network. This is due to the unpredictable and variable nature of generation by these sources. The distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices such as distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) play an active role in mitigating PQ issues associated with RE penetration. The performance of DFACTS devices is mostly dependent on the type of control algorithms employed for switching of these devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration. This review intends to provide a summary of the design, experimental hardware, performance and feasibility aspects of these algorithms reported in the literature. More than 170 research publications are critically reviewed, classified, and listed for quick reference for the advantage of engineers and academician working in this area.

Power converter plays a significant role in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) energy generation systems, which is an alternative of distributed energy generation systems. So there creates a demand for high-quality power conditioning used in PEMFC systems. This article proposes a converter topology as a power interface and also introduced a multilevel inverter topology for various levels of operation. The converter steps up the input voltage to the rated voltage and transforms to the DC bus, the multilevel inverter converts the voltage to AC and feeds to AC loads. In this article, we develop an entire unit stack, which can produce an output with positive and zero sequences. The addition of H-bridge to the fundamental unit known to be an advance cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter resulting in the formation of all sequences like positive, zero and negative levels. The conventional multilevel inverters are compared with the proposed inverters in terms of switch count, DC sources, diodes, through which the lesser requirement of components in a multilevel inverter is possible to observe, which results in the reduction in cost, dv/dt stress, component space of the driver circuit. With this implementation, the better possibility of control, increase the quality of output, reliability of the inverter with a reduced THD, and stress. The converter output is tested and verified in MATLAB, and the respective results of the different levels like five, seven and fifteen of a single-phase cascaded inverter are tested experimentally and in MATLAB Simulink.

The global concern with power quality is increasing due to the penetration of renewable energy (RE) sources to cater the energy demands and meet de-carbonization targets. Power quality (PQ) disturbances are found to be more predominant with RE penetration due to the variable outputs and interfacing converters. There is a need to recognize and mitigate PQ disturbances to supply clean power to the consumer. This article presents a critical review of techniques used for detection and classification PQ disturbances in the utility grid with renewable energy penetration. The broad perspective of this review paper is to provide various concepts utilized for extraction of the features to detect and classify the PQ disturbances even in the noisy environment. More than 220 research publications have been critically reviewed, classified and listed for quick reference of the engineers, scientists and academicians working in the power quality area.

A high number of research work is being carried out in the field of DC-DC converters to improve the performance of microgrid operation. The DC microgrid has a high level of acceptance because of the integration of renewable energy sources. In DC Microgrid, there is a need for improved DC-DC converter topologies which offer high gain, small size, enhanced efficiency, reduced voltage stress and reduced component count etc. A new Triple-Mode Active-Passive Parallel Intermediate Links (TM-A2P-IL) converter is proposed in the paper. The A2P-IL is designed by a combination of an inductor, capacitor, diode, and control switch. The proposed converter is derived by inserting A2P-IL in conventional boost converter. The proposed TM-A2P-IL converter operates in three modes and provides a high voltage gain without using a transformer, voltage multiplier stages, coupled inductor, switched inductor/capacitor circuitry. The other benefits of the proposed TM-A2P-IL converters are flexibility in the selection of duty cycles, reduced voltage stress of devices, small reactive components, single-stage power conversion. The proposed converter circuit, operating principle, steady-state analysis is studied for both CCM and DCM, discussed. The comparison between available similar type converters and the proposed converter is provided. The operation and performance of the proposed A2P-IL converter are validated through simulation and experimental work.

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This paper introduces a novel control system with maximum power point tracker (MPPT) for the photovoltaic system with grid integration. Hybrid adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm employed to optimize the membership function. Hence, for minimizing the root mean square error (RMSE), this controls the SEPIC-based MPPT algorithm to achieve rapid PV power tracking. The system performance is improved by fuzzy logic control (FLC), which generates the switching signal to the power switches of the inverter. A dSPACE (DS1104) control board employed for experimental validation of MPPT and inverter control strategies. The novelty of the proposed hybrid MPPT controller is the optimal tuning of ANFIS membership function with the ABC algorithm and been neither discussed before for PV power applications. The experimental responses completely validate the reliability of the PV grid integration with anti-islanding protection. The recentness of this research work is PV MPPT functioning using the hybrid ANFIS-ABC-based algorithm, been not described practically by any researchers in the past works.

The paper proposes a new structure of SEPIC with high voltage gain for renewable energy applications. The proposed circuit is designed by amalgamating the conventional SEPIC with a boosting module. Therefore, the converter benefits from various advantages that the SEPIC converter has, such as continuous input current. Also, high voltage gain and input current continuity make the presented converter suitable for renewable energy sources. The modified SEPIC converter (MSC) provides higher voltage gain compared to the conventional SEPIC and recently addressed converters with a single-controlled switch. The analysis of voltage gain in continuous current mode (CCM) and discontinuous current mode (DCM) is analyzed by considering the non-idealities of the semiconductor devices and passive components. The selection of the semiconductor devices depending on the voltage-current rating is presented along with the designing of reactive components. The numerical simulation and experimental work are carried out, and the obtained results prove the feasibility of the MSC concept and the theoretical analysis.

This research work presents a modified sine-cosine optimized maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for grid integration. The developed algorithm provides the maximum power extraction from a photovoltaic (PV) panel and simplified implementation with a benefit of high convergence velocity. Moreover, the performance and ability of the modified sine-cosine optimized (MSCO) algorithm is equated with recent particle swarm optimization and artificial bee colony algorithms for comparative observation. Practical responses is analyzed under steady state, dynamic, and partial shading conditions by using dSPACE real controlling board laboratory scale hardware implementation. The MSCO-based MPPT algorithm always shows fast convergence rate, easy implementation, less computational burden and the accuracy to track the optimal PV power under varying weather conditions. The experimental results provided in this paper clearly show the validation of the proposed algorithm.

This paper deals the grid integration of photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell, and ultra-capacitor with maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The voltage oriented control for the grid-integrated inverter is proposed to regulate dc link voltage. Here, the fuel cell is employed as the main renewable energy source and PV as an auxiliary source with ultra-capacitor, which compensates power variation. An integrated CUK converter is proposed for peak power extraction from PV modules. The Jaya-based MPPT method is employed to achieve fast PV tracking ability with zero deviation around maximum power point (MPP) and has accelerated searched performance in equated with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and artificial bee colony (ABC) techniques. The hybrid PV-fuel cell with ultra-capacitor as energy storage works effectively under varying operating conditions. Compared to other energy storing devices, ultra-capacitor provides a fast dynamic response by absorbing/delivering power fluctuations. The hybrid PV-fuel storage control methodologies are experimentally validated using dSPACE (DS1104) board that provides optimal power extraction with stable power affirmation for a standalone/grid-connected system.

The advancement and popularity of smartphones have made it an essential and all-purpose device. But lack of advancement in battery technology has held back its optimum potential. Therefore, considering its scarcity, optimal use and efficient management of energy are crucial in a smartphone. For that, a fair understanding of a smartphone's energy consumption factors is necessary for both users and device manufacturers, along with other stakeholders in the smartphone ecosystem. It is important to assess how much of the device's energy is consumed by which components and under what circumstances. This paper provides a generalized, but detailed analysis of the power consumption causes (internal and external) of a smartphone and also offers suggestive measures to minimize the consumption for each factor. The main contribution of this paper is four comprehensive literature reviews on: 1) smartphone's power consumption assessment and estimation (including power consumption analysis and modelling); 2) power consumption management for smartphones (including energy-saving methods and techniques); 3) state-of-the-art of the research and commercial developments of smartphone batteries (including alternative power sources); and 4) mitigating the hazardous issues of smartphones' batteries (with a details explanation of the issues). The research works are further subcategorized based on different research and solution approaches. A good number of recent empirical research works are considered for this comprehensive review, and each of them is succinctly analysed and discussed.

Water hammering is a significant problem in pumping systems. It damages the pipelines of the pump drastically and needs to identify with an intelligent method. Various conventional methods such as the method of characteristics and wave attenuation methods are available to identify water hammering problems, and the predictive control method is one of the finest and time-saving methods that can identify the anomalies in the system at an early stage such that the device can be saved from total damage and reduce energy loss. In this research, a machine learning (ML) algorithm has used for a predictive control method for the identification of water hammering problems in a pumping system with the help of simulations and experimental-based works. A linear regression algorithm has been used in this work to predict water hammering problems. The efficiency of the algorithm is almost 90% compared to other ML algorithms. Through a Vib Sensor app-based device at different pressures and flow rates, the velocity of the pumping system, a fluctuation between healthy and faulty conditions, and acceleration value at different times have been collected for experimental analysis. A fault created to analyze a water hammering problem in a pumping system by the sudden closing and opening of the valve. When the valve suddenly closed, the kinetic energy in the system changed to elastic resilience, which created a series of positive and negative wave vibrations in the pipe. The present work concentrates on the water hammering problem of centrifugal pumping AC drive systems. The problem is mainly a pressure surge that occurs in the fluid, due to sudden or forced stops of valves or changes in the direction and momentum of the fluid. Various experimental results based on ML tool and fast Fourier transformation (FFT) analysis are obtained with a Vib Sensor testbed set-up to prove that linear regression analysis is the less time-consuming algorithm for fault detection, irrespective of data size.

In recent times, multilevel inverters are used as a high priority in many sizeable industrial drive applications. However, the reliability and performance of multilevel inverters are affected by the failure of power electronic switches. In this paper, the failure of power electronic switches of multilevel inverters is identified with the help of a high-performance diagnostic system during the open switch and low condition. Experimental and simulation analysis was carried out on five levels cascaded h-bridge multilevel inverter, and its output voltage waveforms were synthesized at different switch fault cases and different modulation index parameter values. Salient frequency-domain features of the output voltage signal were extracted using a Fast Fourier Transform decomposition technique. The real-time work of the proposed fault diagnostic system was implemented through the LabVIEW software. The Offline Artificial neural network was trained using the MATLAB software, and the overall system parameters were transferred to the LabVIEW real-time system. With the proposed method, it is possible to identify the individual faulty switch of multilevel inverters successfully.

This paper proposes an effective management system for stand-alone solar photovoltaic (PV) using real-time data with Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS). The abrupt movement of fleeting clouds often gives rise to PV power output fluctuations which in turn affect the power quality and system stability due to scattered solar radiation reception. These variations can limit through a ramp-limit controller and employing a DC link controller to maintain the stable DC link voltage. The battery is used in the system for continuous power application and the sudden variations in charging and discharging of battery power can create stress on the battery. These sudden changes in a battery will be removed by the super-capacitor (SC) unit and achieves a fast DC link voltage regulation. Hence, the high energy and power density devices such as battery and SC units will deliver more stable power into the system. The control scheme is tested in Matlab/Simulink and validated by Real-Time Hardware-in-Loop (HIL) simulator using periodic one-minute data for one year from the solar PV power plant from real-time.

In remote locations such as villages, islands and hilly areas, there is a possibility of frequent power failures, voltage drops or power fluctuations due to grid-side faults. Grid-connected renewable energy systems or micro-grid systems are preferable for such remote locations to meet the local critical load requirements during grid-side failures. In renewable energy systems, solar photovoltaic (PV) power systems are accessible and hybrid PV-battery systems or energy storage systems (ESS) are more capable of providing uninterruptible power to the local critical loads during grid-side faults. This energy storage system also improves the system dynamics during power fluctuations. In present work, a PV-battery hybrid system with DC-side coupling is considered, and a power balancing control (PBC) is proposed to transfer the power to grid/load and the battery. In this system, a solar power conditioning system (PCS) acts as an interface across PV source, battery and the load/central grid. With the proposed PBC technique, the system can operate in following operational modes: (a) PCS can be able to work in grid-connected mode during regular operation; (b) PCS can be able to charge the batteries and (c) PCS can be able to operate in standalone mode during grid side faults and deliver power to the local loads. The proposed controls are explained, and the system response during transient and steady-state conditions is described. With the help of controller-in-loop simulation results, the proposed power balancing controls are validated, for both off-grid and on-grid conditions.

Locating electric vehicle charge stations has always been an important problem for electric distributers. Many basic and complex solutions have been provided by algorithms and methods to solve this problem in real and assumed grids. However, the data, which has been used in those algorithms, are not consistent with the diversity of locations, thus, do not meet the expected results. Grid locations are the most important aspects of this issue in the eyes of designers, investors, and the general public. Locating charge stations must be determined by plans which have influenced majority in the society. In some countries, power quality has been increased by storages, which are used in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and similar operations. In this paper, all of the variables for locating charging stations are explained according to Ankara metropolitan. During the implemented analysis and literature reviews, an algorithm, based on location and grid priorities and infrastructures, are 154 kV and 33 kV, have been designed. Genetic algorithms have been used to demonstrate this method even though other algorithms can also be adopted to meet the priority.

Under the present electricity tariff structure in Malaysia, electricity billing on a monthly basis for commercial and industrial consumers includes the net consumption charges together with maximum demand (MD) charges. The use of batteries in combination with photovoltaic (PV) systems is projected to become a viable solution for energy management, in terms of peak load shaving. Based on the latest studies, maximum demand (MD) reduction can be accomplished via a solar PV-battery system based on a few measures such as load pattern, techno-economic traits, and electricity scheme. Based on these measures, the Maximum Demand Reduction (MDRed) Model is developed as an optimization tool for the solar PV-battery system. This paper shows that energy savings on net consumption and maximum demand can be maximized via optimal sizing of the solar PV-battery system using the MATLAB genetic algorithm (GA) tool. GA optimization results revealed that the optimal sizing of solar PV-battery system gives monthly energy savings of up to 20% of net consumption via solar PV self-consumption, 3% of maximum demand (MD) via MD shaving and 2% of surplus power supplied to grid via net energy metering (NEM) in regards to Malaysian electricity tariff scheme and cost of the overall system.

This article aims to enhance the output voltage magnitude of fuel cells (FCs), since the actual generation is low. The traditional technique is too complicated and has a cascaded or parallel connection solution to achieve high voltage for multiple loads in vehicles. In this case, electronic power converters are a viable solution with compact size and cost. Hence, double or multiple output DC−DC converters with high voltage step up are required to feed multiple high voltage loads at the same time. In this article, novel double stage double output (DSDO) DC−DC converters are formulated to feed multiple high voltage loads of FC vehicular system. Four DSDO DC−DC converters called DSDO L−L, DSDO L-2L, DSDO L-2LC, and DSDO L-2LC are developed in this research work and all the converters are derived based on the arrangement of different reactive networks. The primary power circuitry, conceptual operation, and output voltage gain derivation are given in detail with valid proof. The proposed converters are compared with possible parallel combinations of conventional converters and recently available configuration. Comprehensive numerical simulation and experimental prototype results show that our theoretical predictions are valid and that the configuration is applicable for real time application in FC technologies for ‘more-electric vehicles’.

This work presents an economic analysis of a hybrid renewable energy source (HRES) integrated with an energy storage system (ESS) using batteries with a new proposed strategy. Here, the HRES system comprises wind turbines (WT) and a photovoltaic (PV) system. The hybrid WT, PV and energy storage system with battery offer several benefits, in particular, high wind generation utilization rate, and optimal generation for meeting supply-demand gaps. The real recorded data of various parameters of a 22 KV hybrid ‘Regen’ feeder of 110/22 KV Vagarai Substation of TANTRANSCO in Palani of Tamilnadu in India was gathered, studied for the entire year of 2018, and utilized in this paper. The proposed strategy is the hybridization of two algorithms called Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) and Oppositional Elephant Herding Optimization (OEHO) named the RBFNOEHO technique. With the help of RBFNN, the continuous load demand required for the HRES and be tracked. OEHO is used to optimize a perfect combination of HRES with the predicted load demand. The aim of the proposed hybrid RBFNOEHO is to study the cost comparison of the HRES system with the existing conventional base method, energy storage method (ESS) with batteries and with HOMER. The proposed Hybrid RBFNOEHO technique is evaluated by comparing it with the other techniques; it is found that the proposed method yields a more optimal solution than the other techniques.

In this paper the multiverse optimization (MVO) was used for estimating Weibull parameters. These parameters were further used to analyze the wind data available at a particular location in the Tirumala region in India. An effort had been made to study the wind potential in this region (13°41′30.4″ N 79°21′34.4″ E) using the Weibull parameters. The wind data had been measured at this site for a period of six years from January 2012 to December 2017. The analysis was performed at two different hub heights of 10 m and 65 m. The frequency distribution of wind speed, wind direction and mean wind speeds were calculated for this region. To compare the performance of the MVO, gray wolf optimizer (GWO), moth flame optimization (MFO), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and other numerical methods were considered. From this study, the performance had been analyzed and the best results were obtained by using the MVO with an error less than one. Along with the Weibull frequency distribution for the selected region, wind direction and wind speed were also provided. From the analysis, wind speed from 2 m/s to 10 m/s was present in sector 260−280° and wind from 0−4 m/s were present in sector 170−180° of the Tirumala region in India.

DC to AC inverters are the well-known and improved in various kinds photovoltaic (PV) and gird tied systems. However, these inverters are require interfacing transformers to be synchronized with the grid-connected system. Therefore, the system is bulky and not economy. The transformerless inverter (TLI) topologies and its grid interface techniques are increasingly engrossed for the benefit of high efficiency, reliability, and low cost. The main concern in the TL inverters is common mode voltage (CMV), which causes the switching-frequency leakage current, grid interface concerns and exaggerates the EMI problems. The single-phase inverter two-level topologies are well developed with additional switches and components for eliminating the CMV. Multilevel inverters (MLIs) based grid connected transformerless inverter topology is being researched to avail additional benefits from MLI, even through that are trust topologies presented in the literature. With the above aim, this paper has proposed three -phase three-level T type NP-MLI (TNP-MLI) topology with transformerless PV grid connected proficiency. The CM leakage current should handle over mitigating CMV through removing unwanted switching events in the inverter pulse width modulation (PWM). This paper is proposes PV connected T type NP-MLI interface with three-phase grid connected system with the help of improved space vector modulation (SVM) technique to mitigate the CM leakage current to overcome the above said requests on the PV tied TL grid connected system. This proposed the SVM technique to mitigate the CM leakage current by selecting only mediums, and zero vectors with suitable current control method in order to maintain the inverter current and grid interface requirements. The proposed PV tied TNP-MLI offering higher efficiency, lower breakdown voltage on the devices, smaller THD of output voltage, good reliability, and long life span. The paper also investigated the CM leakage currents envisage and behavior for the three-phase MLI through the inverter switching function, which is not discussed before. The proposed SVM on TL-TNP-MLI offers the reliable PV grid interface with very low switching-frequency leakage current (200mA) for all the PV and inverter operation conditions. The feasibility and effectiveness of the TLI and its control strategy is confirmed through the MATLAB/Simulink simulation model directly as compared with 2kW roof top PV plant connected TL-TNP-MLI experimentation, showing good accordance with theoretical investigation. The simulation and experimental results are demonstrated and presented in the good stability of steady state and dynamics performances. The proposed inverter reduces the cost of grid interface transformer, harmonics filter, and CMV suppressions choke.

In recent years, many applications have been developed for the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into the grid in order to satisfy the demand requirement of a clean and reliable electricity generation. Increasing the number of RES creates uncertainty in load and power supply generation, which also presents an additional strain on the system. These uncertainties will affect the voltage and frequency variation, stability, protection, and safety issues at fault levels. RES present non-linear characteristics, which requires effective coordination control methods. This paper presents the stability issues and solutions associated with the integration of RES within the grid.

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems have been in use predominantly since the last decade. Inverter fed PV grid topologies are being used prominently to meet power requirements and to insert renewable forms of energy into power grids. At present, coping with growing electricity demands is a major challenge. This paper presents a detailed review of topological advancements in PV-Grid Tied Inverters along with the advantages, disadvantages and main features of each. The different types of inverters used in the literature in this context are presented. Reactive power is one of the ancillary services provided by PV. It is recommended that reactive power from the inverter to grid be injected for reactive power compensation in localized networks. This practice is being implemented in many countries, and researchers have been trying to find an optimal way of injecting reactive power into grids considering grid codes and requirements. Keeping in mind the importance of grid codes and standards, a review of grid integration, the popular configurations available in literature, Synchronization methods and standards is presented, citing the key features of each kind. For successful integration with a grid, coordination between the support devices used for reactive power compensation and their optimal reactive power capacity is important for stability in grid power. Hence, the most important and recommended intelligent algorithms for the optimization and proper coordination are peer reviewed and presented. Thus, an overview of Solar PV energy-fed inverters connected to the grid is presented in this paper, which can serve as a guide for researchers and policymakers.

Among the total energy consumption by utilities, pumping systems contribute 30%. It is evident that a tremendous energy saving potential is achievable by improving the energy efficiency and reducing faults in the pumping system. Thus, optimal operation of centrifugal pumps throughout the operating region is desired for improved energy efficiency and extended lifetime of the pumping system. The major harmful operations in centrifugal pumps include cavitation and water hammering. The pump faults are simulated in a real-time experimental setup and the operating point of the pump is estimated correspondingly. In this article, the experimental power quality and vibration measurements of cascade pumps during cavitation and water hammering is recorded for different operating conditions. The results are compared with the normal operating conditions of the pumping system for fault prediction and parameter estimation in a cascade water pumping system. Moreover, the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis comparison of normal and water hammering (faulty condition) highlights the frequency response of the pumping system. Also, the various power quality issues, i.e., voltage, current, total harmonic distortion, power factor, and active, reactive, and apparent power for a cascade multipump control is discussed in this article. The vibration, FFT, and various power quality measurements serve as input data for the classification of faulty pump operating condition in contrast with the normal operation of pumping system.

Smart grid software interconnects multiple Engineering disciplines (power systems, communication, software and hardware technology, instrumentation, big data, etc.). The software architecture is an evolving concept in smart grid systems, in which system architecture development is a challenging process. The architecture has to realize the complex legacy power grid systems and cope with current Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The distributed generation in a smart grid environment expects the software architecture to be distributed and to enable local control. Smart grid architecture should also be modular, flexible, and adaptable to technology upgrades. In this paper, the authors have made a comprehensive review of architectures for smart grids. An in depth analysis of layered and agent-based architectures based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) conceptual model is presented. Also presented is a set of smart grid Reference Architectures dealing with cross domain technology.

A hybrid microgrid-powered charging station reduces transmission losses with better power flow control in the modern power system. However, the uncoordinated charging of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) with the hybrid microgrid results in ineffective utilization of the renewable energy sources connected to the charging station. Furthermore, planned development of upcoming charging stations includes a multiport charging facility, which will cause overloading of the utility grid. The paper analyzes the following technical issues: (1) the energy management strategy and converter control of multiport BEV charging from a photovoltaic (PV) source and its effective utilization; (2) maintenance of the DC bus voltage irrespective of the utility grid overloading, which is caused by either local load or the meagerness of PV power through its energy storage unit (ESU). In addition, the charge controller provides closed loop charging through constant current and voltage, and this reduces the charging time. The aim of an energy management strategy is to minimize the usage of utility grid power and store PV power when the vehicle is not connected for charging. The proposed energy management strategy (EMS) was modeled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink, and its different modes of operation were verified. A laboratory-scale experimental prototype was also developed, and the performance of the proposed charging station was investigated.