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Purpose: To report a case of a tractional epiretinal membrane that rapidly progressed after intrascleral intraocular lens (IOL) fixation (Yamane technique).Case summary: A 59-year-old male presented with acute-onset decreased visual acuity in the left eye, which occurred 2 days previously. He was diagnosed with IOL dislocation, and underwent vitrectomy and intrascleral IOL fixation following dislocated IOL removal. Choroidal detachment related to ocular hypotony was checked for 1 day after surgery, but there were no signs of leakage at the wound. Two months after the surgery, a tractional epiretinal membrane was present in the superior arcade. and cystoid macular edema was seen on fundoscopy. The best corrected visual acuity had deteriorated to 0.6. Vessel tortuosity and cystoid macular edema deteriorated due to progressive tractional epiretinal membrane 3 months after the surgery, while visual acuity decreased to 0.2. The tractional epiretinal membrane and internal limiting membrane were removed through secondary vitrectomy. Visual acuity recovered to 0.6 1 month after the surgery, and remained stable thereafter.Conclusions: We report this case because there have been no previously reported cases of rapidly progressing tractional epiretinal membrane after application of the Yamane technique.

Purpose: To investigate the changes in peripapillary and macular vessel density in ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).Methods: The medical records of patients diagnosed with ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy were analyzed retrospectively. Patient age, sex, daily dose (mg/day/kg), treatment duration, best-corrected visual acuity (logMAR), color vision (Ishihara color plate tests), and mean deviation of visual field test were evaluated in non-pathological individuals with age and sex controlled as the normal control group. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, macular ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer (GC/IPL) thickness, radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) density, and macular superficial capillary plexus (SCP) density were also compared between the patient and control groups.Results: The study included 22 patient eyes and 31 control group eyes. Comparing the OCTA results between the groups, there were no significant differences in peripapillary RNFL thickness, but the temporal RPC density was significantly (p = 0.025) lower in the patient group (48.00 ± 8.23%) than in controls (52.39 ± 5.58%). For macular structures, the mean GC/IPL thickness and whole SCP density were lower in the patients (p = 0.001 and p = 0.008, respectively). In the patients, the changes in peripapillary RNFL thickness and RPC density were significantly positively correlated (r = 0.811, p < 0.001), as were the mean macular GC/IPL thickness and whole SCP density (r = 0.445, p = 0.037).Conclusions: Patients with ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy had significantly lower temporal RPC and macular SCP densities. Ethambutol toxicity may affect not only axonal degeneration but also peripapillary and macular vascular function.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) on the activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) in human trabecular meshwork cells (HTMC). Methods: Primary HTMC cultures were exposed to 0, 0.25, and 0.50 mg/mL anti-VEGF bevacizumab (BV) for 24 hours. The permeability through the trabecular meshwork cell monolayer was assessed using carboxyfluorescein and trans-epithelial endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). The levels of MMP-1/-2 were measured by Western blotting and the production of nitric oxide (NO) was assessed with the Griess assay. Results: Bevacizumab at 0.50 mg/mL decreased the permeability of carboxyfluorescein significantly (p = 0.017) and did not affect TEER (p = 0.308). Administration of 0.50 mg/mL BV decreased MMP-1 and MMP-2 activities (p = 0.014, p = 0.016, respectively) and inhibited NO production significantly (p = 0.023). Conclusions: Anti-VEGF decreased the permeability through the HTMC monolayer, which was accompanied by decreased MMP-1/-2 activity and limited NO production.

In order to predict the risk of anthracnose on hot pepper in the future, the projected climate data from SRES A1B scenario in South Korea were used with the modified anthracnose model to calculate Infection Risk (IR), which was to estimate the number of fungicide sprays. Based on daily temperature and precipitation, the anthracnose model resulted in an empirical relationship that IR

Four major diseases of chili pepper including two fungal diseases, anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum) and Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici), and two bacterial diseases, bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) and bacterial spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria), were investigated under future climatechange condition treatments in growth chambers. Treatments with elevated CO2 and temperature were maintained at 720 ppm±20 ppm CO2 and 30oC±0.5oC, whereas ambient conditions were maintained at 420 ppm±20 ppm CO2 and 25oC±0.5oC. Pepper seedlings or fruits were infected with each pathogen, and then the disease progress was evaluated in the growth chambers. According to paired t-test analyses, bacterial wilt and spot diseases significantly increased by 24% ( p=0.008) and 25% ( p=0.016), respectively, with elevated CO2 and temperature conditions. On the other hand, neither Phytophthora blight ( p=0.906) nor anthracnose ( p= 0.125) was statistically significant. The elevated CO2 and temperature accelerated the progress of bacterial wilt by two days and bacterial spot by one day compared to the ambient treatment. Temperature regime studies of the diseases without changes in CO2 confirmed that the accelerated bacterial disease progress was mainly due to the increased temperature rather than the elevated CO2 conditions.