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2. SARS-CoV-2 RNA and Nucleocapsid Antigen Are Blood Biomarkers Associated With Severe Disease Outcomes That Improve in Response to Remdesivir.

Author

Singh, Kanal, Rubenstein, Kevin, Callier, Viviane, Shaw-Saliba, Katy, Rupert, Adam, Dewar, Robin, Laverdure, Sylvain, Highbarger, Helene, Lallemand, Perrine, Huang, Meei-Li, Jerome, Keith, Sampoleo, Reigran, Mills, Margaret, Greninger, Alexander, Juneja, Kavita, Porter, Danielle, Benson, Constance, Dempsey, Walla, El Sahly, Hana, Focht, Chris, Jilg, Nikolaus, Paules, Catharine, Rapaka, Rekha, Uyeki, Timothy, Clifford Lane, H, Beigel, John, and Dodd, Lori

Subjects
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, antiviral efficacy, clinical trial, remdesivir, Humans, Adenosine Monophosphate, Alanine, SARS-CoV-2, Antiviral Agents, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, RNA, Viral, COVID-19, Male, Female, Biomarkers, Middle Aged, Viral Load, Treatment Outcome, Adult, Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins, Aged, Antigens, Viral
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although antivirals remain important for the treatment COVID-19, methods to assess treatment efficacy are lacking. Here, we investigated the impact of remdesivir on viral dynamics and their contribution to understanding antiviral efficacy in the multicenter Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial 1, which randomized patients to remdesivir or placebo. METHODS: Longitudinal specimens collected during hospitalization from a substudy of 642 patients with COVID-19 were measured for viral RNA (upper respiratory tract and plasma), viral nucleocapsid antigen (serum), and host immunologic markers. Associations with clinical outcomes and response to therapy were assessed. RESULTS: Higher baseline plasma viral loads were associated with poorer clinical outcomes, and decreases in viral RNA and antigen in blood but not the upper respiratory tract correlated with enhanced benefit from remdesivir. The treatment effect of remdesivir was most pronounced in patients with elevated baseline nucleocapsid antigen levels: the recovery rate ratio was 1.95 (95% CI, 1.40-2.71) for levels >245 pg/mL vs 1.04 (95% CI, .76-1.42) for levels

Published
2024

6. A cohort-based study of host gene expression: tumor suppressor and innate immune/inflammatory pathways associated with the HIV reservoir size.

Author

Dwivedi, Ashok, Gornalusse, Germán, Siegel, David, Barbehenn, Alton, Thanh, Cassandra, Hoh, Rebecca, Hobbs, Kristen, Pan, Tony, Gibson, Erica, Martin, Jeffrey, Hecht, Frederick, Pilcher, Christopher, Milush, Jeffrey, Busch, Michael, Stone, Mars, Huang, Meei-Li, Reppetti, Julieta, Vo, Phuong, Levy, Claire, Roychoudhury, Pavitra, Jerome, Keith, Hladik, Florian, Henrich, Timothy, Deeks, Steven, and Lee, Sulggi

Abstract

The major barrier to an HIV cure is the HIV reservoir: latently-infected cells that persist despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). There have been few cohort-based studies evaluating host genomic or transcriptomic predictors of the HIV reservoir. We performed host RNA sequencing and HIV reservoir quantification (total DNA [tDNA], unspliced RNA [usRNA], intact DNA) from peripheral CD4+ T cells from 191 ART-suppressed people with HIV (PWH). After adjusting for nadir CD4+ count, timing of ART initiation, and genetic ancestry, we identified two host genes for which higher expression was significantly associated with smaller total DNA viral reservoir size, P3H3 and NBL1, both known tumor suppressor genes. We then identified 17 host genes for which lower expression was associated with higher residual transcription (HIV usRNA). These included novel associations with membrane channel (KCNJ2, GJB2), inflammasome (IL1A, CSF3, TNFAIP5, TNFAIP6, TNFAIP9, CXCL3, CXCL10), and innate immunity (TLR7) genes (FDR-adjusted q

Published
2023

9. Host variation in type I interferon signaling genes (MX1), C-C chemokine receptor type 5 gene, and major histocompatibility complex class I alleles in treated HIV+ noncontrollers predict viral reservoir size.

Author

Siegel, David A, Thanh, Cassandra, Wan, Eunice, Hoh, Rebecca, Hobbs, Kristen, Pan, Tony, Gibson, Erica A, Kroetz, Deanna L, Martin, Jeffrey, Hecht, Frederick, Pilcher, Christopher, Martin, Maureen, Carrington, Mary, Pillai, Satish, Busch, Michael P, Stone, Mars, Levy, Claire N, Huang, Meei-Li, Roychoudhury, Pavitra, Hladik, Florian, Jerome, Keith R, Kiem, Hans-Peter, Henrich, Timothy J, Deeks, Steven G, and Lee, Sulggi A

Subjects
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Humans, HIV-1, HIV Infections, Interferon Type I, Histocompatibility Antigens Class I, HLA Antigens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Alleles, Myxovirus Resistance Proteins, Major Histocompatibility Complex, Receptors, Chemokine, RNA, Viral Load, Genetics, Infectious Diseases, Human Genome, HIV/AIDS, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Infection, C-C chemokine receptor type 5 gene, HIV reservoir, host genetics, major histocompatibility complex class I, type I interferon, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Virology
Abstract

ObjectivePrior genomewide association studies have identified variation in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I alleles and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 gene (CCR5Δ32) as genetic predictors of viral control, especially in 'elite' controllers, individuals who remain virally suppressed in the absence of therapy.DesignCross-sectional genomewide association study.MethodsWe analyzed custom whole exome sequencing and direct human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing from 202 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed HIV+ noncontrollers in relation to four measures of the peripheral CD4+ T-cell reservoir: HIV intact DNA, total (t)DNA, unspliced (us)RNA, and RNA/DNA. Linear mixed models were adjusted for potential covariates including age, sex, nadir CD4+ T-cell count, pre-ART HIV RNA, timing of ART initiation, and duration of ART suppression.ResultsPreviously reported 'protective' host genetic mutations related to viral setpoint (e.g. among elite controllers) were found to predict smaller HIV reservoir size. The HLA 'protective' B∗57:01 was associated with significantly lower HIV usRNA (q = 3.3 × 10-3), and among the largest subgroup, European ancestry individuals, the CCR5Δ32 deletion was associated with smaller HIV tDNA (P = 4.3 × 10-3) and usRNA (P = 8.7 × 10-3). In addition, genomewide analysis identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms in MX1 (an interferon stimulated gene) that were significantly associated with HIV tDNA (q = 0.02), and the direction of these associations paralleled MX1 gene eQTL expression.ConclusionsWe observed a significant association between previously reported 'protective' MHC class I alleles and CCR5Δ32 with the HIV reservoir size in noncontrollers. We also found a novel association between MX1 and HIV total DNA (in addition to other interferon signaling relevant genes, PPP1CB, DDX3X). These findings warrant further investigation in future validation studies.

Published
2023

10. Using time‐weighted average change from baseline of SARS‐CoV‐2 viral load to assess impact of hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis and early treatment for COVID‐19

Author

Kumbhakar, Raaka, Neradilek, Moni, Barnabas, Ruanne V, Stewart, Jenell, Karita, Helen C Stankiewicz, Landovitz, Raphael J, Kissinger, Patricia J, Jerome, Keith R, Paasche‐Orlow, Michael K, Bershteyn, Anna, Chu, Helen Y, Neuzil, Kathleen M, Greninger, Alexander L, Luk, Alfred, Wald, Anna, Brown, Elizabeth R, and Johnston, Christine

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Pneumonia, Prevention, Infectious Diseases, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Lung, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, COVID-19, Humans, Hydroxychloroquine, SARS-CoV-2, Viral Load, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, early treatment, hydroxychloroquine, PEP, Microbiology, Virology, Clinical sciences, Medical microbiology
Abstract

Two randomized controlled trials demonstrated no clinical benefit of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for either postexposure prophylaxis or early treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using data from these studies, we calculated the time-weighted average change from baseline SARS-CoV-2 viral load and demonstrated that HCQ did not affect viral clearance.

Published
2022

11. Self-Assessed Severity as a Determinant of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Symptom Specificity: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

Author

Bershteyn, Anna, Dahl, Angela M, Dong, Tracy Q, Deming, Meagan E, Celum, Connie L, Chu, Helen Y, Kottkamp, Angelica C, Greninger, Alexander L, Hoffman, Risa M, Jerome, Keith R, Johnston, Christine M, Kissinger, Patricia J, Landovitz, Raphael J, Laufer, Miriam K, Luk, Alfred, Neuzil, Kathleen M, Paasche-Orlow, Michael K, Pitts, Robert A, Schwartz, Mark D, Stankiewicz Karita, Helen C, Thorpe, Lorna E, Wald, Anna, Zheng, Crystal Y, Wener, Mark H, Barnabas, Ruanne V, and Brown, Elizabeth R

Subjects
Prevention, Biodefense, Clinical Research, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Related, Pneumonia & Influenza, Pneumonia, Lung, Good Health and Well Being, COVID-19, COVID-19 Testing, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, SARS-CoV-2, symptoms, screening, severity, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Microbiology
Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 symptom definitions rarely include symptom severity. We collected daily nasal swab samples and symptom diaries from contacts of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) case patients. Requiring ≥1 moderate or severe symptom reduced sensitivity to predict SARS-CoV-2 shedding from 60.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52.9%-66.7%) to 31.5% (95% CI, 25.7%- 38.0%) but increased specificity from 77.5% (95% CI, 75.3%-79.5%) to 93.8% (95% CI, 92.7%-94.8%).

Published
2022

12. CMV reactivation during pretransplantation evaluation: a novel risk factor for posttransplantation CMV reactivation

Author

Zamora, Danniel, Xie, Hu, Sadowska-Klasa, Alicja, Kampouri, Eleftheria, Biernacki, Melinda A., Ueda Oshima, Masumi, Duke, Elizabeth, Green, Margaret L., Kimball, Louise E., Holmberg, Leona, Waghmare, Alpana, Greninger, Alexander L., Jerome, Keith R., Hill, Geoffrey R., Hill, Joshua A., Leisenring, Wendy M., and Boeckh, Michael J.

Published
2024
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14. Early Release - Evaluation of Commercially Available High-Throughput SARS-CoV-2 Serologic Assays for Serosurveillance and Related Applications - Volume 28, Number 3—March 2022 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC

Author

Stone, Mars, Grebe, Eduard, Sulaeman, Hasan, Di Germanio, Clara, Dave, Honey, Kelly, Kathleen, Biggerstaff, Brad J, Crews, Bridgit O, Tran, Nam, Jerome, Keith R, Denny, Thomas N, Hogema, Boris, Destree, Mark, Jones, Jefferson M, Thornburg, Natalie, Simmons, Graham, Krajden, Mel, Kleinman, Steve, Dumont, Larry J, and Busch, Michael P

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Immunization, Prevention, Infectious Diseases, Biodefense, Clinical Research, Pneumonia & Influenza, Pneumonia, Vaccine Related, Lung, Good Health and Well Being, Antibodies, Viral, COVID-19, Humans, SARS-CoV-2, Sensitivity and Specificity, Serologic Tests, coronavirus disease, respiratory infections, serologic assays, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, vaccine-preventable diseases, viruses, zoonoses, Medical Microbiology, Public Health and Health Services, Microbiology, Clinical sciences, Epidemiology, Health services and systems
Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serosurveys can estimate cumulative incidence for monitoring epidemics, requiring assessment of serologic assays to inform testing algorithm development and interpretation of results. We conducted a multilaboratory evaluation of 21 commercial high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 serologic assays using blinded panels of 1,000 highly characterized specimens. Assays demonstrated a range of sensitivities (96%-63%), specificities (99%-96%), and precision (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.55-0.99). Durability of antibody detection was dependent on antigen and immunoglobulin targets; antispike and total Ig assays demonstrated more stable longitudinal reactivity than antinucleocapsid and IgG assays. Assays with high sensitivity, specificity, and durable antibody detection are ideal for serosurveillance, but assays demonstrating waning reactivity are appropriate for other applications, including correlation with neutralizing activity and detection of anamnestic boosting by reinfections. Assay performance must be evaluated in context of intended use, particularly in the context of widespread vaccination and circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Published
2022

15. SIRT5 is a proviral factor that interacts with SARS-CoV-2 Nsp14 protein

Author

Walter, Marius, Chen, Irene P, Vallejo-Gracia, Albert, Kim, Ik-Jung, Bielska, Olga, Lam, Victor L, Hayashi, Jennifer M, Cruz, Andrew, Shah, Samah, Soveg, Frank W, Gross, John D, Krogan, Nevan J, Jerome, Keith R, Schilling, Birgit, Ott, Melanie, and Verdin, Eric

Subjects
Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biological Sciences, Coronaviruses, Infectious Diseases, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biotechnology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Infection, Antiviral Agents, COVID-19, Exoribonucleases, Humans, Lysine, Methyltransferases, NAD, Proviruses, RNA, Viral, SARS-CoV-2, Sirtuins, Viral Nonstructural Proteins, Microbiology, Immunology, Medical Microbiology, Virology, Medical microbiology
Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein Nsp14 is a highly conserved enzyme necessary for viral replication. Nsp14 forms a stable complex with non-structural protein Nsp10 and exhibits exoribonuclease and N7-methyltransferase activities. Protein-interactome studies identified human sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) as a putative binding partner of Nsp14. SIRT5 is an NAD-dependent protein deacylase critical for cellular metabolism that removes succinyl and malonyl groups from lysine residues. Here we investigated the nature of this interaction and the role of SIRT5 during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We showed that SIRT5 interacts with Nsp14, but not with Nsp10, suggesting that SIRT5 and Nsp10 are parts of separate complexes. We found that SIRT5 catalytic domain is necessary for the interaction with Nsp14, but that Nsp14 does not appear to be directly deacylated by SIRT5. Furthermore, knock-out of SIRT5 or treatment with specific SIRT5 inhibitors reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral levels in cell-culture experiments. SIRT5 knock-out cells expressed higher basal levels of innate immunity markers and mounted a stronger antiviral response, independently of the Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein MAVS. Our results indicate that SIRT5 is a proviral factor necessary for efficient viral replication, which opens novel avenues for therapeutic interventions.

Published
2022

17. RRScell method for automated single-cell profiling of multiplexed immunofluorescence cancer tissue

Author

Li, Alvason Zhenhua, Eichholz, Karsten, Sholukh, Anton, Stone, Daniel, Loprieno, Michelle A., Jerome, Keith R., Phasouk, Khamsone, Diem, Kurt, Zhu, Jia, and Corey, Lawrence

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Image and Video Processing, Quantitative Biology - Tissues and Organs, Statistics - Applications
Abstract

Multiplexed immuno-fluorescence tissue imaging, allowing simultaneous detection of molecular properties of cells, is an essential tool for characterizing the complex cellular mechanisms in translational research and clinical practice. New image analysis approaches are needed because tissue section stained with a mixture of protein, DNA and RNA biomarkers are introducing various complexities, including spurious edges due to fluorescent staining artifacts between touching or overlapping cells. We have developed the RRScell method harnessing the stochastic random-reaction-seed (RRS) algorithm and deep neural learning U-net to extract single-cell resolution profiling-map of gene expression over a million cells tissue section accurately and automatically. Furthermore, with the use of manifold learning technique UMAP for cell phenotype cluster analysis, the AI-driven RRScell has equipped with a marker-based image cytometry analysis tool (markerUMAP) in quantifying spatial distribution of cell phenotypes from tissue images with a mixture of biomarkers. The results achieved in this study suggest that RRScell provides a robust enough way for extracting cytometric single cell morphology as well as biomarker content in various tissue types, while the build-in markerUMAP tool secures the efficiency of dimension reduction, making it viable as a general tool in the spatial analysis of high dimensional tissue image., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, markerUMAP cell clustering

Published
2020

18. A highly multiplexed droplet digital PCR assay to measure the intact HIV-1 proviral reservoir.

Author

Levy, Claire N, Hughes, Sean M, Roychoudhury, Pavitra, Reeves, Daniel B, Amstuz, Chelsea, Zhu, Haiying, Huang, Meei-Li, Wei, Yulun, Bull, Marta E, Cassidy, Noah AJ, McClure, Jan, Frenkel, Lisa M, Stone, Mars, Bakkour, Sonia, Wonderlich, Elizabeth R, Busch, Michael P, Deeks, Steven G, Schiffer, Joshua T, Coombs, Robert W, Lehman, Dara A, Jerome, Keith R, and Hladik, Florian

Subjects
HIV cure, HIV reservoir, IPDA, digital PCR, genital mucosa, intact proviral DNA assay, intestinal mucosa, multiplexing, rectal, viral outgrowth assay
Abstract

Quantifying the replication-competent HIV reservoir is essential for evaluating curative strategies. Viral outgrowth assays (VOAs) underestimate the reservoir because they fail to induce all replication-competent proviruses. Single- or double-region HIV DNA assays overestimate it because they fail to exclude many defective proviruses. We designed two triplex droplet digital PCR assays, each with 2 unique targets and 1 in common, and normalize the results to PCR-based T cell counts. Both HIV assays are specific, sensitive, and reproducible. Together, they estimate the number of proviruses containing all five primer-probe regions. Our 5-target results are on average 12.1-fold higher than and correlate with paired quantitative VOA (Spearman's ρ = 0.48) but estimate a markedly smaller reservoir than previous DNA assays. In patients on antiretroviral therapy, decay rates in blood CD4+ T cells are faster for intact than for defective proviruses, and intact provirus frequencies are similar in mucosal and circulating T cells.

Published
2021

21. Hydroxychloroquine as Postexposure Prophylaxis to Prevent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection

Author

Barnabas, Ruanne V, Brown, Elizabeth R, Bershteyn, Anna, Stankiewicz Karita, Helen C, Johnston, Christine, Thorpe, Lorna E, Kottkamp, Angelica, Neuzil, Kathleen M, Laufer, Miriam K, Deming, Meagan, Paasche-Orlow, Michael K, Kissinger, Patricia J, Luk, Alfred, Paolino, Kristopher, Landovitz, Raphael J, Hoffman, Risa, Schaafsma, Torin T, Krows, Meighan L, Thomas, Katherine K, Morrison, Susan, Haugen, Harald S, Kidoguchi, Lara, Wener, Mark, Greninger, Alexander L, Huang, Meei-Li, Jerome, Keith R, Wald, Anna, Celum, Connie, Chu, Helen Y, and Baeten, Jared M

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research, Infectious Diseases, Coronaviruses, Prevention, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antiviral Agents, COVID-19, COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Hydroxychloroquine, Male, Middle Aged, Post-Exposure Prophylaxis, SARS-CoV-2, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, United States, Young Adult, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, Hydroxychloroquine COVID-19 PEP Study Team, Public Health and Health Services
Abstract

BackgroundEffective prevention against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is currently limited to nonpharmaceutical strategies. Laboratory and observational data suggested that hydroxychloroquine had biological activity against SARS-CoV-2, potentially permitting its use for prevention.ObjectiveTo test hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis for SARS-CoV-2 infection.DesignHousehold-randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of hydroxychloroquine postexposure prophylaxis. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04328961).SettingNational U.S. multicenter study.ParticipantsClose contacts recently exposed ( 0.20). The frequency of participants experiencing adverse events was higher in the hydroxychloroquine group than the control group (66 [16.2%] versus 46 [10.9%], respectively; P = 0.026).LimitationThe delay between exposure, and then baseline testing and the first dose of hydroxychloroquine or ascorbic acid, was a median of 2 days.ConclusionThis rigorous randomized controlled trial among persons with recent exposure excluded a clinically meaningful effect of hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.Primary funding sourceBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2021

22. Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccination

Author

Adams, Atoya, Miller, Eric, Rankin, Bruce G., Shinn, Steven, Nash, Marshall, Green, Sinikka L., Jacobsen, Colleen, Krishnankutty, Jayasree, Phungwayo, Sikhongi, Glover, Richard M., II, Slechta, Stacy, Holdeman, Troy, Hartvickson, Robyn, Grant, Amber, Poling, Terry L., Klein, Terry D., Klein, Thomas C., Klein, Tracy R., Smith, William B., Gibson, Richard L., Winbigler, Jennifer, Parker, Elizabeth, Wijewardane, Priyantha N., Bravo, Eric, Thessing, Jeffrey, Maxwell, Michelle, Horn, Amanda, Healy, Catherine Mary, Akamine, Christine, Chu, Laurence, Chouteau, R. Michelle, Cotugno, Michael J., Bauer, George H., Jr., Hachigian, Greg, Oshita, Masaru, Cancilla, Michael, Kiersey, Kristen, Seger, William, Antwi, Mohammed, Green, Allison, Kim, Anthony, Desjardins, Michael, Johnson, Jennifer A., Sherman, Amy, Walsh, Stephen R., Borger, Judith, Saleem, Nafisa, Solis, Joel, Medina, Martha Carmen, Keating, Westly, Garcia, Edgar, Bueno, Cynthia, Segall, Nathan, Denham, Douglas S., Weiss, Thomas, Avworo, Ayoade, Hedges, Parke, Strout, Cynthia Becher, Santiago, Rica, Davis, Yvonne, Howenstine, Patty, Bondell, Alison, Marks, Kristin, Wang, Tina, Wilkin, Timothy, Vogler, Mary, Johnston, Carrie, Andrasik, Michele P., Andriesen, Jessica G., Broder, Gail, Eaton, Niles, Gelderblom, Huub G., McClennen, Rachael, Michael, Nelson, Robb, Merlin, Sopher, Carrie, Miller, Vicki E., Santiago, Fredric, Gomez, Blanca, Valika, Insiya, Starr, Amy, Cantos, Valeria D., Kandiah, Sheetal, Rio, Carlos del, Rouphael, Nadine, Edupuganti, Srilatha, Anderson, Evan J., Camacho-Gonzalez, Andres, Kamidani, Satoshi, Teherani, Meghan, Diemert, David J., Malkin, Elissa, Siegel, Marc, Roberts, Afsoon, Simon, Gary, Balani, Bindu, Stephenson, Carolene, Sperber, Steven, Cicogna, Cristina, Zervos, Marcus J., Kilgore, Paul, Ramesh, Mayur, Herc, Erica, Zenlea, Kate, Burgher, Abram, Milliken, Ann M., Davis, Joseph D., Levy, Brendan, Kelman, Sandra, Doust, Matthew W., Sample, Denise, Erickson, Sandra, Christensen, Shane G., Matich, Christopher, Longe, James, Witbeck, John, Peterson, James T., Clark, Alexander, Kelty, Gerald, Pena-Renteria, Issac, Koren, Michael J., Bartilucci, Darlene, Patel, Alpa, Tran, Carolyn, Kennelly, Christina, Brownlee, Robert, Coleman, Jacob, Webster, Hala, Fierro, Carlos A., Leistner, Natalia, Thompson, Amy, Gonzalez, Celia, Jackson, Lisa A., Suyehira, Janice, Haber, Milton, Regalado, Maria M., Procasky, Veronica, Lutat, Alisha, Griffin, Carl P., Hollister, Ripley R., Brown, Jeremy, Ronk, Melody, Harper, Wayne L., Cohen, Lisa, Eckert, Lynn, Hong, Matthew, Rouhbakhsh, Rambod, Danford, Elizabeth, Johnson, John, Calderone, Richard, Khetan, Shishir K., Olanrewaju, Oyebisi, Zhai, Nan, Nieves, Kimberly, O'Brien, Allison, Bradley, Paul S., Lilienthal, Amanda, Callis, Jim, Brosz, Adam B., Clement, Andrea, West, Whitney, Friesen, Luke, Cramer, Paul, Eder, Frank S., Little, Ryan, Engler, Victoria, Rattenbury-Shaw, Heather, Ensz, David J., Oplinger, Allie, Essink, Brandon J., Meyer, Jay, Raiser, Frederick, III, Mueller, Kimberly, Vrbicky, Keith W., Harper, Charles, Nutsch, Chelsie, Lewis, Wendell, III, Laflan, Cathy, Whatley, Jordan L., Harrell, Nicole, Shannon, Amie, Rowell, Crystal, Dedon, Christopher, Makhene, Mamodikoe, Gottschlich, Gregory M., Harden, Kate, Gottschlich, Melissa, Smith, Mary, Powell, Richard, Kimmel, Murray A., Pinto, Simmy, Vachris, Timothy P., Hutchens, Mark, Daniels, Stephen, Wells, Margaret, Van Der Leden, Mimi, Jackson-Booth, Peta-Gay, Baron, Mira, Kane, Pamela, Seversen, Shannen, Kryvicky, Mara, Lord, Julia, Saleh, Jamshid, Miles, Matthew, Lupercio, Rafael, McGettigan, John W., Jr., Patton, Walter, Brakema, Riemke, Choquette, Karin, McGettigan, Jonlyn, Kirstein, Judith L., Bernard, Marcia, Manning, Mary Beth, Rothenberg, Joan, Briskin, Toby, Roadman, Denise, Tedder-Edwards, Sharita, Schwartz, Howard I., Mederos, Surisday, Swaminathan, Shobha, Nyaku, Amesika, Varughese, Tilly, DallaPiazza, Michelle, Frey, Sharon E., Graham, Irene, Abate, Getahun, Hoft, Daniel, Allen, Leland N., III, Edwards, Leslie A., Davis, William S., Jr., Mena, Jessica M., Kutner, Mark E., Caso, Jorge, Moran, Maria Hernandez, Carvajal, Marianela, Mendez, Janet, Wadsworth, Larkin T., III, Adams, Michael R., Iverson, Leslie, Newberg, Joseph L., Pearlman, Laura, Nugent, Paul J., Reynolds, Michele D., Bashour, Jennifer, Schmidt, Robert, Sheth, Neil P., Steil, Kenneth, Toma, Ramy J., Kirby, William, Folmar, Pink, Williams, Samantha, Pickrell, Paul, Mott, Stefanie, Linebarger, Carol Ann, Malbari, Hussain, Pampe, David, Fragoso, Veronica G., Holloway, Lisa, McKeown-Bragas, Cecilia, Becker, Teresa, Williams, Barton G., Jones, William H., Clark, Jesse L., Shoptaw, Steven, Vertucci, Michele, Hernandez, Will, Spector, Stephen A., Moodley, Amaran, Blumenthal, Jill, Stangl, Lisa, Deutsch, Karen, Mullane, Kathleen M., Pitrak, David, Nuss, Cheryl, Pi, Judy, Fichtenbaum, Carl, Powers-Fletcher, Margaret, Saemann, Michelle, Kohrs, Sharon, Campbell, Thomas B., Lauria, Andrew, Mancilla, Jose C., Dunlevy, Hillary, Novak, Richard M., Wendrow, Andrea, Borgetti, Scott, Ladner, Ben, Chrisley, Lisa, Young, Cheryl, Doblecki-Lewis, Susanne, Alcaide, Maria L., Gonzales-Zamora, Jose, Morris, Stephen, Wohl, David, Eron, Joseph, Jr., Frank, Ian, Dunbar, Debora, Metzger, David, Momplaisir, Florence, Martin, Judith, Hoberman, Alejandro, Shope, Timothy, Muniz, Gysella, Rupp, Richard, Stanford, Amber, Berman, Megan, Porterfield, Laura, Lewis, Michael, Ghadishah, Elham, Yusin, Joseph, Pham, Mai, Creech, Clarence B., II, Walker, Shannon, Rolsma, Stephanie, Samuels, Robert, Thomsen, Isaac, Kalams, Spyros A., Wilson, Greg, Lucksinger, Gregg H., Parks, Kevin, Israelsen, Ryan, Ostovar, Jaleh, Kelly, Kary, Overcash, Jeffrey S., Chu, Hanh, Lee, Kia, De La Cruz, Luis I., Clemons, Steve, Everette, Elizabeth, Studdard, Suzanna, Mohan, Gowdhami, Tyson, Stefanie, Peay, Alyssa-Kay, Johnson, Danyel, Feldman, Gregory J., Suen, May-Yin, Muenzner, Jacqueline, Boscia, Joseph, Siddiqui, Farhan, Sanders, John, Peacock, James, Nasim, Julio, Levin, Michael L., Hussey, Julie, Kulic, Marcy, McKenzie, Mark M., Deese, Teresa, Osmundsen, Erica, Sweet, Christy, Ebuh, Valentine M., Elnagar, Elwaleed, Ebuh, Georgette, Iwuala, Genevieve, Han-Conrad, Laurie J., Simmons, Todd, Tarakjian, Denis, Ackermann, Jeremy, Adams, Mark S., Alemán, José O., Al-Ibrahim, Mohamed S., Andes, David R., Andrews, Jeb, Arduino, Roberto C., Bäcker, Martín, Badillo, Diana, Bainbridge, Emma, Batteiger, Teresa A., Bazan, Jose A., Bedimo, Roger J., Benitez, Jorge A., Bennett, Annette R., Bernstein, David I., Bialobok, Kristin, Boas, Rebecca, Brady, Judith, Brown, Cynthia, Bunce, Catherine A., Call, Robert S., Campbell, Wesley, Carmody, Ellie, Carpenter, Christopher, Carsons, Steven E., Castellon, Marvin, Castro, Mario, Catan, Hannah, Chang, Jennifer, Chebib, Mouna G., Chen, Corey M., Cheng, Margaret, Chow, Brian D.W., Ciambruschini, Annie, Connor, Joseph P., Conway, James H., Cooney, Maureen, Curlin, Marcel, De La Matta Rodriguez, Claudia, Dedon, Jon F., Degan, Emily, Dickey, Michelle, Dietz, Craig, Dong, Jennifer L., Dorcely, Brenda, Dube, Michael P., Dyer, Carmel B., Eckhardt, Benjamin, Ellerbeck, Edward, Ewers, Evan C., Falk, Amy, Feijoo, Brittany, Felsen, Uriel R., Fiel, Tom, Fitz-Patrick, David, Fogarty, Charles M., Ford, Stacy, Forero, Lina M., Formentini, Elizabeth, Franco-Vitteri, Doris, Frenck, Robert W., Jr., Gharib, Elie, Gharib, Suzanne, Rucker, Rola G., Goldenberg, James N., González, Luis H., Gray, Brett, Greene, Rusty, Grossberg, Robert M., Guanira-Carranza, Juan V., Guerreros Benavides, Alfredo Gilberto, Guillory, Clint C., Gunaratne, Shauna H., Halpert, David, Hamilton, Holli, Hartman, William R., Henderson, Sheryl L., Herati, Ramin, Guarin, Laura Hernandez, Hilder, Robin, Ho, Ken, Hojat, Leila, Hosek, Sybil G., Jacobson, Jeffrey M., Jay, Melanie, Johnson, Diane H., Jones, Kathleen S., Jones-López, Edward C., Justman, Jessica E., Kahney, Scott, Katz, Lois, Katz, Melinda, Kaul, Daniel, Keefer, Michael C., Kennedy, Ashley, Knishinsky, Jennifer, Kogelman, Laura, Koletar, Susan L., Kottkamp, Angelica, Laguio-Vila, Maryrose, Landovitz, Raphael J., Lee, Jessica L., Liu, Albert, Llerena Zegarra, Eneyda Giuvanela, Lok, Anna S., Lovell, James, Lubelchek, Ronald, Lucaj, John, Luckasen, Gary, Luetkemeyer, Annie, Lugogo, Njira Lucia, Maenza, Janine, Malvestutto, Carlos, Mauri, Monica, Maves, Ryan C., Mayer, Kenneth H., McCartney, Michael J., McCort, Margaret E., McElrath, M. Juliana, McNairy, Meredith, Merino, Fernando L., Meyerowitz, Eric A., Mitchell, Carol L., Monaco, Cynthia L., Muhammad, Sauda, Muñoz-Gómez, Sigridh, Munsiff, Sonal, Nee, Paul, Nollen, Nicole L., Noor, Asif, Lagos, Claudio Nuñez, Okulicz, Jason F., Oliver, Patrick A., Ortega, Jessica, Palmer, Steven, Parameswaran, Lalitha, Parikh, Purvi, Parker, Susan, Parungao, Reza, Pavie, Juana R., Madan, Rebecca P., Peralta, Henry, Petts, Jennifer, Pierce, Kristen K., Pretell Alva, E. Javier, Purpura, Lawrence J., Raabe, Vanessa, Recuenco, Sergio E., Richards, Tamara, Riddler, Sharon A., Rizzardi, Barbara, Rokser, Rachel, Rolle, Charlotte-Paige, Rosen, Adam, Rosen, Jeffrey, Freese, Lena R., Santolaya, María E., Schipani, Linda M., Schwartz, Adam, Schwasinger-Schmidt, Tiffany, Scott, Hyman, Sha, Beverly E., Shankaran, Shivanjali, Shapiro, Adrienne E., Sharp, Stephan C., Shopsin, Bo, Sims, Matthew D., Skipper, Stephanie, Smith, Derek M., Smith, Michael J., Sobhanie, M. Mahdee, Sovic, Brit, Sterling, Stephanie, Striker, Robert, Tafur Bances, Karla Beatriz, Talaat, Kawsar R., Tavel, Edward M., Jr., Tieu, Hong V., Tomaszewski, Christian, Tomlinson, Ryan, Torres, Juan P., Torres, Julian A., Treanor, John J., Tukuru, Sade, Ulrich, Robert J., Utz, Gregory C., Viar, Veronica, Viau Colindres, Roberto A., Walsh, Edward E., Walsh, Mary C., Walter, Emmanuel B., Weidler, Jessica L., Wu, Yi H., Yang, Kinara S., Yrivarren Giorza, Juan Luis, Zemanek, Arthur L., Zhang, Kevin, Zingman, Barry S., Gorman, Richard, Paez, Carmen A., Swann, Edith, Takuva, Simbarashe G., Greninger, Alex, Roychoudhury, Pavitra, Coombs, Robert W., Jerome, Keith R., Castellino, Flora, Tong, Xiaomi, Pavetto, Corrina, Gipson, Teletha, Tong, Tina, Lee, Marina, Zhou, James, Fay, Michael, McQuarrie, Kelly, Nnadi, Chimeremma, Sogbetun, Obiageli, Ahmad, Nina, De Proost, Ian, Hoseyni, Cyrus, Coplan, Paul, Khan, Najat, Ronco, Peter, Furey, Dawn, Meck, Jodi, Vingerhoets, Johan, Brandenburg, Boerries, Custers, Jerome, Hendriks, Jenny, Juraszek, Jarek, Marit de Groot, Anne, Van Roey, Griet, Heerwegh, Dirk, Van Dromme, Ilse, Méndez Galván, Jorge F., Carrascal, Monica B., Duran, Adriana Sordo, Sanchez Guerrero, Laura Ruy, Gómora Madrid, Martha Cecilia, Barrat Hernández, Alejandro Quintín, Guizar, Sharzhaad Molina, González Estrada, Denisse Alejandra, Martínez Pérez, Silvano Omar, Zárate Hinojosa, Zindy Yazmín, Ruiz-Palacios, Guillermo Miguel, Cruz-Valdez, Aurelio, Pacheco-Flores, Janeth, Lara, Anyela, Díaz-Miralrio, Secia, Reyes Fentanes, María José, Olmos Vega, Jocelyn Zuleica, Méndez, Daniela Pineda, Martínez, Karina Cano, Alvarez León, Winniberg Stephany, Ruiz Herrera, Vida Veronica, Vázquez Saldaña, Eduardo Gabriel, Camacho Choza, Laura Julia, Vega Orozco, Karen Sofia, Ortega Domínguez, Sandra Janeth, Chacón, Jorge A., Rivera, Juan J., Cutz, Erika A., Ortegón, Maricruz E., Rivera, María I., Browder, David, Burch, Cortney, Moye, Terri, Bondy, Paul, Browder, Lesley, Manning, Rickey D., Hurst, James W., Sturgeon, Rodney E., Wakefield, Paul H., Kirby, John A., Andersen, James, Fearon, Szheckera, Negron, Rosa, Medina, Amy, Hill, John M., Rajasekhar, Vivek, Williams, Hayes, Cade, LaShondra, Fouts, Rhodna, Moya, Connie, Anderson, Corey G., Devine, Naomi, Ramsey, James, Perez, Ashley, Tatelbaum, David, Jacobs, Michael, Menasche, Kathleen, Mirkil, Vincent, Winkle, Peter J., Haggag, Amina Z., Haynes, Michelle, Villegas, Marysol, Raja, Sabina, Riesenberg, Robert, Plavin, Stanford, Lerman, Mark, Woodside, Leana, Johnson, Maria, Healy, C. Mary, Whitaker, Jennifer A., Keitel, Wendy A., Atmar, Robert L., Horwith, Gary, Mason, Robin, Johnson, Lisa, Dora, Tambra, Murray, Deborah, Ledbetter, Logan, Ewing, Beverly, Stephenson, Kathryn E., Tan, Chen S., Zash, Rebecca, Ansel, Jessica L., Jaegle, Kate, Guiney, Caitlin J., Henderson, Jeffrey A., O'Leary, Marcia, Enright, Kendra, Kessler, Jill, Ducheneaux, Pete, Inniss, Asha, Brandon, Donald M., Davis, William B., Lawler, Daniel T., Oppong, Yaa D., Starr, Ryan P., Syndergaard, Scott N., Shelly, Rozeli, Majumder, Mashrur Islam, Sugimoto, Danny, Dugas, Jeffrey, Sr., Rijos, Dolores, Shelton, Sandra, Hong, Stephan, Schwartz, Howard, Sanchez-Crespo, Nelia, Schwartz, Jennifer, Piedra, Terry, Corral, Barbara, Medina, Carmen, Dever, Michael E., Shah, Mitul, Delgado, Michael, Scott, Tameika, Usdan, Lisa S., McGill, Lora J., Arnold, Valerie K., Scatamacchia, Carolyn, Anthony, Codi M., Merchant, Rajan, Yoon, Anelgine C., Hill, Janet, Ng-Price, Lucy, Thompson-Seim, Teri, Ackerman, Ronald, Ackerman, Jamie, Aristy, Florida, Ketter, Nzeera, Finley, Jon, Stull, Mildred, Murray, Monica, Rizvi, Zainab, Guerrero, Sonia, Paliwal, Yogesh K., Paliwal, Amit, Gordon, Sarah, Gordon, Bryan, Montano-Pereira, Cynthia, Galloway, Christopher, Montros, Candice, Aleman, Lily, Shairi, Samira, Van Ever, Wesley, Freeman, George H., Harmon, Esther L., Cross, Marshall A., Sales, Kacie, Gular, Catherine Q., Hepburn, Matthew, Alderson, Nathan, Harshell, Shana, Mahgoub, Siham, Maxwell, Celia, Mellman, Thomas, Thompson, Karl M., Wortman, Glenn, Kingsley, Jeff, Pixler, April, Curry, LaKondria, Afework, Sarah, Swanson, Austin, Jacqmein, Jeffry, Bowers, Maggie, Robison, Dawn, Mosteller, Victoria, Garvey, Janet, Easley, Mary, Kurnat, Rebecca J., Cornelison, Raymond, Gower, Shanda, Schnitz, William, Heinzig-Cartwright, Destiny S., Lewis, Derek, Newton, Fred E., Duhart, Aeiress, Watkins, Breanz, Ball, Brandy, York, Jill, Pickle, Shelby, Musante, David B., Silver, William P., Belhorn, Linda R., Viens, Nicholas A., Dellaero, David, Patel, Priti, Lisec, Kendra, Safirstein, Beth, Zapata, Luz, Gonzalez, Lazaro, Quevedo, Evelyn, Irani, Farah, Grillo, Joseph, Potts, Amy, White, Julie, Flume, Patrick, Headden, Gary, Taylor, Brandie, Warden, Ashley, Chamberlain, Amy, Jeanfreau, Robert, Jeanfreau, Susan, Matherne, Paul G., Caldwell, Amy, Stahl, Jessica, Vowell, Mandy, Newhouse, Lauren, Berthaud, Vladimir, Takizala, Zudi-Mwak, Beninati, Genevieve, Snell, Kimberly, Baker, Sherrie, Walker, James, Harrison, Tavane, Miller, Meagan, Otto, Janet, Gray, Roni, Wilson, Christine, Nemecek, Tiffany, Harrington, Hannah, Eppenbach, Sally, Lewis, Wendell, Bourgeois, Tana, Folsom, Lyndsea, Holt, Gregory, Mirsaeidi, Mehdi, Calderon, Rafael, Lichtenberger, Paola, Quintero, Jalima, Martinez, Becky, Immergluck, Lilly, Johnson, Erica, Chan, Austin, Fas, Norberto, Thomas-Seaton, LaTeshia, Khizer, Saadia, Staben, Jonathan, Beresnev, Tatiana, Jahromi, Maryam, Marovich, Mary A., Hutter, Julia, Nason, Martha, Ledgerwood, Julie, Mascola, John, Leibowitz, Mark, Morales, Fernanda, Delgado, Mike, Sanchez, Rosario, Vega, Norma, Áñez, Germán, Albert, Gary, Coston, Erin, Desai, Chinar, Dunbar, Haoua, Eickhoff, Mark, Garcia, Jenina, Kautz, Margaret, Lee, Angela, Lewis, Maggie, McGarry, Alice, McKnight, Irene, Nelson, Joy, Newingham, Patrick, Price-Abbott, Patty, Reed, Patty, Vegas, Diana, Wilkinson, Bethanie, Smith, Katherine, Woo, Wayne, Cho, Iksung, Glenn, Gregory M., Dubovsky, Filip, Fried, David L., Haughey, Lynne A., Stanton, Ariana C., Rameaka, Lisa Stevens, Rosenberg, David, Tomatsu, Lee, Gonzalez, Viviana, Manalo, Millie, Grunstra, Bernard, Quinn, Donald, Claybrook, Phillip, Olds, Shelby, Dye, Amy, Cannon, Kevin D., Chadwick, Mesha M., Jordan, Bailey, Hussey, Morgan, Nevarez, Hannah, Kelley, Colleen F., Chung, Michael, Moran, Caitlin, Rebolledo, Paulina, Bacher, Christina, Barranco-Santana, Elizabeth, Rodriguez, Jessica, Mendoza, Rafael, Ruperto, Karen, Olivieri, Odette, Ocaña, Enrique, Wylie, Paul E., Henderson, Renea, Jenson, Natasa, Yang, Fan, Kelley, Amy, Finkelstein, Kenneth, Beckmann, David, Hutchins, Tanya, Escallon, Sebastian Garcia, Johnson, Kristen, Sligh, Teresa S., Desai, Parul, Huynh, Vincent, Lopez, Carlos, Mendoza, Erika, Adelglass, Jeffrey, Naifeh, Jerome G., Kucera, Kristine J., Chughtai, Waseem, Jaffer, Shireen H., Davis, Matthew G., Foley, Jennifer, Burgett, Michelle L., Shlotzhauer, Tammi L., Ingalsbe-Geno, Sarah M., Duncanson, Daniel, Kush, Kelly, Nesbitt, Lori, Sonnier, Cora, McCarter, Jennifer, Butcher, Michael B., Fry, James, Percy, Donna, Freudemann, Karen, Gebhardt, Bruce C., Mangu, Padma N., Schroeck, Debra B., Davit, Rajesh K., Hennekes, Gayle D., Luft, Benjamin J., Carr, Melissa, Nachman, Sharon, Pellecchia, Alison, Smith, Candace, Valenti, Bruno, Bermudez, Maria I., Peraita, Noris, Delgado, Ernesto, Arrazcaeta, Alicia, Ramirez, Natalie, Amador, Carmen, Marafioti, Horacio, Dang, Lyly, Clement, Lauren, Berry, Jennifer, Allaw, Mohammed, Geuss, Georgettea, Miles, Chelsea, Bittner, Zachary, Werne, Melody, Calinescu, Cornell, Rodman, Shannon, Rindt, Joshua, Cooksey, Erin, Harrison, Kristina, Cooper, Deanna, Horton, Manisha, Philyaw, Amanda, Jennings, William, Alvarado, Hilario, Baka, Michele, Regalado, Malina, Murray, Linda, Naguib, Sherif, Singletary, Justin, Richmond, Sha-Wanda, Omodele, Sarah, Oppenheim, Emily, Martinez, Reuben, Andriulis, Victoria, Singer, Leonard, Blevins, Jeanne, Thomas, Meagan, Hull, Christine, Pereira, Isabel, Rivero, Gina, Okonya, Tracy, Downing, Frances, Miller, Paulina, Rhee, Margaret, Stapleton, Katherine, Klein, Jeffrey, Hong, Rosamond, Swan, Suzanne, Wahlin, Tami, Bennett, Elizabeth, Salzl, Amy, Phan, Sharine, White, Jewel J., Occhino, Amanda, Paiano, Ruth, McLaughlin, Morgan, Swieboda, Elisa, Garcia-Fragoso, Veronica, Becerra, Maria G., White, Toni, Turley, Christine B., McWilliams, Andrew, Esinhart, Tiffany, Montoya, Natasha, Huskey, Shamika, Paul, Leena, Tashima, Karen, Johnson, Jennie, Neill, Marguerite, Sanchez, Martha, Rybak, Natasha, Mileno, Maria, Cohen, Stuart H., Ruiz, Monica, Boswell, Dean M., Robison, Elizabeth E., Reynolds, Trina L., Neumeister, Sonja, Zorrilla, Carmen D., Rivera, Juana, Ibarra, Jessica, García, Iris, Sierra, Dianca, Ramon, Wanda, Fiorillo, Suzanne, Pitotti, Rebecca, Anderson, Victoria R., Mancilla, Jose Castillo, Le, Nga, Winokur, Patricia L., Ince, Dilek, Hegmann, Theresa, Meier, Jeffrey, Stapleton, Jack, Stulken, Laura, McArthur, Monica, Berry, Andrea, Tapia, Milagritos, Hammershaimb, Elizabeth, Robinson, Toni, MacBryde, Rosa, Kline, Susan, Billings, Joanne L., Cavert, Winston, Forgosh, Les B., Schacker, Timothy W., Bold, Tyler D., Dandachi, Dima, Nelson, Taylor, Bran, Andres, Geiger, Grant, Naqvi, S. Hasan, Florescu, Diana F., Starlin, Richard, Kline, David, Zimmer, Andrea, Abbas, Anum, Wilson, Natasha, Eron, Joseph J., Sciaudone, Michael, Rosengren, A. Lina, Kizer, John S., Rutstein, Sarah E., Bruce, Elizabeth, Espinosa, Claudia, Sanders, Lisa J., Kim, Kami, Casey, Denise, Taylor, Barbara S., Patterson, Thomas, Pinilla, Ruth S., Bullock, Delia, Ponce, Philip, Patterson, Jan, McClelland, R. Scott, Lane, Dakotah C., Wald, Anna, James, Frank, Duke, Elizabeth, Hauge, Kirsten, Heimonen, Jessica, Goecker, Erin A., Huang, Yunda, Fong, Youyi, Kauffman, Carol, Linder, Kathleen, Nofz, Kimberly, McConnell, Andrew, Buynak, Robert J., Webb, Angella, Petty, Taryn, Andree, Stephanie, Sanchez, Erica, Mackey, Nolan, Baudelaire, Clarisse, Dzigiel, Sarah, Marquez, Adrienna, Quillin, Kim, King, Michelle, Abad, Vanessa, Knowles, Jennifer, Waters, Michael, Zepeda, Karla, Coslet, Jordan, Tovar, Dalia, Shaw, Marian E., Turner, Mark A., Huffine, Cory J., Huffine, Esther S., Ake, Julie A., Secord, Elizabeth, McGrath, Eric, Levy, Phillip, Stewart, Brittany, Cromer, Charnell, Walters, Ayanna, Ellsworth, Grant, Greene, Caroline, Galloway, Sarah, Kapadia, Shashi, DeHaan, Elliot, Wilson, Clint, Milligan, Jason, Raley, Danielle, Bocchini, Joseph, McClenathan, Bruce, Hussain, Mary, Lomasney, Evelyn, Hall, Evelyn, Lamberth, Sherry, Schmeck, Christy, Leathers, Vickie, Theodore, Deborah A., Branche, Angela R., Graciaa, Daniel S., Hatlen, Timothy J., Miller, Jacqueline, Sadoff, Jerald, Falsey, Ann R., Sobieszczyk, Magdalena E., Rick, Anne-Marie, Laurens, Matthew B., Huang, Ying, Yu, Chenchen, Martin, Thomas C.S., Rodriguez, Carina A., Rostad, Christina A., Maboa, Rebone M., Baden, Lindsey R., El Sahly, Hana M., Grinsztejn, Beatriz, Gray, Glenda E., Gay, Cynthia L., Gilbert, Peter B., Janes, Holly E., Kublin, James G., Leav, Brett, Hirsch, Ian, Struyf, Frank, Dunkle, Lisa M., Neuzil, Kathleen M., Corey, Lawrence, Goepfert, Paul A., Follmann, Dean, and Kotloff, Karen L.

Published
2023
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23. Surveillance of Vermont wildlife in 2021–2022 reveals no detected SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA

Author

Despres, Hannah W., Mills, Margaret G., Schmidt, Madaline M., Gov, Jolene, Perez, Yael, Jindrich, Mars, Crawford, Allison M. L., Kohl, Warren T., Rosenblatt, Elias, Kubinski, Hannah C., Simmons, Benjamin C., Nippes, Miles C., Goldenberg, Anne J., Murtha, Kristina E., Nicoloro, Samantha, Harris, Mia J., Feeley, Avery C., Gelinas, Taylor K., Cronin, Maeve K., Frederick, Robert S., Thomas, Matthew, Johnson, Meaghan E., Murphy, James, Lenzini, Elle B., Carr, Jr., Peter A., Berger, Danielle H., Mehta, Soham P., Floreani, Christopher J., Koval, Amelia C., Young, Aleah L., Fish, Jess H., Wallace, Jack, Chaney, Ella, Ushay, Grace, Ross, Rebecca S., Vostal, Erin M., Thisner, Maya C., Gonet, Kyliegh E., Deane, Owen C., Pelletiere, Kari R., Rockafeller, Vegas C., Waterman, Madeline, Barry, Tyler W., Goering, Catriona C., Shipman, Sarah D., Shiers, Allie C., Reilly, Claire E., Duff, Alanna M., Madruga, Sarah L., Shirley, David J., Jerome, Keith R., Pérez-Osorio, Ailyn C., Greninger, Alexander L., Fortin, Nick, Mosher, Brittany A., and Bruce, Emily A.

Published
2023
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24. Cryptic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Washington state

Author

Bedford, Trevor, Greninger, Alexander L, Roychoudhury, Pavitra, Starita, Lea M, Famulare, Michael, Huang, Meei-Li, Nalla, Arun, Pepper, Gregory, Reinhardt, Adam, Xie, Hong, Shrestha, Lasata, Nguyen, Truong N, Adler, Amanda, Brandstetter, Elisabeth, Cho, Shari, Giroux, Danielle, Han, Peter D, Fay, Kairsten, Frazar, Chris D, Ilcisin, Misja, Lacombe, Kirsten, Lee, Jover, Kiavand, Anahita, Richardson, Matthew, Sibley, Thomas R, Truong, Melissa, Wolf, Caitlin R, Nickerson, Deborah A, Rieder, Mark J, Englund, Janet A, Hadfield, James, Hodcroft, Emma B, Huddleston, John, Moncla, Louise H, Müller, Nicola F, Neher, Richard A, Deng, Xianding, Gu, Wei, Federman, Scot, Chiu, Charles, Duchin, Jeffrey S, Gautom, Romesh, Melly, Geoff, Hiatt, Brian, Dykema, Philip, Lindquist, Scott, Queen, Krista, Tao, Ying, Uehara, Anna, Tong, Suxiang, MacCannell, Duncan, Armstrong, Gregory L, Baird, Geoffrey S, Chu, Helen Y, Shendure, Jay, Jerome, Keith R, Boeckh, Michael, Lutz, Barry R, Thompson, Matthew, Huang, Shichu, Jackson, Michael L, Kimball, Louise E, Logue, Jennifer, Lyon, Victoria, Newman, Kira L, and Suchsland, Monica L Zigman

Subjects
Infectious Diseases, Pneumonia & Influenza, Lung, Prevention, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biodefense, Vaccine Related, Pneumonia, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Bayes Theorem, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, Coronavirus Infections, Genome, Viral, Humans, Likelihood Functions, Pandemics, Phylogeny, Pneumonia, Viral, SARS-CoV-2, Washington, Seattle Flu Study Investigators, General Science & Technology
Abstract

After its emergence in Wuhan, China, in late November or early December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus rapidly spread globally. Genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 allows the reconstruction of its transmission history, although this is contingent on sampling. We analyzed 453 SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected between 20 February and 15 March 2020 from infected patients in Washington state in the United States. We find that most SARS-CoV-2 infections sampled during this time derive from a single introduction in late January or early February 2020, which subsequently spread locally before active community surveillance was implemented.

Published
2020

25. Incidence of Health Care-Associated COVID-19 During Universal Testing of Medical and Surgical Admissions in a Large US Health System.

Author

Long, Dustin, OReilly-Shah, Vikas, Rustagi, Alison, Bryson-Cahn, Chloe, Jerome, Keith, Weiss, Noel, and Sunshine, Jacob

Subjects
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, emerging infections, hospital epidemiology, nosocomial infection
Abstract

Concerns about severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 exposure in health care settings may cause patients to delay care. Among 2992 patients testing negative on admission to an academic, 3-hospital system, 8 tested positive during hospitalization or within 14 days postdischarge. Following adjudication of each instance, health care-associated infection incidence ranged from 0.8 to 5.0 cases per 10 000 patient-days.

Published
2020

26. Genomic surveillance reveals multiple introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into Northern California

Author

Deng, Xianding, Gu, Wei, Federman, Scot, du Plessis, Louis, Pybus, Oliver G, Faria, Nuno, Wang, Candace, Yu, Guixia, Bushnell, Brian, Pan, Chao-Yang, Guevara, Hugo, Sotomayor-Gonzalez, Alicia, Zorn, Kelsey, Gopez, Allan, Servellita, Venice, Hsu, Elaine, Miller, Steve, Bedford, Trevor, Greninger, Alexander L, Roychoudhury, Pavitra, Starita, Lea M, Famulare, Michael, Chu, Helen Y, Shendure, Jay, Jerome, Keith R, Anderson, Catie, Gangavarapu, Karthik, Zeller, Mark, Spencer, Emily, Andersen, Kristian G, MacCannell, Duncan, Paden, Clinton R, Li, Yan, Zhang, Jing, Tong, Suxiang, Armstrong, Gregory, Morrow, Scott, Willis, Matthew, Matyas, Bela T, Mase, Sundari, Kasirye, Olivia, Park, Maggie, Masinde, Godfred, Chan, Curtis, Yu, Alexander T, Chai, Shua J, Villarino, Elsa, Bonin, Brandon, Wadford, Debra A, and Chiu, Charles Y

Subjects
Pneumonia, Lung, Infectious Diseases, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Related, Pneumonia & Influenza, Prevention, Biodefense, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, California, Coronavirus Infections, Epidemiological Monitoring, Genome, Viral, Humans, Pandemics, Phylogeny, Pneumonia, Viral, SARS-CoV-2, Sequence Alignment, Ships, Travel, Washington, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally, with >365,000 cases in California as of 17 July 2020. We investigated the genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Northern California from late January to mid-March 2020, using samples from 36 patients spanning nine counties and the Grand Princess cruise ship. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the cryptic introduction of at least seven different SARS-CoV-2 lineages into California, including epidemic WA1 strains associated with Washington state, with lack of a predominant lineage and limited transmission among communities. Lineages associated with outbreak clusters in two counties were defined by a single base substitution in the viral genome. These findings support contact tracing, social distancing, and travel restrictions to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in California and other states.

Published
2020

29. A Genomic Survey of SARS-CoV-2 Reveals Multiple Introductions into Northern California without a Predominant Lineage

Author

Deng, Xianding, Gu, Wei, Federman, Scot, du Plessis, Louis, Pybus, Oliver G, Faria, Nuno, Wang, Candace, Yu, Guixia, Pan, Chao-Yang, Guevara, Hugo, Sotomayor-Gonzalez, Alicia, Zorn, Kelsey, Gopez, Allan, Servellita, Venice, Hsu, Elaine, Miller, Steve, Bedford, Trevor, Greninger, Alexander L, Roychoudhury, Pavitra, Starita, Lea M, Famulare, Michael, Chu, Helen Y, Shendure, Jay, Jerome, Keith R, Anderson, Catie, Gangavarapu, Karthik, Zeller, Mark, Spencer, Emily, Andersen, Kristian G, MacCannell, Duncan, Paden, Clinton R, Li, Yan, Zhang, Jing, Tong, Suxiang, Armstrong, Gregory, Morrow, Scott, Willis, Matthew, Matyas, Bela T, Mase, Sundari, Kasirye, Olivia, Park, Maggie, Chan, Curtis, Yu, Alexander T, Chai, Shua J, Villarino, Elsa, Bonin, Brandon, Wadford, Debra A, and Chiu, Charles Y

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Lung, Infectious Diseases, Biotechnology, Prevention, Biodefense, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Related, Aetiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Infection, Good Health and Well Being
Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally, resulting in >300,000 reported cases worldwide as of March 21st, 2020. Here we investigate the genetic diversity and genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Northern California using samples from returning travelers, cruise ship passengers, and cases of community transmission with unclear infection sources. Virus genomes were sampled from 29 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection from Feb 3rd through Mar 15th. Phylogenetic analyses revealed at least 8 different SARS-CoV-2 lineages, suggesting multiple independent introductions of the virus into the state. Virus genomes from passengers on two consecutive excursions of the Grand Princess cruise ship clustered with those from an established epidemic in Washington State, including the WA1 genome representing the first reported case in the United States on January 19th. We also detected evidence for presumptive transmission of SARS-CoV-2 lineages from one community to another. These findings suggest that cryptic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Northern California to date is characterized by multiple transmission chains that originate via distinct introductions from international and interstate travel, rather than widespread community transmission of a single predominant lineage. Rapid testing and contact tracing, social distancing, and travel restrictions are measures that will help to slow SARS-CoV-2 spread in California and other regions of the USA.

Published
2020

30. Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of a booster regimen of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against COVID-19 (ENSEMBLE2): results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

Author

Garibaldi, Brian T., Albertson, Timothy E., Sandrock, Christian, Lee, Janet S., Looney, Mark R., Tapson, Victor F., Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Velarde, Luis Humberto Anaya, Backenroth, Daniel, Bhushanan, Jisha, Brandenburg, Börries, Cárdenas, Vicky, Chen, Bohang, Chen, Fei, Chetty, Polan, Chu, Pei-Ling, Cooper, Kimberly, Custers, Jerome, Delanghe, Hilde, Duca, Anna, Henrick, Tracy, Juraszek, Jarek, Nalpas, Catherine, Peeters, Monika, Pinheiro, Jose, Roels, Sanne, Ryser, Martin F., Salas, Jose, Santoro Matias, Samantha, Scheys, Ilse, Shetty, Pallavi, Shukarev, Georgi, Stoddard, Jeffrey, Talloen, Willem, Tran, NamPhuong, Vaissiere, Nathalie, van Son-Palmen, Elisabeth, Xu, Jiajun, Goecker, Erin A., Greninger, Alexander L., Jerome, Keith R., Roychoudhury, Pavitra, Takuva, Simbarashe G., Accini Mendoza, Jose Luis, Achtyes, Eric, Ahsan, Habibul, Alhatemi, Azhar, Allen, Nancy, Arribas, Jose R., Bahrami, Ghazaleh, Bailon, Lucia, Bajwa, Ali, Baker, Jonathan, Baron, Mira, Benet, Susana, Berdaï, Driss, Berger, Patrick, Bertoch, Todd, Bethune, Claire, Bevilacqua, Sybille, Biagioni Santos, Maria Silvia, Binnian, Ian, Bisnauthsing, Karen, Boivin, Jean-Marc, Bollen, Hilde, Bonnet, Sandrine, Borobia, Alberto M., Botelho-Nevers, Elisabeth, Bright, Phil, Britten, Vianne, Brown, Claire, Buadi, Amanda, Buntinx, Erik, Burgess, Lesley, Bush, Larry, Capeding, Maria Rosario, Carr, Quito Osuna, Carrasco Mas, Amparo, Catala, Hélène, Cathie, Katrina, Caudill, T. Shawn, Cereto Castro, Fernando, Chau, Kénora, Chavoustie, Steven, Chowdhury, Marie, Chronos, Nicolas, Cicconi, Paola, Cifuentes, Liliana, Cobo, Sara Maria, Collins, Helen, Colton, Hayley, Cuaño, Carlos Rolando G., D'Onofrio, Valentino, Dargan, Paul, Darton, Thomas, Deane, Peter, Del Pozo, Jose Luis, Derdelinckx, Inge, Desai, Amisha, Dever, Michael, Díaz-Pollán, Beatriz, DiBuono, Mark, Doust, Matthew, Duncan, Christopher, Echave-Sustaeta, Jose Maria, Eder, Frank, Ellis, Kimberly, Elzi, Stanton, Emmett, Stevan, Engelbrecht, Johannes, Evans, Mim, Farah, Theo, Felton, Timothy, Ferreira, João Pedro, Floutier, Catherine, Flume, Patrick, Ford, Stacy, Fragoso, Veronica, Freedman, Andrew, Frentiu, Emilia, Galloway, Christopher, Galtier, Florence, Garcia Diaz, Julia, García García, Irene, Garcia, Alcaide, Gardener, Zoe, Gauteul, Pascale, Geller, Steven, Gibson, Andrew, Gillet, Claudia, Girerd, Nicolas, Girodet, Pierre-Olivier, Gler, Maria Tarcela, Glover, Richard, Go, Herschel Don D., Gokani, Karishma, Gonthier, Damien, Green, Christopher, Greenberg, Richard, Griffin, Carl, Grobbelaar, Coert, Guancia, Adonis, Hakkarainen, Gloria, Harris, James, Hassman, Michael, Heimer, Deirdre, Hellstrom-Louw, Elizabeth, Herades, Yoan, Holroyd, Christopher, Hussen, Nazreen, Isidro, Marie Grace Dawn, Jackson, Yvonne, Jain, Manish, João Filho, Esaú Custódio, Johnson, Daniel, Jones, Ben, Joseph, Natasha, Jumeras, Analyn, Junquera, Patricia, Kellett-Wright, Johanna, Kennedy, Patrick, Kilgore, Paul E., Kim, Kenneth, Kimmel, Murray, Konis, George, Kutner, Mark, Lacombe, Karine, Launay, Odile, Lazarus, Rajeka, Lederman, Samuel, Lefebvre, Gigi, Lennon Collins, Katrina, Leroux-Roels, Isabel, Lim, Kenneth Wilson O., Lins, Muriel, Liu, Edward, Llewelyn, Martin, Mahomed, Akbar, Maia, Bernardo Porto, Marín-Candon, Alícia, Martínez-Gómez, Xavier, Martinot, Jean Benoit, Mazzella, Andrea, McCaughan, Frank, McCormack, Louise, McGettigan, John, Mehra, Purvi, Mejeur, Rhonda, Miller, Vicki, Mills, Anthony, Molto Marhuenda, Jose, Moodley, Prebashan, Mora-Rillo, Marta, Mothe, Beatriz, Mullan, Daniel, Munro, Alasdair, Myers, Paul, Nell, Jeremy, Newman Lobato Souza, Tamara, O'Halloran, Jane A., Ochoa Mazarro, Maria Dolores, Oliver, Abigail, Onate Gutierrez, Jose Millan, Ortega, Jessica, Oshita, Masaru, Otero Romero, Susana, Overcash, Jeffrey Scott, Owens, Daniel, Packham, Alice, Pacurar, Mihaela, Paiva de Sousa, Leonardo, Palfreeman, Adrian, Pallares, Christian José, Patel, Rahul, Patel, Suchet, Pelkey, Leslie, Peluso, Denise, Penciu, Florentina, Pinto, S. Jerry, Pounds, Kevin, Pouzar, Joe, Pragalos, Antoinette, Presti, Rachel, Price, David, Qureshi, Ehsaan, Ramalho Madruga, José Valdez, Ramesh, Mayur, Rankin, Bruce, Razat, Béatrice, Riegel Santos, Breno, Riesenberg, Robert, Riffer, Ernie, Roche, Siobhan, Rose, Katie, Rosellini, Pietro, Rossignol, Patrick, Safirstein, Beth, Salazar, Hernan, Sanchez Vallejo, Gregorio, Santhosh, Smrithi, Seco-Meseguer, Enrique, Seep, Michael, Sherry, Emma, Short, Philip, Soentjens, Patrick, Solis, Joel, Soriano Viladomiu, Alejandro, Sorli, Caroline, Spangenthal, Selwyn, Spence, Niamh, Stephenson, Elaine, Strout, Cynthia, Surowitz, Ronald, Taladua, Kristy Michelle, Tellalian, David, Thalamas, Claire, Thiriphoo, Nang, Thomas, Judith, Thomas, Nicholas, Trout, Guillermo, Urroz, Mikel, Veekmans, Bernard, Veekmans, Laurent, Villalobos, Ralph Elvi M., Warren, Sarah, Webster, Brian, White, Alexander, Williams, Gail, Williams, Hayes, Wilson, Barbara, Winston, Alan, Wiselka, Martin, Zervos, Marcus, Hardt, Karin, Vandebosch, An, Sadoff, Jerald, Le Gars, Mathieu, Truyers, Carla, Lowson, David, Van Dromme, Ilse, Vingerhoets, Johan, Kamphuis, Tobias, Scheper, Gert, Ruiz-Guiñazú, Javier, Faust, Saul N, Spinner, Christoph D, Schuitemaker, Hanneke, Van Hoof, Johan, Douoguih, Macaya, and Struyf, Frank

Published
2022
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37. Evaluation of Commercially Available High-Throughput SARS-CoV-2 Serologic Assays for Serosurveillance and Related Applications

Author

Stone, Mars, Grebe, Eduard, Sulaeman, Hasan, Germanio, Clara Di, Dave, Honey, Kelly, Kathleen, Biggerstaff, Brad J., Crews, Bridgit O., Tran, Nam, Jerome, Keith R., Denny, Thomas N., Hogema, Boris, Destree, Mark, Jones, Jefferson M., Thornburg, Natalie, Simmons, Graham, Krajden, Mel, Kleinman, Steve, Dumont, Larry J., and Busch, Michael P.

Subjects
Identification and classification, Diagnosis, Distribution, Usage, Methods, Health aspects, Causes of, Company distribution practices, SARS-CoV-2 variants -- Health aspects -- Identification and classification, Blood tests -- Usage, Sentinel surveillance -- Methods, Serologic tests -- Usage, COVID-19 -- Causes of -- Distribution -- Diagnosis, Blood -- Medical examination, Sentinel health events -- Methods, Serodiagnosis -- Usage
Abstract

Serosurveillance for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is critical to monitor the course of the evolving pandemic and local outbreaks and can provide data on infection-fatality ratios, [...]

Published
2022
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38. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Among Residents and Staff Members of an Independent and Assisted Living Community for Older Adults — Seattle, Washington, 2020

Author

Roxby, Alison C., Greninger, Alexander L., Hatfield, Kelly M., Lynch, John B., Dellit, Timothy H., James, Allison, Taylor, Joanne, Page, Libby C., Kimball, Anne, Arons, Melissa, Schieve, Laura A., Munanga, Albert, Stone, Nimalie, Jernigan, John A., Reddy, Sujan C., Lewis, James, Cohen, Seth A., Jerome, Keith R., Duchin, Jeffrey S., and Neme, Santiago

Published
2020

42. Author Correction: Mutations in viral nucleocapsid protein and endoRNase are discovered to associate with COVID19 hospitalization risk

Author

Zhao, Lue Ping, Roychoudhury, Pavitra, Gilbert, Peter, Schiffer, Joshua, Lybrand, Terry P., Payne, Thomas H., Randhawa, April, Thiebaud, Sara, Mills, Margaret, Greninger, Alex, Pyo, Chul-Woo, Wang, Ruihan, Li, Renyu, Thomas, Alexander, Norris, Brandon, Nelson, Wyatt C., Jerome, Keith R., and Geraghty, Daniel E.

Published
2022
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48. CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing of hepatitis B virus in chronically infected humanized mice

Author

Stone, Daniel, Long, Kelly R., Loprieno, Michelle A., De Silva Feelixge, Harshana S., Kenkel, Elizabeth J., Liley, R. Matt, Rapp, Stephen, Roychoudhury, Pavitra, Nguyen, Thuy, Stensland, Laurence, Colón-Thillet, Rossana, Klouser, Lindsay M., Weber, Nicholas D., Le, Connie, Wagoner, Jessica, Goecker, Erin A., Li, Alvason Zhenhua, Eichholz, Karsten, Corey, Lawrence, Tyrrell, D. Lorne, Greninger, Alexander L., Huang, Meei-Li, Polyak, Stephen J., Aubert, Martine, Sagartz, John E., and Jerome, Keith R.

Published
2021
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49. Hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for treatment of early SARS-CoV-2 infection among high-risk outpatient adults: A randomized clinical trial

Author

Johnston, Christine, Brown, Elizabeth R., Stewart, Jenell, Karita, Helen C.Stankiewicz, Kissinger, Patricia J., Dwyer, John, Hosek, Sybil, Oyedele, Temitope, Paasche-Orlow, Michael K., Paolino, Kristopher, Heller, Kate B., Leingang, Hannah, Haugen, Harald S., Dong, Tracy Q., Bershteyn, Anna, Sridhar, Arun R., Poole, Jeanne, Noseworthy, Peter A., Ackerman, Michael J., Morrison, Susan, Greninger, Alexander L., Huang, Meei-Li, Jerome, Keith R., Wener, Mark H., Wald, Anna, Schiffer, Joshua T., Celum, Connie, Chu, Helen Y., Barnabas, Ruanne V., and Baeten, Jared M.

Published
2021
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50. Prolonged persistence of PCR-detectable virus during an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in an inpatient geriatric psychiatry unit in King County, Washington

Author

Corcorran, Maria A., Olin, Svaya, Rani, Golo, Nasenbeny, Keri, Constantino-Shor, Cheri, Holmes, Charity, Quinnan-Hostein, Laura, Solan, William, Snoeyenbos Newman, Gretchen, Roxby, Alison C., Greninger, Alexander L., Jerome, Keith R., Neme, Santiago, Lynch, John B., Dellit, Timothy H., and Cohen, Seth A.

Published
2021
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