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Parathyroid carcinoma is very rare malignant neoplasm, accounting for less than 0.005% of all cancers. Most parathyroid carcinoma is a functioning tumor that causes hyperparathyroidism, leading to hypercalcemia. We report a parathyroid carcinoma case that was suspicious for spontaneous infarction of cancer, leading to resolution of hypercalcemia. A 29-year-old male visited our hospital presenting with right neck swelling and pain. He has been experiencing frequent urolithiasis for four years but laboratory tests showed normal serum calcium level. Right vocal cord paresis was identified with laryngoscopy. Ultrasonography revealed a 3.7 × 3.5 cm mass in the right thyroid containing a focal cystic portion. Computed tomography confirmed the presence of a low-density right thyroid mass. Right thyroid lobectomy was performed and pathological evaluation revealed parathyroid carcinoma with central necrosis. We report this very rare case with a literature review.

PDF file - 1223K, S1 Aberrant regulation of HDAC2 in human gastric cancer S2 Effect of HDAC2 knockdown on cell cycle distribution in MKN-1 cells S3 Western blot analysis of cell cycle regulatory proteins in MKN-1. S4 HDAC2 knockdown induces apoptosis and autophagic cell death in human gastric cancer cell line

Aberrant regulation of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) was reported for gastric cancers. However, responsive cancer genes in disease onset and progression are less understood. HDAC2 expression was studied by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. The functional consequences of HDAC2 knockdown on cell-cycle regulation, programmed cell death, and gene target identification was investigated by flow cytometry, Western blotting, electron microscopy, anchorage-independent colony formation, and cell migration assay and by whole-genome microarray. Therapeutic efficacy of HDAC2 knockdown was determined in nude mice with small hairpin expressing human gastric cancer cells. Epigenetic regulation of p16INK4a was studied by methylation-specific PCR and chromatin-IP to evidence HDAC2 or acetylated-histone-H4 binding at gene specific promoter sequences. HDAC2 gene and protein expression was significantly upregulated in different histopathologic grades of human gastric cancers and cancer cell lines. HDAC2 inactivation significantly reduced cell motility, cell invasion, clonal expansion, and tumor growth. HDAC2 knockdown-induced G1–S cell cycle arrest and restored activity of p16INK4a and the proapoptotic factors. This treatment caused PARP cleavage and hypophosphorylation of the Rb-protein, repressed cyclinD1, CDK4, and Bcl-2 expression and induced autophagic phenotype, that is, LC3B-II conversion. Some gastric tumors and cancer cells displayed p16INK4a promoter hypermethylation but treatment with 5-aza-deoxycitidine restored activity. With others the methylation status was unchanged. Here, chromatin-IP evidenced HDAC2 binding. Nonetheless, expression of p16INK4a was restored by HDAC2 knockdown with notable histone-H4-acetylation, as determined by chromatin-IP. Thus, p16INK4a is regulated by HDAC2. HDAC2 is a bona fide target for novel molecular therapies in gastric cancers. Mol Cancer Res; 11(1); 62–73. ©2012 AACR.

Transoral thyroidectomy using the vestibular approach has achieved excellent cosmetic outcomes without leaving any visible scars. However, concerns have been raised on how to prevent complications, such as skin perforation and anterior jugular vein injury, especially in the learning period. This is because working space is generally created via blind and blunt dissection using a blunt dilator through small vestibular incisions unfamiliar to beginners. Herein, we explain an intraoperative real-time ultrasound technique employed in transoral thyroidectomy to safely elevate a skin flap while avoiding any damage to the flap and anterior jugular vein in the learning period.

The layered vanadium antimonides AV3Sb5 (A = K, Rb, Cs) are a recently discovered family of topological kagome metals with a rich phenomenology of strongly correlated electronic phases including charge order and superconductivity. Understanding how the singularities inherent to the kagome electronic structure are linked to the observed many-body phases is a topic of great interest and relevance. Here, we combine angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory to reveal multiple kagome-derived van Hove singularities (vHs) coexisting near the Fermi level of CsV3Sb5 and analyze their contribution to electronic symmetry breaking. Intriguingly, the vHs in CsV3Sb5 have two distinct flavors - p-type and m-type - which originate from their pure and mixed sublattice characters, respectively. This twofold vHs is unique property of the kagome lattice, and its flavor critically determines the pairing symmetry and ground states emerging in AV3Sb5 series. We establish that, among the multiple vHs in CsV3Sb5, the m-type vHs of the dxz/dyz kagome band and the p-type vHs of the dxy/dx2-y2 kagome band cross the Fermi level to set the stage for electronic symmetry breaking. The former band exhibits pronounced Fermi surface nesting, while the latter contributes via higher-order vHs. Our work reveals the essential role of kagome-derived vHs for the collective phenomena realized in the AV3Sb5 family, paving the way to a deeper understanding of strongly correlated topological kagome systems., Comment: Submitted to Nature Physics on May 28th, 2021. A revised version will appear in Nature Physics

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the true prevalence and characteristics of vagus nerve (VN) variations using the carotid artery (CA) and the internal jugular vein (C-I axis).Methods: We examined patients who underwent neck ultrasonography (US) conducted by a single operator. A VN variation was defined as a VN located anterior or medial to the C-I axis. The subtypes of VN variation were classified as anterolateral, anteromiddle, anteromedial, and medial based on the relative location of the VN to the CA. The primary outcome parameters were the prevalence of VN variations and differences according to side, age, and sex.Results: Out of 536 patients, right and left VN variations were identified in 20 (3.7%) and 186 (34.7%), respectively (P

Genomic stability maintenance requires correct DNA replication, chromosome segregation, and DNA repair, while defects of these processes result in tumor development or cell death. Although abnormalities in DNA replication and repair regulation are proposed as underlying causes for genomic instability, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether NKX6.3 plays a role in the maintenance of genomic stability in gastric epithelial cells. NKX6.3 functioned as a transcription factor for CDT1 and RPA1, and its depletion increased replication fork rate, and fork asymmetry. Notably, we showed that abnormal DNA replication by the depletion of NKX6.3 caused DNA damage and induced homologous recombination inhibition. Depletion of NKX6.3 also caused copy number alterations of various genes in the vast chromosomal region. Hence, our findings underscore NKX6.3 might be a crucial factor of DNA replication and repair regulation from genomic instability in gastric epithelial cells.

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is rare mesenchymal tumor usually arising from pleura. SFT can be found at all anatomic site in our body but incidence of SFT is much lower in head and neck region especially at lower neck area.We found a case of SFT that presented as a lower neck mass in a 41-year old woman. Ultrasonography showed a 3×1cm sized hypoechoic mass in the intermuscular fat plane of left lower neck, and computed tomography showed a well circumscribed, low-density mass with contrast enhancement. Fine needle aspiration showed no malignant cells with abundant red blood cells, but it was not possible to completely rule out malignant tumors or nodules clinically. Surgery was performed to make a definitive diagnosis and histopathology showed tightly packed, round to fusiform cells with staghorn shaped vessels at microscopic examination. The tumor cell were positive for CD34 but negative for CD31 and S-100 protein.

In this study, we examine the effect of oxygen vacancies ( ${V}_{O}$ ) near the back surface of p-type tin monoxide (SnO) semiconductors on the device performance of its thin-film transistors (TFTs). Non-stoichiometry of the SnO surface layer was controlled through oxidant exposure conditions during alumina (Al2O3) growth using plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD). During the initial period of Al2O3 deposition, trimethylaluminum precursors absorbed oxygen from the SnO layer and created the ${V}_{O}$ , which can form a ${V}_{O}$ -rich region at the Al2O3/SnO interface. By modulating the oxygen plasma density during the PEALD process, the ${V}_{O}$ was effectively controlled, allowing the electrical characteristics to transition from ambipolar behavior to ${p}$ -channel only conduction. This study demonstrates the importance of the back surface of SnO, suggesting a new perspective of ambipolar behavior in p-type SnO semiconductors.

This letter presents a novel technique for radar cross section (RCS) feature extraction using discrete scattering center modeling and a basis pursuit denoising (BPDN) algorithm for compressive sensing. From the Stratton–Chu formula, a high-frequency assumption has been applied to define the target object as a combination of independent point scatterers. Using the BPDN solver, complex-valued scattering sources are determined from a matrix equation for the scattering problem. Using a numerical example, it has been verified that the proposed method can extract the RCS feature accurately, and the measurement efficiency is much higher compared to that of conventional methods.

The hitherto unknown male of Bellimeris stoetzneri (Betrem, 1928), of which identification is validated through DNA barcoding analysis, is described, and generic characteristics of the Bellimeris B...

As the BO6 octahedral structure in perovskite oxide is strongly linked with electronic behavior, it is actively studied for various fields such as metal–insulator transition, superconductivity, and...

Korean Trypoxylon species with flask-shaped metasomal segment 1 is studied. Seven species are recognized, and of which an illustrated key is made. Among them, Trypoxylon imayoshii is new to Korea. Korean materials of Trypoxylon ussuriense and Trypoxylon regium that were groundlessly included in the Korean fauna are also recorded for the first time. For future research, selected characteristics of an unusual form clearly discrete from other known congeners are provided. The form is, however, unnamed herein because the only specimen is seriously decolored.

The Korean Ampulicidae is studied including recently collected specimens. Three species of the genus Ampulex are recognized including one new species, namely Ampulex kurarensis Yasumatsu, A. satoi Yasumatsu, and A. nigripronota sp. nov. The non-type materials of A. satoi and the Korean localities of A. kurarensis are reported for the first time. However, it is noted that there has been no material formally evidencing the occurrence of A. dissector in Korea. The new species is easily recognized by black pronotum with flat (not tuberculate subapically) and transversely ridged collar. A key to the Korean species of the genus Ampulex is provided. A description of the new species and taxonomic notes of each previously described species are provided. Key words: Taxonomy, Ampulex nigripronota sp. nov., Ampulex kurarensis, Ampulex satoi, key, diagnosis

A low on–off current modulation ratio (ION/OFF) in p-type tin monoxide (SnO) field-effect transistors (FETs) is a critical bottleneck hampering their widespread application to transparent complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOSs) or monolithic integrated devices. To solve this problem, this study focuses on the source/drain (S/D) contact region. Also, a new perspective on the origin of the high off-current in SnO FETs, an electron injection from the drain electrode into the channel by Fermi-level pinning (FLP) at the off-state, is suggested. In this work, a metal–interlayer–semiconductor (MIS) S/D contact structure is adopted to suppress this adverse electron injection. An ultrathin interlayer (IL) of MIS contact alleviates metal-induced gap state (MIGS) penetration which is a primary cause of the severe FLP. A considerable enhancement is achieved by using the MIS contact structure: the off-current value decreased by approximately 20-fold from 5.1 × 10−8 A to 2.4 × 10−9 A; the ION/OFF value increased 10-fold from 2.7 × 102 to 2.8 × 103, which is interpreted by increased MIS contact-mediated electron SBH. This work presents a new approach that can be easily used alongside previously reported methods to suppress the off-current, providing enhanced switching capability of p-type SnO FETs using a simple method.

With recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, large volumes of data have been produced in the form of short reads. Sequence assembly involves using initial short reads to produce progressively longer contigs, and then using scaffolds to produce the final sequence. These processes each require evaluation of the extent of homology between different sequences. However, because the NGS platforms currently being developed are diverse, and the data being produced are of different sizes and read lengths, numerous algorithms are being developed with unique methodologies to process this complex data. It is difficult for biologists to manipulate the different features involved in these algorithms. Therefore, to reduce experimental trial-and-error, different strategies are required depending on the performance and purpose of the optimal algorithm, thereby facilitating understanding of algorithm methodologies and effective use of their various features. This study is a review of the different short read alignment algorithms and NGS platforms that have been developed to date, in order to aid efficient selection of algorithms for reference sequences and mapping of DNA data.

In this Letter, we report a demonstration of p-channel tin monoxide (SnO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) with high field-effect mobility ( μFE) exceeding 10 cm2/Vs and hysteresis-free like behavior. We demonstrate that maintaining metallic states before encapsulation is a key process to enhance μFE in p-type SnO thin-films. Sustaining this meta-stability involves the following two processes during fabrication: (1) postdeposition annealing (PDA) in two steps and (2) encapsulation in the middle of each PDA. This simple process not only suppresses creation of oxidized states such as adverse Sn4+ but also facilitates the lateral growth of crystals with improved crystallinity by interfacial energy stabilization. The resultant SnO TFT reveals a record-high μFE up to 15.8 cm2/Vs with a negligible hysteresis of 0.1 V. This study suggests a practical route to grant high μFE to p-channel SnO TFTs without any dopant or complex postdeposition treatment.

Purpose The development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is closely associated with alcohol consumption. Also, it is related to individual genetic susceptibility, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). This study aimed to investigate the association of ADH7 SNPs with the risk of HNSCC. Methods and Patients: We analyzed ADH7 rs1573496C > G, rs3737482T > C, rs1154460G > A, and rs284787T > C SNPs in 250 patients with HNSCC and 322 controls in the Korean populations. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood, and genotyping was done using the TaqMan assay. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotypes were analyzed. Results The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the CT and CC genotypes of ADH7 rs3737482T > C were 0.48 (0.29–0.78) and 0.69 (0.49–0.96), indicating a significantly decreased risk. In SNP of rs1154460G > A, the OR and 95% CI of the AA genotype was 1.63 (1.11–2.40), showing a significant increase in the risk. Furthermore, SNPs of ADH7 rs3737482T > C and ADH7 rs1154460G > A exhibit synergistic interactions with alcohol composition on the risk of HNSCC. None of the haplotypes were associated with the risk of HNSCC. Conclusions ADH7 rs3737482T > C and rs1154460G > A SNPs are associated with the risk of development of HNSCC in Koreans. It could serve as a molecular biological marker to screen the high-risk groups for HNSCC.