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A comparative study was carried out of emissions from the catalytic combustion of pellets made from furniture board waste and pellets made from wood mixed with Fe2O3. The mass content of the Fe2O3 catalyst in the fuel was varied from 0% to 5%, 10%, and 15% in relation to the total dry mass weight of the pellets. The average flame temperature in the boiler was between 730 and 800 °C. The effect of the catalyst concentration in the fuel was analysed with respect to the contents of O2, CO2, CO, H2, and NOx in the flue gas and the combustion quality of the pellets in the heating boiler. Changes in the CO2 content and the proportion of unburned combustible components in the combustion residue were assessed. It was established that an increase in the Fe2O3 content of the prepared fuels had a positive effect on reducing NOx, CO, and H2 emissions. However, the proportion of iron oxide in the tested fuel pellets did not significantly influence changes in their combustion quality. A strong effect of the addition of Fe2O3 on the reduction of the average NOx content in the flue gas occurred with the combustion of furniture board fuel, from 51.4 ppm at 0% Fe2O3 to 7.7 ppm for an additive content of 15%. Based on the analysis of the residue in the boiler ash pan, the amount of unburned combustibles relative to their input amounts was found to be 0.09–0.22% for wood pellets and 0.50–0.31% for furniture board waste pellets.

A comparative study was carried out of emissions from the catalytic combustion of pellets made from furniture board waste and pellets made from wood mixed with Fe

This paper presents the research results of the effect of using calcium oxide and potassium permanganate on the combustion of pellets from wheat bran and beet pulp. The measurements were performed in the technical laboratory of the Centre of Energy Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources in Ostrava. The research examined the effect of the use of chemical substances on the amount of air pollutants from biomass thermal conversion in a low-power boiler and the process temperature. First, we performed technical and elementary analyses of agricultural waste. The raw material was then comminuted, mixed with a selected additive, pelletized, and finally burned in a low-power boiler. The additive was added in three proportions: 1:20, 1:10, and 1:6.67 (i.e., 15%) relative to the fuel weight. The combustion process efficiency was measured using a flue gas analyzer and three thermocouples attached to the data recorder. From the measurement results, we were able to determine the percentage reduction of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere (CO, NOx, and SO2) due to the use of additives. Because emission standards are becoming increasingly stringent and fuel and energy prices are rising, the results presented in this article may be useful to agri-food processing plants that want to manage these materials thermally.

This paper presents the research results of the effect of using calcium oxide and potassium permanganate on the combustion of pellets from wheat bran and beet pulp. The measurements were performed in the technical laboratory of the Centre of Energy Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources in Ostrava. The research examined the effect of the use of chemical substances on the amount of air pollutants from biomass thermal conversion in a low-power boiler and the process temperature. First, we performed technical and elementary analyses of agricultural waste. The raw material was then comminuted, mixed with a selected additive, pelletized, and finally burned in a low-power boiler. The additive was added in three proportions: 1:20, 1:10, and 1:6.67 (i.e., 15%) relative to the fuel weight. The combustion process efficiency was measured using a flue gas analyzer and three thermocouples attached to the data recorder. From the measurement results, we were able to determine the percentage reduction of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere (CO, NO

Granulated beet pulp and wheat straw, first separately and then mixed in a weight ratio of 50/50%, underwent a pyrolysis process in a laboratory batch generator with process temperatures of 400 and 500 °C. The feedstock’s chemical composition and the pyrolysis products’ chemical composition (biochar and pyrolysis gas) were analysed. A synergistic effect was observed in the co-pyrolysis of the combined feedstock, which occurred as an increase the content of the arising gas in relation to the total weight of the products. and as a reduction of bio-oil content. The maximum gas proportion was 21.8% at 500 °C and the minimum between 12.6% and 18.4% for the pyrolysis of individual substrates at 400 °C. The proportions of the gases, including CO, CO2, CH4, H2, and O2, present in the resulting synthesis gases were also analysed. The usage of a higher pyrolysis final temperature strongly affected the increase of the CH4 and H2 concentration and the decrease of CO2 and CO concentration in the pyrolysis gas. The highest percentage of hydrogen in the synthesis gas, around 33%vol, occurred at 500 °C during co-pyrolysis.

Research was carried out into the impact of the content of wheat flour in a mixture with chopped wheat straw and the humidity of this material on the hardness of the pellet obtained from this raw material. The maximum content of wheat flour was 9.6% of the dry matter of the raw material, and the humidity of the raw material was 11.6, 25.7 and 36.0%. An increase of wheat flour content in the whole range examined considerably increased the pellet hardness, while an increase of humidity content in the raw material had an impact on increased hardness up to 25.7% only.

Influence of wastes generated during juice production: apple, carrot and red beet, added to barley straw, on density of pellet mass, pellet hardness, ash content and calorific value was assessed. Dry mass content of additives in the substrate to pellet production was: 0, 10, 20 and 30% of the mixture weight. The relative humidity of the raw material was: 17.0, 19.5 and 22%. Higher percentages of additives and higher moisture content in the raw materials increased the hardness and density of the pellet. The contents of natural polymers such as lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose were determined in primary materials used to prepare substrate and in pellet. Changes in the determination of these substances was observed as a result of the granulation process.

Investigations were performed in relation to the thermal gasification of wood granulate using steam in an allothermal reactor with electric heaters. They studied the impact of the temperature inside the reactor and the steam flow rate on the percentage shares of H2, CH4, CO, and CO2 in synthesis gas and on the calorific value of syngas. The tests were conducted at temperatures inside the reactor equal to 750, 800, and 850 °C and with a steam flow rate equal to 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 kg∙h−1. The intensity of gasified biomass was 20 kg∙h−1. A significant impact of the temperature on the percentages of all the components of synthesis gas and a significant impact of the steam flow rate on the content of hydrogen and carbon dioxide in syngas were found. The highest percentage of hydrogen obtained was 43.3%. The calorific value of the gas depended significantly on the temperature inside the reactor and the correlation between the temperature and the steam flow rate. Its maximum value was 13.3 MJ∙m−3 at 800 °C. This paper also includes an assessment of the mutual correlations of the percentage shares of the individual synthesis gas components.

The article presents an overview of truck models with electric drive. The main advantages of these vehicles are the low level of noise emitted and the lack of exhaust gas emissions as well as less failure of the drive units. The limitation is a short travel distance on one battery charge and a long battery charging time.

The article discusses the basic conditions for transport-ing long-wood timber and equipping sets for transporting timber logs. An overview of the structural solutions of trailers and stanchions used by major manufacturers on the European market is presented. The main directions of development of road timber transport is to reduce the own weight of means of transport through the use of lighter construction materials and increase the possibility of carrying various types of cargo by adjusting the trailer elements.

Research was carried out concerning spraying young cherry trees with a multirotor drone: a hexacopter. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of the following: the nozzle type, the air stream from the drone rotors and the size of spacing between the trees on the distribution of the liquid sprayed in the crown of the trees being sprayed. Experimental trials were conducted on a laboratory test stand. Air-injector spray nozzles: single and a twin flat were used interchangeably to spray the liquid. The travelling speed of the drone was 1.0 m∙s−1. A drone of 106.7 N weight was accepted in the study. The value of the spray liquid deposited and the uniformity of the liquid deposition in the crowns of the trees as well as the transverse distribution of the liquid under the nozzles were evaluated. It was found that the air stream from the drone rotors increased the distribution of the liquid on the trees sprayed, mainly at the middle and lower levels of the crown. A higher deposition value of the liquid was sprayed from the twin flat nozzle than from the single flat nozzle. There was no significant effect of the difference in the distance between the trees, of 0.5 and 1.0 m, on the liquid distribution. Under the influence of the air jet, the uniformity of the liquid distribution in the crowns of the trees also improved.

The paper presents prospects and examples of drone – Unmanned Aerial Vehicle use in road rescue. There was presented the Drone Road Rescue System, which would be created from combining drones used for road monitoring and traffic accident identification, drones for delivery of necessary equipment and drones for remote transportation of victims to the hospital. Based on the already existing solutions, the various components of the system are discussed.

Woodchip sampling may be done according to two methodologies, based on the volume or calorific value of the fuel. The paper compares heating values obtained through relative humidity measurements according to Slovak technical standards and through determination of calorific value according to the ISO 1928:2003 Standard. The aim is to compare values obtained by both methods from a selection set and to determine possible reasons in case various values are obtained. Based on the results obtained it may be confirmed that differences between the heating value calculated according to the ISO 1928:2003 Standard and according to the STN 48 0057 (2004) and STN 48 0058 (2004) Standards are statistically significant. The average difference in heating value is 0.629 MJ·kg -1 .

Przedstawiono budowę i zasadę działania innowacyjnej prasy do formowania bel cylindrycznych norweskiej firmy Orkel (model MP 2000 Compactor). Dokonano oceny jakości uzyskanej kiszonki z wysłodków buraczanych sporządzonych przy użyciu tej prasy. Analizowane kiszonki uzyskały w skali Fliega-Zimmera najwyższą ocenę bardzo dobrą, co odpowiada jakości kiszonki formowanej w długich rękawach foliowych. Stwierdzono, że na rynku krajowym brak jest tego typu maszyny dla cukrowni bądź plantatorów buraka cukrowego, posiadających fermy krów mlecznych lub bydła opasowego.

The entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiaeare are components of many biological pesticides. The biological pesticides are applicated by means a spraying machines. The influence of high pressure operating time on viability of nematodes has been experimentally investigated in order to explain if static pressure inside of the sprayers installation was able to destroy nematodes. The value of pressure was 55 MPa and its maximum operating time was 3 hours. Changes were found in viability of pressurized samples of nematodes, mixed with water., {"references":["P.S.Grewal, R.U.Ehlers, D.I Shapiro-Ilan. Nematodes as Biocontrol\nAgents. CAB International, 2005.","G.O. Poinar Jr., Biology and Taxonomy of Steinernematidae and\nHeterorhabditidae. In:Gaugler, R., Kaya, H.K. (Eds.), Entomopathogenic\nNematodes in Biological Control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, pp\n23-62.","U. Nilsson, E. Gripwall ,. Influence of Application Technique on the\nViability of the Biological Control Agents Vertcillium lecanii and\nSteinernema feltiae. Crop Protection 18(1), 1999, pp 53-59.","J. Chojnacki. Śmiertelność nicieni w obiegu hydraulicznym\nopryskiwacza. Inżynieria Rolnicza. Nr 3 (91), 2007, pp 45-50.","J. P. Fife, R. C. Derksen, H. E. Ozkan, P. S. Grewal. Effects of pressure\ndifferentials on the viability and infectivity of entomopathogenic\nnematodes Biological Control 27. 2003, pp 65-72.","D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, D. H. Gouge, S. J. Piggott, J. P. Fife. Biological\nApplication technology and environmental considerations for use of\nentomopathogenic nematodes in biological control Control 38. 2006, pp\n124-133.","E. Hać-Szymańczuk, J. Mroczek. Zastosowanie techniki wysokich\nciśnień w technologii żywności, a szczeg├│lnie w przetw├│rstwie mi─Ösa.\nMedycyna Wet. 62 (6). 2006, pp 637-640.","K. Nöckler, V. Heinz, K. Lemkau, D. Knorr: Inaktivierung von Trichinella\nspiralis in Schweinefleisch durch Hochdruckbehandlung. Fleischwirtschaft\n82. 2001, pp 85-88.","A. Brutti, P. Rovere, S. Cavallero, S. D-Amelio, P. Danesi, G. Arcangeli.\nInactivation of Anisakis simplex larvae in raw fish using high\nhydrostatic pressure treatments. Food Control 21. 2010, pp 331-333.\n[10] M. F. Patterson, M. Quinn, R. Simpson, A. Gilmour: The sensitivity of\nvegetative pathogens to high hydrostatic pressure treatment in phosphate\nbuffered saline and foods. J. Food Prot. 58. 1995, pp 524-529.\n[11] L. I. Dehne, M. K.-H. Pfister, K. W. Bogl: Verfahren zur\nHaltbarmachung. Fleischwirtschaft 81. 2000, pp 41-45.\n[12] D. Drobisz-Kopyd┼éowska: Wp┼éyw wysokich ciśnień na żywność. XLII\nMi─Ödzynarodowy Kongres Nauki o Mi─Ösie i Technologii w\nLillehammer. Gosp. Mi─Ösna 49. 1997, pp 32-33.\n[13] J. C. Cheftel, J. Ciulioli: Effect of high pressure on meat: a review. Meat\nScience. 46. 1997, pp 211-236"]}