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The SSRMP recommendations on reference dosimetry in kilovolt beams as used in radiation therapy were revised to establish current practice in Switzerland.The recommendations specify the dosimetry formalism, reference class dosimeter systems and conditions used for the calibration of low and medium energy x-ray beams. Practical guidance is provided on the determination of the beam quality specifier and all corrections required for converting instrument readings to absorbed dose to water. Guidance is also provided on the determination of relative dose under non-reference conditions and on the cross calibration of instruments.The effect of lack of electron equilibrium and influence of contaminant electrons when using thin window plane parallel chambers at x-ray tube potentials higher than 50 kV is elaborated in an appendix. In Switzerland the calibration of the reference system used for dosimetry is regulated by law. METAS and IRA are the authorities providing this calibration service to the radiotherapy departments. The last appendix of these recommendations summarise this calibration chain.

Background and Purpose: To improve radiotherapy (RT) planning efficiency and plan quality, knowledge-based planning (KBP) and deep learning (DL) solutions have been developed. We aimed to make a direct comparison of these models for breast cancer planning using the same training, validation, and testing sets. Materials and Methods: Two KBP models were trained and validated with 90 RT plans for left-sided breast cancer with 15 fractions of 2.6 Gy. The versions either used the full dataset (non-clean model) or a cleaned dataset (clean model), thus eliminating geometric and dosimetric outliers. Results were compared with a DL U-net model (previously trained and validated with the same 90 RT plans) and manually produced RT plans, for the same independent dataset of 15 patients. Clinically relevant dose volume histogram parameters were evaluated according to established consensus criteria. Results: Both KBP models underestimated the mean heart and lung dose equally 0.4 Gy (0.3–1.1 Gy) and 1.4 Gy (1.1–2.8 Gy) compared to the clinical plans 0.8 Gy (0.5–1.8 Gy) and 1.7 Gy (1.3–3.2 Gy) while in the final calculations the mean lung dose was higher 1.9–2.0 Gy (1.5–3.5 Gy) for both KPB models. The U-Net model resulted in a mean planning target volume dose of 40.7 Gy (40.4–41.3 Gy), slightly higher than the clinical plans 40.5 Gy (40.1–41.0 Gy). Conclusions: Only small differences were observed between the estimated and final dose calculation and the clinical results for both KPB models and the DL model. With a good set of breast plans, the data cleaning module is not needed and both KPB and DL models lead to clinically acceptable results.

IntroductionThis study aimed to identify and characterize novel siderophore-producing organisms capable of secreting high quantities of the iron-binding compounds. In the course of this, two not yet reported halophilic strains designated ATCHAT and ATCH28T were isolated from hypersaline, alkaline surface waters of Salar de Llamará and Laguna Lejía, respectively. The alkaline environment limits iron bioavailability, suggesting that native organisms produce abundant siderophores to sequester iron.MethodsBoth strains were characterized by polyphasic approach. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed their affiliation with the genus Halomonas. ATCHAT showed close similarity to Halomonas salicampi and Halomonas vilamensis, while ATCH28T was related closest to Halomonas ventosae and Halomonas salina. The ability of both strains to secrete siderophores was initially assessed using the chromeazurol S (CAS) liquid assay and subsequently further investigated through genomic analysis and NMR. Furthermore, the effect of various media components on the siderophore secretion by strain ATCH28T was explored.ResultsThe CAS assay confirmed the ability of both strains to produce iron-binding compounds. Genomic analysis of strain ATCHAT revealed the presence of a not yet reported NRPS-dependant gene cluster responsible for the secretion of siderophore. However, as only small amounts of siderophore were secreted, further investigations did not lie within the scope of this study. Via NMR and genomic analysis, strain ATCH28T has been determined to produce desferrioxamine E (DFOE). Although this siderophore is common in various terrestrial microorganisms, it has not yet been reported to occur within Halomonas, making strain ATCH28T the first member of the genus to produce a non-amphiphilic siderophore. By means of media optimization, the produced quantity of DFOE could be increased to more than 1000 µM.DiscussionPhenotypic and genotypic characteristics clearly differentiated both strains from other members of the genus Halomonas. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) values and DNA–DNA relatedness indicated that the strains represented two novel species. Therefore, both species should be added as new representatives of the genus Halomonas, for which the designations Halomonas llamarensis sp. nov. (type strain ATCHAT = DSM 114476 = LMG 32709) and Halomonas gemina sp. nov. (type strain ATCH28T = DSM 114418 = LMG 32708) are proposed.

Abstract Background Main purpose was to describe procedures and identify challenges in the implementation process of adaptive and non-adaptive MR-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT), especially new risks in workflow due to the new technique. We herein report the single center experience for the implementation of (MRgRT) and present an overview on our treatment practice. Methods Descriptive statistics were used to summarize clinical and technical characteristics of treatment and patient characteristics including sites treated between April 2019 and end of March 2020 after ethical approval. A risk analysis was performed to identify risks of the online adaptive workflow. Results A summary of the processes on the MR-Linac including workflows, quality assurance and possible pitfalls is presented. 111 patients with 124 courses were treated during the first year of MR-guided radiotherapy. The most commonly treated site was the abdomen (42% of all treatment courses). 73% of the courses were daily online adapted and a high number of treatment courses (75%) were treated with stereotactic body irradiation. Only 4/382 fractions could not be treated due to a failing online adaptive quality assurance. In the risk analysis for errors, the two risks with the highest risk priority number were both in the contouring category, making it the most critical step in the workflow. Conclusion Although challenging, establishment of MRgRT as a routinely used technique at our department was successful for all sites and daily o-ART was feasible from the first day on. However, ongoing research and reports will have to inform us on the optimal indications for MRgRT because careful patient selection is necessary as it continues to be a time-consuming treatment technique with restricted availability. After risk analysis, the most critical workflow category was the contouring process, which resembles the need of experienced staff and safety check paths.

In France, school directors are not the hierarchical superiors of their colleagues, all of whom have the status of school teacher. This article goes back to the historical origins of this situation under the Third Republic, a period of recon-figuration of the field of primary education and the power relations between school directors and assistant teachers. This study is based on data collected during an exhaustive study of a representative body of files of teachers be-longing to the first generation of public school teachers who entered primary education in the Seine between 1870 and 1886. The analysis of the conflictuality between teachers and school directors shows how the history of social relations in the field of primary education has produced the practical arrangements rejecting the reconstitution of a hierarchical subordination by the sedimentation of schemas of education perception of authority relations.

The complex formation of Eu(III) and Cm(III) was studied via tetradentate, hexadentate, and octadentate coordinating ligands of the aminopolycarboxylate family, viz., nitrilotriacetate (NTA3−), ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA4−), and ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetate (EGTA4−), respectively. Based on the complexones’ pKa values obtained from 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic pH titration, complex formation constants were determined by means of the parallel-factor-analysis-assisted evaluation of Eu(III) and Cm(III) time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). This was complemented by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), providing the enthalpy and entropy of the complex formation. This allowed us to obtain genuine species along with their molecular structures and corresponding reliable thermodynamic data. The three investigated complexones formed 1:1 complexes with both Eu(III) and Cm(III). Besides the established Eu(III)–NTA 1:1 and 1:2 complexes, we observed, for the first time, the existence of a Eu(III)–NTA 2:2 complex of millimolar metal and ligand concentrations. Demonstrated for thermodynamic studies on Eu(III) and Cm(III) interaction with complexones, the utilized approach is commonly applicable to many other metal–ligand systems, even to high-affinity ligands.

The optimal approach for magnetic resonance imaging-guided online adaptive radiotherapy is currently unknown and needs to consider patient on-couch time constraints. The aim of this study was to compare two different plan optimization approaches. The comparison was performed in 238 clinically applied online-adapted treatment plans from 55 patients, in which the approach of re-optimization was selected based on the physician’s choice. For 33 patients where both optimization approaches were used at least once, the median treatment planning dose metrics of both target and organ at risk differed less than 1%. Therefore, we concluded that beam segment weight optimization was chosen adequately for most patients without compromising plan quality.

Visual sociologist Jerome Krase looks at how cities change with immigration, globalization, and gentrification, with a focus on Brooklyn as well as comparative work in cities around the world. He focuses on what can be learned through direct observation of the vernacular landscapes of neighborhoods where the interface between the public and private domains is individually and communally appropriated. He has argued consistently that ordinary residents have the power to change the meaning of a place by changing how it looks. His sociological practice has involved photography for decades, and he has developed a large visual archive of urban neighborhoods around the world. This illustrated interview focuses on the articulation of domestic, commercial, and real-estate practices, especially in Brooklyn, New York, and on the displacements, exchanges, and adaptations that characterize both vernacular agency and the academic use of the concept of “vernacular” across the social sciences.

The introduction of real-time imaging by magnetic resonance guided linear accelerators (MR-Linacs) enabled adaptive treatments and gating on the tumor position. Different end-to-end tests monitored the accuracy of our MR-Linac during the first year of clinical operation. We report on the stability of these tests covering a static, adaptive and gating workflow. Film measurements showed gamma passing rates of 96.4% ± 3.4% for the static tests (five measurements) and for the two adaptive tests 98.9% and 99.99%, respectively (criterion 2%/2mm). The gated point dose measurements in the breathing phantom were 2.7% lower than in the static phantom.

Abstract Background Online adaptive radiotherapy is intended to prevent plan degradation caused by inter-fractional tumor volume and shape changes, but time limitations make online re-planning challenging. The aim of this study was to compare the quality of online-adapted plans to their respective reference treatment plans. Methods Fifty-two patients treated on a ViewRay MRIdian Linac were included in this retrospective study. In total 238 online-adapted plans were analyzed, which were optimized with either changing of the segment weights (n = 85) or full re-optimization (n = 153). Five different treatment sites were evaluated: prostate, abdomen, liver, lung and pelvis. Dosimetric parameters of gross tumor volume (GTV), planning target volume (PTV), 2 cm ring around the PTV and organs at risk (OARs) were considered. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to assess differences between online-adapted and reference treatment plans, p

Etidronic acid (1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, HEDP, H4L) is a proposed decorporation agent for U(VI). This paper studied its complex formation with Eu(III), an inactive analog of trivalent actinides, over a wide pH range, at varying metal-to-ligand ratios (M:L) and total concentrations. Combining spectroscopic, spectrometric, and quantum chemical methods, five distinct Eu(III)−HEDP complexes were found, four of which were characterized. The readily soluble EuH2L+ and Eu(H2L)2− species with log β values of 23.7 ± 0.1 and 45.1 ± 0.9 are formed at acidic pH. At near-neutral pH, EuHL0s forms with a log β of ~23.6 and, additionally, a most probably polynuclear complex. The readily dissolved EuL− species with a log β of ~11.2 is formed at alkaline pH. A six-membered chelate ring is the key motif in all solution structures. The equilibrium between the Eu(III)–HEDP species is influenced by several parameters, i.e., pH, M:L, total Eu(III) and HEDP concentrations, and time. Overall, the present work sheds light on the very complex speciation in the HEDP–Eu(III) system and indicates that, for risk assessment of potential decorporation scenarios, side reactions of HEDP with trivalent actinides and lanthanides should also be taken into account.

Although 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4,-tricarboxylic acid, PBTC, has manifold industrial applications, relevant and reliable data on the protonation of PBTC are poor. However, these data are critical parameters for ascertaining PBTC speciation, especially with regard to a sound structural and thermodynamic characterization of its metal ion complexes. A rigorous evaluation of pH-dependent 1H, 13C, and 31P chemical shifts along with accessible scalar spin–spin coupling constants (J) was performed in order to determine the pKa values of PBTC in 0.5 molal NaCl aqueous solution by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The phosphonate group revealed pKa values of 0.90 ± 0.02 and 9.79 ± 0.02, and the pKa values associated with the carboxylic groups are 3.92 ± 0.02, 4.76 ± 0.03, and 6.13 ± 0.03. Supported by DFT-calculated structures revealing strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding, the sequence of deprotonation could be unambiguously determined.

While the rise of television is a major cultural fact, the demographic, economic, social and cultural dynamics of post-war France, which extends well beyond the mid-1970s in the school fiels, leads to the implementation of policies that profoundly transform the place of vocational education within the education system. How did the televisual discourse account for it during this pivotal period of the 1970s-1980s, which is undergoing a profound change in the dominant economic and social paradigm? The study of audiovisual archives kept by the National Audiovisual Institute (INA) shows how the question of vocational education is integrated into a wider discourse, between denouncing the supposed gravities of the education system and exaltation of the modernizing work in progress, even as the media field is profoundly upset by the liberalization of the audiovisual sector.

Background and purpose: Photon radiotherapy has been established for the treatment of ocular melanoma (OM). Here we investigate the planning qualities of two different planning approaches, a combination of dynamic conformal arcs (DCA) complemented with multiple non-coplanar static intensity-modulated (IMRT) fields (DCA-IMRT), and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in combination with automated planning (AP). Materials and methods: Thirteen consecutive patients treated for ocular melanoma with curative intent on a Linac-based radiosurgery system were analyzed. Fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (fSRS) was applied using 50 Gy in 5 fractions using the combination of DCA-IMRT. Plans were reviewed and the thirteen cases were compared to plans obtained with optimized automated VMAT based on a set of 28 distinct patients treated with DCA-IMRT who were selected to generate the AP model for the prediction of dose volume constraints. Results: Overall, plan quality of DCA-IMRT was superior to AP with VMAT. PTV coverage did not exceed 107% in any case treated with DCA-IMRT, compared to seven patients with VMAT. The median PTV covered by >95% was 98.3% (91.9%–99.7%) with DCA-IMRT, compared to 95.1% (91.5%–97.9%) (p

We describe repeated episodes of hepatitis C (HCV) activation associated with initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in two HIV/HCV coinfected individuals with undetectable serum HCV RNA. Both patients developed high HCV viremia (>1 million IU/mL) and elevations in aminotransferases >10 times upper limit of normal) within 4 months of starting HAART. This is the first report of clinically significant HCV activation in HCV-seropositive patients with initially undetectable HCV viremia. These observations suggest that flares of hepatitis C in the setting of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome can occur even in those patients who have undetectable serum HCV levels prior to HAART initiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe subventricular zone (SVZ) in the brain is associated with gliomagenesis and resistance to treatment in glioblastoma. In this study, we investigate the prognostic role and biological characteristics of subventricular zone (SVZ) involvement in glioblastoma.MethodsWe analyzed T1-weighted, gadolinium-enhanced MR images of a retrospective cohort of 647 primary glioblastoma patients diagnosed between 2005-2013, and performed a multivariable Cox regression analysis to adjust the prognostic effect of SVZ involvement for clinical patient- and tumor-related factors. Protein expression patterns of a.o. markers of neural stem cellness (CD133 and GFAP-δ) and (epithelial-) mesenchymal transition (NF-κB, C/EBP-β and STAT3) were determined with immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays containing 220 of the tumors. Molecular classification and mRNA expression-based gene set enrichment analyses, miRNA expression and SNP copy number analyses were performed on fresh frozen tissue obtained from 76 tumors. Confirmatory analyses were performed on glioblastoma TCGA/TCIA data.ResultsInvolvement of the SVZ was a significant adverse prognostic factor in glioblastoma, independent of age, KPS, surgery type and postoperative treatment. Tumor volume and postoperative complications did not explain this prognostic effect. SVZ contact was associated with increased nuclear expression of the (epithelial-) mesenchymal transition markers C/EBP-β and phospho-STAT3. SVZ contact was not associated with molecular subtype, distinct gene expression patterns, or markers of stem cellness. Our main findings were confirmed in a cohort of 229 TCGA/TCIA glioblastomas.ConclusionIn conclusion, involvement of the SVZ is an independent prognostic factor in glioblastoma, and associates with increased expression of key markers of (epithelial-) mesenchymal transformation, but does not correlate with stem cellness, molecular subtype, or specific (mi)RNA expression patterns.

Purpose: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is the preferred primary treatment option for patients with a limited number of asymptomatic brain metastases. In case of relapse after initial SRS the optimal salvage treatment is not well defined. Within this retrospective analysis, we investigated the feasibility of repeated courses of SRS to defer Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy (WBRT) and aimed to derive prognostic factors for patient selection.Materials and Methods: From 2014 until 2017, 42 patients with 197 brain metastases have been treated with multiple courses of SRS at our institution. Treatment was delivered as single fraction (18 or 20 Gy) or hypo-fractionated (6 fractions with 5 Gy) radiosurgery. Regular follow-up included clinical examination and contrast-enhanced cMRI at 3–4 months' intervals. Besides clinical and treatment related factors, brain metastasis velocity (BMV) as a newly described clinical prognostic metric was included and calculated between first and second treatment.Results: A median number of 1 lesion (range: 1–13) per course and a median of 2 courses (range: 2–6) per patient were administered resulting in a median of 4 (range: 2–14) metastases treated over time per patient. The median interval between SRS courses was 5.8 months (range: 0.9–35 months). With a median follow-up of 17.4 months (range: 4.6–45.5 months) after the first course of treatment, a local control rate of 84% was observed after 1 year and 67% after 2 years. Median time to out-of-field-brain-failure (OOFBF) was 7 months (95%CI 4–8 months). WBRT as a salvage treatment was eventually required in 7 patients (16.6%). Median overall survival (OS) has not been reached. Grouped by ds-GPA (≤ 2 vs. >2) the survival curves showed a significant split (p = 0.039). OS differed also significantly between BMV-risk groups when grouped into low vs. intermediate/high risk groups (p = 0.025). No grade 4 or 5 acute or late toxicity was observed.Conclusion: In selected patients with relapse after SRS for brain metastases, repeat courses of SRS were safe and minimized the need for rescue WBRT. The innovative, yet easy to calculate metric BMV may facilitate treatment decisions as a prognostic factor for OS.

O estudo dos usos da repetência no ensino primário francês no século 19 revela até que ponto esta era utilizada para facilitar a aprendizagem dos melhores alunos. Permitindo distinguir a elite escolar destinada ao êxito nos exames que certificavam os estudos primários, a seleção em cada etapa do percurso leva a relegar as crianças com dificuldades às series iniciais, onde é maior o número de alunos inscritos, junto aos jovens ingressantes. Esta situação não ocorre sem efeitos sobre as desigualdades educacionais, mesmo se estas são atenuadas pelo esforço de modernização empreendido pelos republicanos a partir dos anos 1880. Persistem, contudo, sob diferentes formas na história do sistema escolar francês.Palavras-chave: repetência escolar, França, desigualdade.MERITOCRACY AND THE USES OF SCHOOL FAILURE IN FRENCH PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL FROM 1850 TO THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURYAbstractThe study of the uses of the school failure in French primary education in the nineteenth century reveals the extent to which this was used to facilitate the learning of the best students. It differentiates school elite destined for success in exams certifying that the primary studies, the selection at each stage of the journey leads to relegate children with difficulties to the initial series, where a greater number of students enrolled among the youth entrants. This situation is not without effects on educational inequalities, even if they are attenuated by the modernization efforts undertaken by Republicans from the 1880s. It remains, however, in different forms in the history of the French school system.Key-words: school failure,France, inequality.MERITOCRACIA Y LA UTILIZACIÓN DE LA REPETICIÓN EN LA ESCUELA PRIMARIA PÚBLICA FRANCESA DE 1850 A COMIENZOS DEL SIGLO 20ResumenEl estudio de los usos de la repetición en la escuela primaria francesa en el siglo 19 muestra el grado en que ésta es utilizada para facilitar el aprendizaje de los mejores estudiantes. Permitiendo diferenciar la élite escolar destinada al éxito en los exámenes que certifican los estudios primarios, la selección en cada una de las etapas del curso lleva a relegar a los niños con dificultades en la primera serie, donde hay el mayor número de estudiantes matriculados, junto con los jóvenes estudiantes. Esta situación no se produce sin efectos sobre las desigualdades educativas, incluso si estas se ven atenuadas por los esfuerzos de modernización emprendidos por los republicanos a partir del año 1880. Sin embargo, siguen existiendo en diversas formas en la historia del sistema escolar francés.Palabras-clave: tasas de fracaso escolar, Francia, desigualdad.MERITOCRATIE ET USAGES DU REDOUBLEMENT DANS L’ECOLE PRIMAIRE PUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE DES ANNEES 1850 AU DEBUT DU 20E SIECLERésuméL’étude de l’usage du redoublement dans l’enseignement primaire français au 19e siècle révèle à quel point il est alors employé pour faciliter les apprentissages des meilleurs élèves. En permettant de distinguer l’élite scolaire destinée à réussir les examens du certificat d’études primaires, la sélection à chaque étape du cursus conduit à la relégation des enfants en difficulté dans des petites classes aux effectifs plus chargés et regroupés avec de très jeunes débutants. Cette situation n’est pas sans avoir d’effets sur les inégalités scolaires, même si celles-ci sont atténuées par l’effort de modernisation entrepris par les républicains à partir des années 1880. Ils perdurent néanmoins sous différentes formes dans l’histoire du système scolaire français.Mots-clé: redoublement, France, inégalité.

Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), people with HIV (PWH) on ART experience higher rates of morbidity and mortality vs. age-matched HIV negative controls, which may be driven by chronic inflammation due to persistent virus. We performed bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on peripheral CD4+ T cells, as well as quantified plasma immune marker levels from 154 PWH on ART to identify host immune signatures associated with immune recovery (CD4:CD8) and HIV persistence (cell-associated HIV DNA and RNA). Using a novel dimension reduction tool - Pairwise Controlled Manifold Approximation (PaCMAP), we defined three distinct participant transcriptomic clusters. We found that these three clusters were largely defined by differential expression of genes regulated by the transcription factor NF-κB. While clustering was not associated with HIV reservoir size, we observed an association with CD4:CD8 ratio, a marker of immune recovery and prognostic factor for mortality in PWH on ART. Furthermore, distinct patterns of plasma IL-1β, TNF-α and GCSF were also strongly associated with the clusters, suggesting that these immune markers play a key role in CD4+ T cell transcriptomic diversity and immune recovery in PWH on ART. These findings reveal novel subgroups of PWH on ART with distinct immunological characteristics, and define a transcriptional signature associated with clinically significant immune parameters for PWH. A deeper understanding of these subgroups could advance clinical strategies to treat HIV-associated immune dysfunction.

The treatment of monogenetic disorders, such as hemoglobinopathies and lysosomal storage diseases, has markedly improved with the advent of cell and gene therapies, particularly allogeneic or gene-modified autologous stem cell transplantations. However, therapeutic efficacy is reliant on maintaining engraftment above a critical threshold. To maintain such engraftment levels, we and others have pursued approaches to shield edited cells from antibody or CAR T-cell mediated selection. Here we focused on CD33, which is expressed early on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) as well as on myeloid progenitors. Rhesus macaques were engrafted with HSPCs edited to ablate CD33 utilizing either CRISPR/Cas9 or adenine base editor. Both editing strategies showed similar post-transplant recovery kinetics and yielded equivalent levels of engraftment. We then created a V-set domain specific chimeric antigen receptor construct (CAR33), validated its functionality in vitro, and treated both animals with autologous CAR33 T cells. CAR33 T cells expanded after infusion and caused specific depletion of CD33WT but not CD33null progeny - leading to a transient enrichment for gene-edited cells in the blood. No depletion was seen in the bone marrow stem cell compartment with CD34+CD90+ HSCs expressing lower levels of CD33 in comparison to monocytes. Thus, we show proof of concept and safety of an epitope editing based enrichment/protection strategy in macaques., (Copyright © 2025 American Society of Hematology.)

Over 15 years after hepatotoxicity was first observed following administration of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector during a hemophilia B clinical trial, recent reports of treatment-associated neurotoxicity in animals and humans have brought the potential impact of AAV-associated toxicity back to prominence. In both pre-clinical studies and clinical trials, systemic AAV administration has been associated with neurotoxicity in peripheral nerve ganglia and spinal cord. Neurological signs have also been seen following direct AAV injection into the brain, both in non-human primates and in a clinical trial for late infantile Batten disease. Neurotoxic events appear variable across species, and preclinical animal studies do not fully predict clinical observations. Accumulating data suggest that AAV-associated neurotoxicity may be underdiagnosed and may differ between species in terms of frequency and/or severity. In this review, we discuss the different animal models that have been used to demonstrate AAV-associated neurotoxicity, its potential causes and consequences, and potential approaches to blunt AAV-associated neurotoxicity., Competing Interests: Competing interests: KRJ is a paid advisor and holds equity in Excision Biosciences, has sponsored research agreements with Excision Biosciences and Emendo Biotherapeutics, and is co-inventor of patents held by Fred Hutch regarding AAV-delivered gene therapy. DS and MA have sponsored research agreements with Excision Biosciences., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Background: Although antivirals remain important for the treatment COVID-19, methods to assess treatment efficacy are lacking. Here, we investigated the impact of remdesivir on viral dynamics and their contribution to understanding antiviral efficacy in the multicenter Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial 1, which randomized patients to remdesivir or placebo., Methods: Longitudinal specimens collected during hospitalization from a substudy of 642 patients with COVID-19 were measured for viral RNA (upper respiratory tract and plasma), viral nucleocapsid antigen (serum), and host immunologic markers. Associations with clinical outcomes and response to therapy were assessed., Results: Higher baseline plasma viral loads were associated with poorer clinical outcomes, and decreases in viral RNA and antigen in blood but not the upper respiratory tract correlated with enhanced benefit from remdesivir. The treatment effect of remdesivir was most pronounced in patients with elevated baseline nucleocapsid antigen levels: the recovery rate ratio was 1.95 (95% CI, 1.40-2.71) for levels >245 pg/mL vs 1.04 (95% CI, .76-1.42) for levels <245 pg/mL. Remdesivir also accelerated the rate of viral RNA and antigen clearance in blood, and patients whose blood levels decreased were more likely to recover and survive., Conclusions: Reductions in SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antigen levels in blood correlated with clinical benefit from antiviral therapy., Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04280705 (ClinicalTrials.gov)., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest . A. L. G. reports contract testing to his institution from Abbott, Cepheid, Novavax, Pfizer, Janssen, and Hologic and research support to his institution from Gilead Sciences, Inc, and Merck outside of the described work. D. P. is an employee and shareholder of Gilead Sciences, Inc. K. J. is a shareholder of and was employed by Gilead Sciences, Inc, at the time of manuscript development. C. A. B. has received grants/contracts to her institution from Gilead Sciences, Inc, and consultant fees from NDA Partners, LLC, related to drug development. C. A. B. served as the president of the CROI Foundation Board of Directors, vice president of the Zimbabwe AIDS Treatment Assistance Project Board of Directors, and secretary/treasurer of the IAS-USA Board of Directors (all nonprofit organizations). C. A. B. recently served as deputy editor for Clinical Infectious Diseases for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. N. J. reports salary support by Sagent Pharmaceuticals to his institution. All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024.)

Gene drives are genetic modifications designed to propagate efficiently through a population. Most applications rely on homologous recombination during sexual reproduction in diploid organisms such as insects, but we recently developed a gene drive in herpesviruses that relies on co-infection of cells by wild-type and engineered viruses. Here, we report on a viral gene drive against human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and show that it propagates efficiently in cell culture and during HSV-1 infection in mice. We describe high levels of co-infection and gene drive-mediated recombination in neuronal tissues during herpes encephalitis as the infection progresses from the site of inoculation to the peripheral and central nervous systems. In addition, we show evidence that a superinfecting gene drive virus could recombine with wild-type viruses during latent infection. These findings indicate that HSV-1 achieves high rates of co-infection and recombination during viral infection, a phenomenon that is currently underappreciated. Overall, this study shows that a viral gene drive could spread in vivo during HSV-1 infection, paving the way toward therapeutic applications., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Abstract: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease occurs occasionally before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and is associated with poor post-HCT outcomes; however, the impact of pre-HCT CMV reactivation is unknown. Pre-HCT CMV reactivation was assessed in HCT candidates from the preemptive antiviral therapy (2007-2017) and letermovir prophylaxis (2018-2021) eras. CMV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) surveillance was routinely performed during the pre-HCT workup period, and antiviral therapy was recommended according to risk of progression to CMV disease. Risk factors for pre-HCT CMV reactivation were characterized, and the associations of pre-HCT CMV reactivation with post-HCT outcomes were examined using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models, respectively. A total of 1694 patients were identified, and 11% had pre-HCT CMV reactivation 14 days (median; interquartile range [IQR], 6-23) before HCT. Lymphopenia (≤0.3 × 103/μL) was the strongest risk factor for pre-HCT CMV reactivation at multiple PCR levels. In the preemptive therapy era, patients with pre-HCT CMV reactivation had a significantly increased risk of CMV reactivation by day 100 as well as CMV disease and death by 1 year after HCT. Clearance of pre-HCT CMV reactivation was associated with a lower risk of post-HCT CMV reactivation. Similar associations with post-HCT CMV end points were observed in a cohort of patients receiving letermovir prophylaxis. Pre-HCT CMV reactivation can be routinely detected in high-risk HCT candidates and is a significant risk factor for post-HCT CMV reactivation and disease. Pre-HCT CMV DNA PCR surveillance is recommended in high-risk HCT candidates, and antiviral therapy may be indicated to prevent post-HCT CMV reactivation., (© 2024 by The American Society of Hematology. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), permitting only noncommercial, nonderivative use with attribution. All other rights reserved.)

Abstract: Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) reactivation and disease are increasingly reported after chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy (CARTx). HHV-6 reactivation in the CAR T-cell product was recently reported, raising questions about product and patient management. Because of overlapping manifestations with immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, diagnosing HHV-6B encephalitis is challenging. We provide 2 lines of evidence assessing the incidence and outcomes of HHV-6B after CARTx. First, in a prospective study with weekly HHV-6B testing for up to 12 weeks after infusion, HHV-6B reactivation occurred in 8 of 89 participants; 3 had chromosomally integrated HHV-6 and were excluded, resulting in a cumulative incidence of HHV-6B reactivation of 6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2-12.5). HHV-6B detection was low level (median peak, 435 copies per mL; interquartile range, 164-979) and did not require therapy. Second, we retrospectively analyzed HHV-6B detection in the blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within 12 weeks after infusion in CARTx recipients. Of 626 patients, 24 had symptom-driven plasma testing, with detection in 1. Among 34 patients with CSF HHV-6 testing, 1 patient had possible HHV-6 encephalitis for a cumulative incidence of 0.17% (95% CI, 0.02-0.94), although symptoms improved without treatment. Our data demonstrate that HHV-6B reactivation and disease are infrequent after CARTx. Routine HHV-6 monitoring is not warranted., (© 2024 American Society of Hematology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.)

Abstract: Preemptive therapy (PET) and letermovir prophylaxis are effective in preventing cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease within the first 100 days after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) but are associated with late-onset CMV disease. We retrospectively examined the clinical manifestations, risk factors, prevention algorithm, and outcome of late CMV disease in CMV seropositive day 100 survivors transplanted between 2001-2017 (PET cohort) and 2018-2021 (letermovir cohort). There were 203 episodes of late CMV disease among 2469 day 100 survivors, and the estimated cumulative incidence of first late CMV disease was 7.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.2-8.3) with no difference between the PET (7.4%; 95% CI, 6.4-8.6) and the letermovir group (5.4%; 95% CI, 3.2-8.3). Thirty-seven patients (1.5%) had a second episode of CMV disease. In multivariable Cox regression models, posttransplant cyclophosphamide was associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal CMV disease. CMV viremia or disease detected before day 100, corticosteroid treatment after day 100 at dose ≥1 mg/kg, acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease, lymphopenia, HLA-mismatched related donor status, were also associated with late CMV disease. HLA-mismatched donor status and late use of corticosteroids (≥1 mg/kg) were risk factors for late CMV disease recurrence. Late CMV disease occurred most frequently in a setting of prolonged low-level untreated viremia and was independently associated with death by 2 years after HCT. In summary, late CMV disease continues to occur in the present era. Improved prevention strategies for late CMV disease are needed., (© 2024 by The American Society of Hematology. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), permitting only noncommercial, nonderivative use with attribution. All other rights reserved.)

Anti-HSV therapies are only suppressive because they do not eliminate latent HSV present in ganglionic neurons, the source of recurrent disease. We have developed a potentially curative approach against HSV infection, based on gene editing using HSV-specific meganucleases delivered by adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. Gene editing performed with two anti-HSV-1 meganucleases delivered by a combination of AAV9, AAV-Dj/8, and AAV-Rh10 can eliminate 90% or more of latent HSV DNA in mouse models of orofacial infection, and up to 97% of latent HSV DNA in mouse models of genital infection. Using a pharmacological approach to reactivate latent HSV-1, we demonstrate that ganglionic viral load reduction leads to a significant decrease of viral shedding in treated female mice. While therapy is well tolerated, in some instances, we observe hepatotoxicity at high doses and subtle histological evidence of neuronal injury without observable neurological signs or deficits. Simplification of the regimen through use of a single serotype (AAV9) delivering single meganuclease targeting a duplicated region of the HSV genome, dose reduction, and use of a neuron-specific promoter each results in improved tolerability while retaining efficacy. These results reinforce the curative potential of gene editing for HSV disease., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies have demonstrated immense clinical success for B cell and plasma cell malignancies. We tested their impact on the viral reservoir in a macaque model of HIV persistence, comparing the functions of CD20 CAR T cells between animals infected with simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) and uninfected controls. We focused on the potential of this approach to disrupt B cell follicles (BCFs), exposing infected cells for immune clearance. In SHIV-infected animals, CAR T cells were highly functional, with rapid expansion and trafficking to tissue-associated viral sanctuaries, including BCFs and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). CD20 CAR T cells potently ablated BCFs and depleted lymph-node-associated follicular helper T (T FH ) cells, with complete restoration of BCF architecture and T FH cells following CAR T cell contraction. BCF ablation decreased the splenic SHIV reservoir but was insufficient for effective reductions in systemic viral reservoirs. Although associated with moderate hematologic toxicity, CD20 CAR T cells were well tolerated in SHIV-infected and control animals, supporting the feasibility of this therapy in people living with HIV with underlying B cell malignancies. Our findings highlight the unique ability of CD20 CAR T cells to safely and reversibly unmask T FH cells within BCF sanctuaries, informing future combinatorial HIV cure strategies designed to augment antiviral efficacy., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare the following competing interests: H.-P.K. is or was a consultant to and has or had ownership interests in Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Homology Medicines, Vor Biopharma, and Ensoma, Inc., (Copyright © 2024 The American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Most individuals are latently infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and it is well-established that HSV-1 establishes latency in sensory neurons of peripheral ganglia. However, it was recently proposed that latent HSV-1 is also present in immune cells recovered from the ganglia of experimentally infected mice. Here, we reanalyzed the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) data that formed the basis for that conclusion. Unexpectedly, off-target priming in 3' scRNA-Seq experiments enabled the detection of non-polyadenylated HSV-1 latency-associated transcript ( LAT ) intronic RNAs. However, LAT reads were near-exclusively detected in mixed populations of cells undergoing cell death. Specific loss of HSV-1 LAT and neuronal transcripts during quality control filtering indicated widespread destruction of neurons, supporting the presence of contaminating cell-free RNA in other cells following tissue processing. In conclusion, the reported detection of latent HSV-1 in non-neuronal cells is best explained using compromised scRNA-Seq datasets.IMPORTANCEMost people are infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) during their life. Once infected, the virus generally remains in a latent (silent) state, hiding within the neurons of peripheral ganglia. Periodic reactivation (reawakening) of the virus may cause fresh diseases such as cold sores. A recent study using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) proposed that HSV-1 can also establish latency in the immune cells of mice, challenging existing dogma. We reanalyzed the data from that study and identified several flaws in the methodologies and analyses performed that invalidate the published conclusions. Specifically, we showed that the methodologies used resulted in widespread destruction of neurons which resulted in the presence of contaminants that confound the data analysis. We thus conclude that there remains little to no evidence for HSV-1 latency in immune cells., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background: The epidemiology of cytomegalovirus (CMV) after chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell immunotherapy (CARTx) is poorly understood owing to a lack of routine surveillance., Methods: We prospectively enrolled 72 adult CMV-seropositive CD19-, CD20-, or BCMA-targeted CARTx recipients and tested plasma samples for CMV before and weekly up to 12 weeks after CARTx. We assessed CMV-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMV-CMI) before and 2 and 4 weeks after CARTx, using an interferon γ release assay to quantify T-cell responses to IE-1 and pp65. We tested pre-CARTx samples to calculate a risk score for cytopenias and infection (CAR-HEMATOTOX). We used Cox regression to evaluate CMV risk factors and evaluated the predictive performance of CMV-CMI for CMV reactivation in receiver operator characteristic curves., Results: CMV was detected in 1 patient (1.4%) before and in 18 (25%) after CARTx, for a cumulative incidence of 27% (95% confidence interval, 16.8-38.2). The median CMV viral load (interquartile range) was 127 (interquartile range, 61-276) IU/mL, with no end-organ disease observed; 5 patients received preemptive therapy based on clinical results. CMV-CMI values reached a nadir 2 weeks after infusion and recovered to baseline levels by week 4. In adjusted models, BCMA-CARTx (vs CD19/CD20) and corticosteroid use for >3 days were significantly associated with CMV reactivation, and possible associations were detected for lower week 2 CMV-CMI and more prior antitumor regimens. The cumulative incidence of CMV reactivation almost doubled when stratified by BCMA-CARTx target and use of corticosteroids for >3 days (46% and 49%, respectively)., Conclusions: CMV testing could be considered between 2 and 6 weeks in high-risk CARTx recipients., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. E. K. reports travel support from Merck to attend the International Immunocompromised Host Society (ICHS) symposium 2022. D. J. G. has served as an advisor and has received research funding and royalties from Juno Therapeutics, a Bristol-Myers Squibb company; has served as an advisor and received research funding from Seattle Genetics; has served as an advisor for GlaxoSmithKline, Celgene, Ensoma, Janssen Biotech, and Legend Biotech; and has received research funding from SpringWorks Therapeutics, Sanofi, and Cellectar Biosciences. J. G. has served as ad hoc consultant and has received honoraria from Sobi, Legend Biotech, Janssen, Kite Pharma, and MorphoSys; has received research funding from Sobi, Juno Therapeutics (a Bristol-Myers Squibb company), Celgene (a Bristol-Myers Squibb company), and Angiocrine Bioscience; and has participated in the independent data review committee for Century Therapeutics. D. G. M. has served as ad hoc consultant and has received honoraria from BMS, Celgene, Genentech, Juno Therapeutics, and Kite. D. G. M.'s institution, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, has received research funding, including salary support, from the following companies for clinical trials on which D. G. M. is a principal investigator or subinvestigator: Kite Pharma, Juno Therapeutics, Celgene, Legend Biotech, and BMS. D. G. M. has the rights to royalties from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center for patents licensed to Juno Therapeutics/BMS; has stock options from A2 Biotherapeutics and Navan Technologies; has served as member with compensation for A2 Biotherapeutics, Navan, and Chimeric Therapeutics (member of the Scientific Advisory Board), Genentech (member and chair of the Lymphoma Steering Committee), BMS (member of the JCAR017 EAP-001 Safety Review Committee), BMS (member of the CLL Strategic Council), ImmPACT Bio (member of the Clinical Advisory Board and the CD19/CD20 bispecific CAR-T Cell Therapy Program), Gilead Sciences (member of the Scientific Review Committee and Research Scholars Program in Hematologic Malignancies), and Interius (member of Clinical Advisory Board); has served as member without compensation for BMS (member of the JCAR017-BCM-03 Scientific Steering Committee). M. J. B has served as consultant and has received research funding from Merck; has served as consultant for Symbio, Helocyte, Moderna, and Allovir; and has served as a consultant and had option to acquire stock for EvrysBio. J. A. H. has served as a consultant for Moderna, Allovir, Gilead, SentiBio, Modulus, and Allogene and received research funding from Allovir, Gilead, and Merck. All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants and their respective phenotypes represents an important set of tools to understand basic coronavirus biology as well as the public health implications of individual mutations in variants of concern. While mutations outside of Spike are not well studied, the entire viral genome is undergoing evolutionary selection, particularly the central disordered linker region of the nucleocapsid (N) protein. Here, we identify a mutation (G215C), characteristic of the Delta variant, that introduces a novel cysteine into this linker domain, which results in the formation of a disulfide bond and a stable N-N dimer. Using reverse genetics, we determined that this cysteine residue is necessary and sufficient for stable dimer formation in a WA1 SARS-CoV-2 background, where it results in significantly increased viral growth both in vitro and in vivo . Finally, we demonstrate that the N:G215C virus packages more nucleocapsid per virion and that individual virions are larger, with elongated morphologies., Competing Interests: Competing interests HCK, HWD, BAJ, VDM and EAB have filed a patent on the use of mutations in the nucleocapsid linker as a means of increasing nucleocapsid protein levels. V.DM. has filed a patent on the reverse genetics system and reporter SARS-CoV-2. Other authors declare no competing interests.

Background: Rhinovirus (RV) infections can progress from the upper (URT) to lower (LRT) respiratory tract in immunocompromised individuals, causing high rates of fatal pneumonia. Little is known about how RV evolves within hosts during infection., Methods: We sequenced RV complete genomes from 12 hematopoietic cell transplant patients with infection for up to 190 days from both URT (nasal wash, NW) and LRT (bronchoalveolar lavage, BAL). Metagenomic and amplicon next-generation sequencing were used to track the emergence and evolution of intrahost single nucleotide variants (iSNVs)., Results: Identical RV intrahost populations in matched NW and BAL specimens indicated no genetic adaptation is required for RV to progress from URT to LRT. Coding iSNVs were 2.3-fold more prevalent in capsid over nonstructural genes. iSNVs modeled were significantly more likely to be found in capsid surface residues, but were not preferentially located in known RV-neutralizing antibody epitopes. Newly emergent, genotype-matched iSNV haplotypes from immunocompromised individuals in 2008-2010 could be detected in Seattle-area community RV sequences in 2020-2021., Conclusions: RV infections in immunocompromised hosts can progress from URT to LRT with no specific evolutionary requirement. Capsid proteins carry the highest variability and emergent mutations can be detected in other, including future, RV sequences., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest . A. L. G. reports contract testing from Abbott, Cepheid, Novavax, Pfizer, Janssen, and Hologic; and research support from Gilead and Merck, outside of the described work. A. W. reports research support from Pfizer, Amazon, GlaxoSmithKline/Vir, Ansun Biopharma, and Allovir; receiving personal fees from Kyorin Pharmaceutical and Vir Biotechnology; and receiving grants from Amazon and VB Tech, all outside the submitted work. All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

Limited understanding of the immunopathogenesis of human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) has prevented its acceptance as a pulmonary pathogen after hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). In this prospective multicenter study of patients undergoing bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for pneumonia after allogeneic HCT, we test blood and BAL fluid (BALF) for HHV-6B DNA and mRNA transcripts associated with lytic infection and perform RNA-seq on paired blood. Among 116 participants, HHV-6B DNA is detected in 37% of BALs, 49% of which also have HHV-6B mRNA detection. We establish HHV-6B DNA viral load thresholds in BALF that are highly predictive of HHV-6B mRNA detection and associated with increased risk for overall mortality and death from respiratory failure. Participants with HHV-6B DNA in BALF exhibit distinct host gene expression signatures, notable for enriched interferon signaling pathways in participants clinically diagnosed with idiopathic pneumonia. These data implicate HHV-6B as a pulmonary pathogen after allogeneic HCT., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The major barrier to an HIV cure is the HIV reservoir: latently-infected cells that persist despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). There have been few cohort-based studies evaluating host genomic or transcriptomic predictors of the HIV reservoir. We performed host RNA sequencing and HIV reservoir quantification (total DNA [tDNA], unspliced RNA [usRNA], intact DNA) from peripheral CD4+ T cells from 191 ART-suppressed people with HIV (PWH). After adjusting for nadir CD4+ count, timing of ART initiation, and genetic ancestry, we identified two host genes for which higher expression was significantly associated with smaller total DNA viral reservoir size, P3H3 and NBL1, both known tumor suppressor genes. We then identified 17 host genes for which lower expression was associated with higher residual transcription (HIV usRNA). These included novel associations with membrane channel (KCNJ2, GJB2), inflammasome (IL1A, CSF3, TNFAIP5, TNFAIP6, TNFAIP9, CXCL3, CXCL10), and innate immunity (TLR7) genes (FDR-adjusted q<0.05). Gene set enrichment analyses further identified significant associations of HIV usRNA with TLR4/microbial translocation (q = 0.006), IL-1/NRLP3 inflammasome (q = 0.008), and IL-10 (q = 0.037) signaling. Protein validation assays using ELISA and multiplex cytokine assays supported these observed inverse host gene correlations, with P3H3, IL-10, and TNF-α protein associations achieving statistical significance (p<0.05). Plasma IL-10 was also significantly inversely associated with HIV DNA (p = 0.016). HIV intact DNA was not associated with differential host gene expression, although this may have been due to a large number of undetectable values in our study. To our knowledge, this is the largest host transcriptomic study of the HIV reservoir. Our findings suggest that host gene expression may vary in response to the transcriptionally active reservoir and that changes in cellular proliferation genes may influence the size of the HIV reservoir. These findings add important data to the limited host genetic HIV reservoir studies to date., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Dwivedi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Remdesivir is approved for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in nonhospitalized and hospitalized adult and pediatric patients. Here we present severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) resistance analyses from the phase 3 ACTT-1 randomized placebo-controlled trial conducted in adult participants hospitalized with COVID-19., Methods: Swab samples were collected at baseline and longitudinally through day 29. SARS-CoV-2 genomes were sequenced using next-generation sequencing. Phenotypic analysis was conducted directly on participant virus isolates and/or using SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic replicons expressing mutations identified in the Nsp12 target gene., Results: Among participants with both baseline and postbaseline sequencing data, emergent Nsp12 substitutions were observed in 12 of 31 (38.7%) and 12 of 30 (40.0%) participants in the remdesivir and placebo arms, respectively. No emergent Nsp12 substitutions in the remdesivir arm were observed in more than 1 participant. Phenotyping showed low to no change in susceptibility to remdesivir relative to wild-type Nsp12 reference for the substitutions tested: A16V (0.8-fold change in EC50), P323L + V792I (2.2-fold), C799F (2.5-fold), K59N (1.0-fold), and K59N + V792I (3.4-fold)., Conclusions: The similar rate of emerging Nsp12 substitutions in the remdesivir and placebo arms and the minimal change in remdesivir susceptibility among tested substitutions support a high barrier to remdesivir resistance development in COVID-19 patients. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04280705., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

Objectives: Letermovir for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis in allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients has decreased anti-CMV therapy use. Contrary to letermovir, anti-CMV antivirals are also active against human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6). We assessed changes in HHV-6 epidemiology in the post-letermovir era., Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of CMV-seropositive allogeneic HCT recipients comparing time periods before and after routine use of prophylactic letermovir. HHV-6 testing was at the discretion of clinicians. We computed the cumulative incidence of broad-spectrum antiviral initiation (foscarnet, (val)ganciclovir, and/or cidofovir), HHV-6 testing, and HHV-6 detection in blood and cerebrospinal fluid within 100 days after HCT. We used Cox proportional-hazards models with stabilized inverse probability of treatment weights to compare outcomes between cohorts balanced for baseline factors., Results: We analysed 738 patients, 376 in the pre-letermovir and 362 in the post-letermovir cohort. Broad-spectrum antiviral initiation incidence decreased from 65% (95% CI, 60-70%) pre-letermovir to 21% (95% CI, 17-25%) post-letermovir. The cumulative incidence of HHV-6 testing (17% [95% CI, 13-21%] pre-letermovir versus 13% [95% CI, 10-16%] post-letermovir), detection (3% [95% CI, 1-5%] in both cohorts), and HHV-6 encephalitis (0.5% [95% CI, 0.1-1.8%] pre-letermovir and 0.6% [95% CI, 0.1-1.9%] post-letermovir) were similar between cohorts. First HHV-6 detection occurred at a median of 37 days (interquartile range, 18-58) in the pre-letermovir cohort and 27 (interquartile range, 25-34) in the post-letermovir cohort. In a weighted model, there was no association between the pre-versus post-letermovir cohort and HHV-6 detection (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.44-2.62)., Discussion: Despite a large decrease in broad-spectrum antivirals after the introduction of letermovir prophylaxis in CMV-seropositive allogeneic HCT recipients, there was no evidence for increased clinically detected HHV-6 reactivation and disease., (Copyright © 2023 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Current immunotherapeutic targets are often shared between neoplastic and normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), leading to unwanted on-target, off-tumor toxicities. Deletion or modification of such targets to protect normal HSPCs is, therefore, of great interest. Although HSPC modifications commonly aim to mimic naturally occurring phenotypes, the long-term persistence and safety of gene-edited cells need to be evaluated. Here, we deleted the V-set domain of CD33, the immune-dominant domain targeted by most anti-CD33 antibodies used to treat CD33-positive malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia, in the HSPCs of two rhesus macaques, performed autologous transplantation after myeloablative conditioning, and followed the animals for up to 3 years. CD33-edited HSPCs engrafted without any delay in recovery of neutrophils, the primary cell type expressing CD33. No impact on the blood composition, reconstitution of the bone marrow stem cell compartment, or myeloid differentiation potential was observed. Up to 20% long-term gene editing in HSPCs and blood cell lineages was seen with robust loss of CD33 detection on myeloid lineages. In conclusion, deletion of the V-set domain of CD33 on HSPCs, progenitors, and myeloid lineages did not show any adverse effects on their homing and engraftment potential or the differentiation and functionality of myeloid progenitors and lineages., Competing Interests: S.R. is a consultant to Forty-Eight BIO Inc. and Ensoma Inc. R.B.W. received laboratory research grants and/or clinical trial support from Amgen, Aptevo, Celgene, ImmunoGen, Janssen, Jazz, Kura, MacroGenics, and Pfizer; has ownership interests in Amphivena; and is (or has been) a consultant to Abbvie, Adicet, Amphivena, BerGenBio, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, ImmunoGen, Kura, and Orum. H.P.K is or was a consultant to and has or had ownership interests with Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Homology Medicines, V.O.R. Biopharma, and Ensoma Inc. H.P.K. has also been a consultant to CSL Behring and Magenta Therapeutics., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Previous studies have documented natural infections of SARS-CoV-2 in various domestic and wild animals. More recently, studies have been published noting the susceptibility of members of the Cervidae family, and infections in both wild and captive cervid populations. In this study, we investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in mammalian wildlife within the state of Vermont. 739 nasal or throat samples were collected from wildlife throughout the state during the 2021 and 2022 harvest season. Data was collected from red and gray foxes (Vulpes vulples and Urocyon cineroargentus, respectively), fishers (Martes pennati), river otters (Lutra canadensis), coyotes (Canis lantrans), bobcats (Lynx rufus rufus), black bears (Ursus americanus), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Samples were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 via quantitative RT-qPCR using the CDC N1/N2 primer set and/or the WHO-E gene primer set. Surprisingly, we initially detected a number of N1 and/or N2 positive samples with high cycle threshold values, though after conducting environmental swabbing of the laboratory and verifying with a second independent primer set (WHO-E) and PCR without reverse transcriptase, we showed that these were false positives due to plasmid contamination from a construct expressing the N gene in the general laboratory environment. Our final results indicate that no sampled wildlife were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and highlight the importance of physically separate locations for the processing of samples for surveillance and experiments that require the use of plasmid DNA containing the target RNA sequence. These negative findings are surprising, given that most published North America studies have found SARS-CoV-2 within their deer populations. The absence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in populations sampled here may provide insights in to the various environmental and anthropogenic factors that reduce spillover and spread in North American's wildlife populations., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

Most individuals are latently infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and it is well-established that HSV-1 establishes latency in sensory neurons of peripheral ganglia. However, it was recently proposed that latent virus is also present in immune cells recovered from ganglia in a mouse model used for studying latency. Here, we reanalyzed the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) data that formed the basis for this conclusion. Unexpectedly, off-target priming in 3' scRNA-Seq experiments enabled the detection of non-polyadenylated HSV-1 latency-associated transcript ( LAT ) intronic RNAs. However, LAT reads were nearexclusively detected in a mixed population of cells undergoing cell death. Specific loss of HSV1 LAT and neuronal transcripts during quality control filtering indicated widespread destruction of neurons, supporting the presence of contaminating cell-free RNA in other cells following tissue processing. In conclusion, the reported detection of latent HSV-1 in non-neuronal cells is best explained by inaccuracies in the data analyses.

Since the first HIV-cured person was reported in 2009, a strong interest in developing highly sensitive HIV and SIV reservoir assays has emerged. In particular, the question arose about the comparative value of state-of-the-art assays to measure and characterize the HIV reservoir, and how these assays can be applied to accurately detect changes in the reservoir during efforts to develop a cure for HIV infection. Second, it is important to consider the impact on the outcome of clinical trials if these relatively new HIV reservoir assays are incorporated into clinical trial endpoints and/or used for clinical decision-making. To understand the advantages and limitations and the regulatory implications of HIV reservoir assays, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) sponsored and convened a meeting on September 16, 2022, to discuss the state of knowledge concerning these questions and best practices for selecting HIV reservoir assays for a particular research question or clinical trial protocol.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a pathogen of major public health importance that is largely incurable once a chronic infection is established. Only humans and great apes are fully permissive to HBV infection, and this species restriction has impacted HBV research by limiting the utility of small animal models. To combat HBV species restrictions and enable more in vivo studies, liver-humanized mouse models have been developed that are permissive to HBV infection and replication. Unfortunately, these models can be difficult to establish and are expensive commercially, which has limited their academic use. As an alternative mouse model to study HBV, we evaluated liver-humanized NSG-PiZ mice and showed that they are fully permissive to HBV. HBV selectively replicates in human hepatocytes within chimeric livers, and HBV-positive (HBV + ) mice secrete infectious virions and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) into blood while also harboring covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). HBV + mice develop chronic infections lasting at least 169 days, which should enable the study of new curative therapies targeting chronic HBV, and respond to entecavir therapy. Furthermore, HBV + human hepatocytes in NSG-PiZ mice can be transduced by AAV3b and AAV.LK03 vectors, which should enable the study of gene therapies that target HBV. In summary, our data demonstrate that liver-humanized NSG-PiZ mice can be used as a robust and cost-effective alternative to existing chronic hepatitis B (CHB) models and may enable more academic research labs to study HBV disease pathogenesis and antiviral therapy. IMPORTANCE Liver-humanized mouse models have become the gold standard for the in vivo study of hepatitis B virus (HBV), yet their complexity and cost have prohibited widespread use of existing models in research. Here, we show that the NSG-PiZ liver-humanized mouse model, which is relatively inexpensive and simple to establish, can support chronic HBV infection. Infected mice are fully permissive to hepatitis B, supporting both active replication and spread, and can be used to study novel antiviral therapies. This model is a viable and cost-effective alternative to other liver-humanized mouse models that are used to study HBV., Competing Interests: The authors declare a conflict of interest. K.R.J. is a paid advisor and holds equity in Excision Biosciences; he also has a sponsored research agreement with Emendo Biotherapeutics. D.S. and M.A. have sponsored research agreements with Excision Biosciences.

Mucosal infections pose a significant global health burden. Antigen-specific tissue-resident T cells are critical to maintaining barrier immunity. Previous studies in the context of systemic infection suggest that memory CD8+ T cells may also provide innate-like protection against antigenically unrelated pathogens independent of T cell receptor engagement. Whether bystander T cell activation is also an important defense mechanism in the mucosa is poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether innate-like memory CD8+ T cells could protect against a model mucosal virus infection, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). We found that immunization with an irrelevant antigen delayed disease progression from lethal HSV-2 challenge, suggesting that memory CD8+ T cells may mediate protection despite the lack of antigen specificity. Upon HSV-2 infection, we observed an early infiltration, rather than substantial local proliferation, of antigen-nonspecific CD8+ T cells, which became bystander-activated only within the infected mucosal tissue. Critically, we show that bystander-activated CD8+ T cells are sufficient to reduce early viral burden after HSV-2 infection. Finally, local cytokine cues within the tissue microenvironment after infection were sufficient for bystander activation of mucosal tissue memory CD8+ T cells from mice and humans. Altogether, our findings suggest that local bystander activation of CD8+ memory T cells contributes a fast and effective innate-like response to infection in mucosal tissue.

Background: Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections can progress from the upper (URT) to lower (LRT) respiratory tract in immunocompromised individuals, causing high rates of fatal pneumonia. Little is known about how HRV evolves within hosts during infection., Methods: We sequenced HRV complete genomes from 12 hematopoietic cell transplant patients with prolonged infection for up to 190 days from both URT (nasal wash, NW) and LRT (bronchoalveolar lavage, BAL) specimens. Metagenomic (mNGS) and amplicon-based NGS were used to study the emergence and evolution of intra-host single nucleotide variants (iSNVs)., Results: Identical HRV intra-host populations in matched NW and BAL specimens indicated no genetic adaptation is required for HRV to progress from URT to LRT. Microbial composition between matched NW and BAL confirmed no cross-contamination during sampling procedure. Coding iSNVs were 2.3-fold more prevalent in capsid over non-structural genes, adjusted for length. iSNVs modeled onto HRV capsid structures were significantly more likely to be found in surface residues, but were not preferentially located in known HRV neutralizing antibody epitopes. Newly emergent, serotype-matched iSNV haplotypes from immunocompromised individuals from 2008-2010 could be detected in Seattle-area community HRV sequences from 2020-2021., Conclusion: HRV infections in immunocompromised hosts can progress from URT to LRT with no specific evolutionary requirement. Capsid proteins carry the highest variability and emergent mutations can be detected in other, including future, HRV sequences.