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Background In Mexico, there is an ancestral custom about the knowledge of the medicinal use of plants. Bixa orellana L. is a plant species that represents one of the main crops used in traditional medicine in southeastern Mexico. Background studies on its biological properties have been conducted on accessions harvested in Conkal, Yucatan, Mexico. Objectives In this work, the idea was to perform a phytochemical analysis of methanolic extracts of B. orellana. Materials and Methods Phytochemical screening was performed on methanolic extracts of leaves and seeds from two accessions of B. orellana, as well as on their antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Results The phytochemical screening of the methanolic extracts of the leaves revealed the presence of tannins, terpenes, and saponins. A higher total content of phenols and flavonoids in leaves was also found compared to seeds, which coincides with a higher antioxidant activity in leaves compared to seeds. Regarding antiproliferative activity, the seeds and leaves of accession 3 showed the best results. Conclusion Accession 3 has better bioactive properties and can be a candidate in the search for antiproliferative and antioxidant compounds; this is the first study that associates this plant with this activity and demonstrates the chemical differences that exist between the accessions of B. orellana.

Farming for the sustainable production of halophyte crops should begin with the popular knowledge of saline and beneficial plants. On this way, the use of drip irrigation with seawater supply for the production of the halophytic specie Salicornia magellanica was evaluated in a small-scale culture in three growth periods; a randomized design of fifteen plantings were developed in each treatment (n=15), with two irrigation flows in two plant stages (two and seven months of initial pre-planting growth in pots). At the same time, another hydroponic growing experiment was carried out with four different concentrations of seawater (0 – 11 – 20 – 33 g.L of salts) to determine the optimal concentration. The irrigation flow showed different effects on the production parameters and plant age, where the highest yields were recorded in more developed plants in the third season. In the hydroponics with sea water those with low concentration, had a greater and significant values in survival of plants, largest length and number of shoots. These results made it possible to model the consumption of seawater for crops in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina optimizing its use in order to reduce the cost of the provision of seawater for micro crops far from the sea coast.

La gestión de la calidad en los programas de posgrado en México, de las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) y Centros Públicos de Investigación (CPI), se considera que aún está en proceso de evolución; ya que hace relativamente poco tiempo que la difusión de los resultados de la calidad de dichos programas académicos es de acceso público. Presentados a manera de encuestas y en forma de datos abiertos, si bien cumplen con las normas de transparencia dictadas por entidades gubernamentales. Esta información está referida a manera de una encuesta, que incluye respuestas categóricas y de opinión, establecidas en los dictámenes de evaluación del Programa Nacional de Posgrados de Calidad (PNPC). Con base en dicha información, esta investigación busca Análisis de Resultados de Dictámenes de Evaluación del Programa Nacional de Posgrados de Calidad, tomando como ejemplo los programas académicos de la Universidad de Sonora.

Asparagus officinalis L. is a crop associated with arid and dry environments of arid deserts; its tender product is considered a gourmet food for its exclusive consumption and its high prices. Among the main attributes of this vegetable are being a product low in calories, fat and cholesterol, with a high content of vitamin C, as well as rich in potassium and calcium phosphate. The indiscriminate use of synthetic fertilizers in agricultural crop production systems, as well as the increasing dependence, they cause deterioration of the physical and chemical properties of the soil, in addition have a variable impact on the composition and functions of the soil microbiota. Under indigenous area “Seris” in Sonora desert conditions (salinity and high °C), var. ‘Early California’ of asparagus was biofertilized with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Ba) as a halo-PGPB and chitosan (QUI) to evaluate nutritional value and yield-production. Results showed that Ba and QUI in the vegetative period increased the emergence rate (≥15%), nitrates in sap (≥10%), fresh and root weight and crown (≥25%); significant values in its subsequent production stage of shoots for human consumption (proximal values such as protein (≥33%), and carbohydrates (≥20%), in addition to K+ (≥9%) and Vit C (≥15%) compared with the control, were obtained. These results express the possibility of using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a halo-PGPB and chitosan as a biofertilizer of marine origin in asparagus under Sonora desert conditions.

Las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos son un problema a nivel mundial. Las hortalizas de hoja verde que se consumen principalmente crudas, son uno de los vehículos principales para la transmisión de patógenos humanos. Dentro de ellas se encuentra la lechuga iceberg, que ha aumentado su demanda para consumo debido a los estilos de vida más saludables que se han promovido en los últimos años. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el nivel de coliformes totales y fecales en lechuga iceberg, obtenidas de manera aleatoria y expedidas en diferentes mercados de la ciudad de H. Caborca, Sonora. El procesamiento, aislamiento e identificación bacteriana se realizó de acuerdo a la NOM-210- SSA1-2014. El 40% de las muestras presentaron coliformes totales y fecales que sobrepasaron los niveles permitidos según la Norma Oficial Mexicana en hortalizas. El estudio reveló un alto nivel de contaminación fecal, esto podría deberse a una mala manipulación de la lechuga iceberg y la necesidad de medidas sanitarias más estrictas para asegurar la inocuidad de este tipo de alimentos.

Objective: Compare in cucumber cultivation a commercial pest control program vs a biological pest control program evaluating quality and production parameters. Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out in glass greenhouses classified as high technology, under a cooling system consisting of wet walls and extractors, heating that works by irradiation, automated irrigation. Two treatments were evaluated: biological control of pests in area A and the second, a commercial control program in area B, both in Persian cucumber (Cucumis sativus) of the Jawell variety. Each area of 160 m², in separate areas. One plant was considered as an experimental unit, the total of experimental units were 41, 600 plants for each area, 80 grooves were considered within each area with a length of 100 meters with 52 pillows of coconut fiber, whose pillows contain five cubes of rockwool with a plant two heads each cube, giving a total of 10 plants per pillow and 520 plants per groove. The average planting density was 3.42 plants / m². The biological control program consisted of releasing the mite (Amblyseius swirskii) for the control of thrips; the release of the wasp (Aphidius colemani) for aphid control; mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis) and (Amblyseius californicus) for the control of red spider mites and the application of the entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema fetiae). The commercial-chemical control was in accordance with COFEPRIS (2019). The chemical products Actara (Thiametoxam), Beleaf (Flonicamid), Confidor 350 sc (Imidacloprid), Plenum 50 gs (Pymetrozine) and Talstar 100 CE (Biphentrine) were applied to control aphids. Tracer (Spinosad), Exalt (Spinetoram) and Beleaf (Flonicamid) for thrips control. Agirmec (Abamectina) and Talstar (Bifentrina) for the control of red spider, and finally Trigard (Cyromazina) for the control of fungus gnat larvae. The evaluated variables were fruit quality, total production and incidence of pests. A completely randomized experimental design was applied. To analyze the total number of boxes produced, the statistical T-Student test was used for normal data between two independent samples and the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the variables weight quality and weight loss with the data obtained, with a level of significance of P³0.05 to determine differences. A correlation (r) was made between the incidence of thrips (Thrips tabaci) and the incidence of the biological control Amblyseius swirskii, to compare the biological control (A) and the commercial control (B). Results: The results show that the production method using a biological pest control system was just as efficient as the chemical control program, in variables such as fruit weight, number of quality cucumber boxes obtained and incidence of pests. and its biological control. Limitations on study/implications: It is important to carry out further studies under open-air conditions where biotic and abiotic factors are different and in other regions, in addition to testing other registered biological products. Findings/conclusions: Biological and chemical control are complementary, an integrated control would help to slowly adapt a company for a subsequent application of only biological pest control, facilitating regularization and certification procedures involving the use of chemicals. In this biological control program, a more continuous and distributed release of A. swirskii is proposed during the weeks of cultivation, which will maintain more uniform and constant populations, this to avoid development of high populations of thrips and allow better control of this plague. It is necessary to evaluate both control programs during the spring-summer season to be able to compare the efficiency of these for each season and annually.

Salinity-tolerant plants offer hope for the future of agriculture by providing solutions to the problems caused by years. Sonora is the most arid Mexican state. The agroindustrial halophytes are an option in dry-arid zones agriculture. In the present study, we evaluated the growth and development under different salinity and field conditions, of two beans (Phaseolus acutifolius) genotypes: Indio Yumi, and Navojoa. Seeds were inoculated with plant growth promoting halobacteria, a previously selected and cultivated strain of Azospirillum halopraeferens and a native Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Significant differences were observed among them for weight and biomass, as well as biochemical features between the analyzed plant parts. Our findings suggest that a potential yield enhancement and protein production under field conditions can be promoted by the application of the beneficial bacterium B. amyloliquefaciens and A. halopraeferens. Also, demonstrated the ability of the studied beneficial halobacteria to promote growth and yield of the halotolerant Phaseolus acutifolius, a potentially useful finding for the agricultural growers in dry and semiarid zones.

Plants produce compounds with antimicrobial properties that can be used to control diseases of horticultural products, for this reason, the aim of this study was to enlarge the knowledge on the effect of essential oils as an alternative for control for bacterial canker Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Smith) (Cmm). Essential oil of Lippia palmeri was obtained by hydridestillation from plants collected in Sonora, Mexico. Essential oils of Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris and Cinnamomum zeylanicum were obtained from commercial stores in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. To evaluate the effect of the essential oils on the bacterium Cmm, direct applications in two concentrations (1:1 and 1:5 (v/v)) on tomato plants foliage were carried out. Then, plants were inoculated with 1x10-7 CFU/mL of the bacterium and observed for 12 days. The evaluated parameters were incidence and severity. The essential oils and chemical compounds of Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris had effect against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis up to 9 days after application in a 1:1 (v/v) concentration and up to 12 days after application with the 1:5 (v/v) concentration. The essential oil of Lippia palmeri only had effect until six days after the application with both concentrations; that is to say, only these three types of essential oils had bactericidal properties, since with the essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum the inhibition of Cmm was very limited, both in incidence as in severity.

Los extractos del espárrago han sido anteriormente utilizados por sus propiedades medicinales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la actividad biológica del Asparagus officinalis cultivado en la región de Caborca, Sonora, en base a su actividad antioxidante y antiproliferativa. El vegetal fue separado en parte comestible (EPC) y no comestible (EPNC). La actividad antioxidante se evalúo en la EPC, antes y después de un tratamiento térmico; mientras que la antiproliferativa se determinó en la EPC y EPNC. La actividad antioxidante (DPPH) mostró que a una misma concentración (800 μg/mL) no existen diferencias significativas entre el espárrago fresco y el cocido (65.26 ± 0.16 y 66.92 ± 3.29 %, respectivamente). El agua de cocción mostró actividad antioxidante; sin embargo, fue menor que en el espárrago cocido (54.95 ± 2.05 %). La actividad antiproliferativa sobre las líneas celulares HeLa y A-549 se evaluó por el método MTT. El extracto EPC mostró mayor actividad antiproliferativa que el EPNC (IC50 de 2563.4 ± 4.5 y 2853.6 ± 22.8 μg/mL, respectivamente). Los resultados muestran que la actividad antioxidante no se ve afectada por el tratamiento térmico. Sin embargo, no se encontró alta actividad antiproliferativa en el espárrago cultivado en esta región.

Arabinoxylans (AX) are polysaccharides with antioxidant activity and emulsifying properties, which make them an attractive alternative for its potential application as a natural antioxidant in oils. Therefore, this work aimed to investigate the effect of ultrasonic treatment of AX on their antioxidant capacity and its ability to improve the oxidative stability of soybean oil. For this purpose, AX were exposed to ultrasonic treatment at 25% (100 W, AX-1) and 50% (200 W, AX-2) power and an operating frequency of 20 KHz during 15 min, and their macromolecular properties (weight average molecular weight (Mw), polydispersity index and intrinsic viscosity) were evaluated. The antioxidant capacity of AX was determined by the DPPH assay and Rancimat test. Results showed that ultrasonic treatment did not affect the molecular identity of the polysaccharide but modified its Mw distribution. AX-1 showed the highest antioxidant activity (75% inhibition) at 533 &micro, g/mL by the DPPH method compared to AX and AX-2. AX at 0.25% (w/v) and AX-1 at 0.01% (w/v) exerted the highest protective effects on oxidative stability of soybean oil with induction periods of 7.69 and 5.54 h, respectively. The results indicate that AX could be a good alternative for the potential application as a natural antioxidant in oils.

El frijol tepary tolerante a la sequía (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) es un cultivo microbiológicamente inexplorado en regiones áridas de México donde se consume como fuente de proteína dietética. Sin embargo, la salinidad del suelo dificulta la productividad de este cultivo. El aislamiento de bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno halotolerantes específicas (BFN) podría ser una práctica novedosa para mejorar la tolerancia a la sal y mejorar la productividad de los cultivos. En el presente estudio, se aislaron 24 BFN de semillas de tres ecotipos de tepary expuestos a altas salinidades (0, 0.25 y 0.5 M de NaCl) in vitro. Se caracterizaron cepas halotolerantes fijadoras de Nitrógeno. Entre los aislados halotolerantes, sólo uno mostró alta actividad nitrogenada de 6.97 ± 1.1 nmol de cultivo-1 h-1. A partir del análisis 16S de rRNA, el microorganismo halotolerante exhibió una homología de secuencia de 99% con la bacteria conocida Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Los resultados muestran que la inoculación con el aislado halotolerante identificado, tuvo efectos estimulantes sobre los parámetros de crecimiento, germinación de semillas, emergencia de semillas, longitud de brotes, longitud de raíz, biomasa, clorofila foliar y contenido de proteínas, cenizas y fibras brutas.

The growth-promoting bacteria in plants (BGPB) are a group of different species of bacteria can increase plant growth and productivity. Which can benefit plants through their own bacterial metabolism (phosphate solubilizing, producing hormones or fixing nitrogen). At present, desertification is a growing phenomenon worldwide, afforestation is one of the common solutions to combat this problem. Trees for reforestation are initially grown in greenhouses or nurseries. Among numerous reforestation practices, there is an alternative that inoculation with PGPB. Is a forest species that is endemic Olneya tesota Sonoran Desert, which is in danger of extinction. The objective was to evaluate the effect of bacteria growth promoter in plants with Rhodococcuis fascians and Azospirillum halopraeferens on germination and emergence of Ironwood under four salt concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 M NaCl) under greenhouse conditions. Were obtained ironwood seeds in the region of Santa Ana, Sonora. Under greenhouse conditions was evaluated emergence percentage, germination rate, height, plant root length, fresh and dry weight of plant, number of bacterial cells attached to the root system, fresh and dry weight of the root. The results indicate that the germination percentage and other variables evaluated decreased as salinity increases. However, these changed positively to inoculation with bacteria R. fascians and A. halopraeferens.

Sardine (Sardinops sagax caerulea) oil was refined and the fatty acid composition as well as the physical and the chemical quality variables were monitored. The refining of crude sardine oil was carried out in three stages: alkali-refining, clay-bleaching, and steam-deodorizing. Results show that the refining process significantly improved (p

Bleaching is an important step of the vegetal oil refining for the removal of impurities. Some of the reactions that take place during this stage can be explained by the catalytic properties of bleaching clays. The most important reaction is the decomposition of peroxides to secondary oxidation products, mainly trans-2-hexenal. Therefore, in the present study, empirical and mathematical models were applied to predict the kinetic parameters of peroxide reduction and the formation of trans-2-hexenal during bleaching of high oleic safflower oil. For this, neutralized high oleic safflower oil was mixed with bleaching clay (Tonsil Optimum 320 FF) at three different concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% based on the weight of the oil), in a laboratory reactor with agitation at 90 °C, 100 °C, and 110±1 °C during 60 min. Results showed that the first-order mathematical model is suitable to predict both peroxide reduction and formation of trans-2-hexenal (R2 > 0.90). Kinetics parameters of initial rate (k0) and the decontamination constant (kd) suggest a high correlation between peroxide reduction to trans-2-hexenal and clays used for bleaching high oleic safflower oil. This information may be used to design particular bleaching conditions for high oleic safflower oil.

The effect of natural antioxidants was tested by oxidative stability index (OSI) in refined soybean oil (RSO) using Rancimat method. Phenolic compounds of Thompson grape pomace were extracted with 95:5 (v : v) ethanol : water. The antioxidant activity of grape pomace extract (GPE) obtained was compared with those of rosemary extract (RE), and tocopherols mix (TM) known as covi-ox T-70. The synergistic effect of citric acid was also evaluated. Results showed a total phenols content of 17.39 mg (+)-catechin equivalents per g of GPE. Thompson GPE at 0.3 and 0.5% (w/w) exhibited greater antioxidant activity than TM. RSO containing GPE or RE at 0.5% (w/w) showed an OSI higher than 48 h at 110C. Citric acid did not show synergistic effect with GPE. However, a synergistic effect for TM at 0.02% (w/w) with citric acid at 1.0% (w/w) was observed. Citric acid at 2.0% (w/w) with RE at all concentrations tested also displayed synergism. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Synthetic antioxidants are widely used in the food industry to delay fat oxidation; however, their utilization has been questioned due to toxicology concerns. Researchers have recognized the need to identify new natural antioxidants to use as additives. In this study, we measured total phenolics content of Thompson grape pomace extract (GPE) and found that the antioxidant activity of this extract was stronger than tocopherols from soybean oil. We propose that GPE can have applications as a food antioxidant.

Six peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars (Col-24-Gro, Col-61-Gto, VA-81-B, Ranferi Díaz, NC-2 and Florunner) were studied for agricultural yield, chemical composition (protein, fat, carbohydrates, fiber and ash), amino acid profile, digestibility, fatty acid profile, tocopherol and sterol contents. Results indicated that Ranferi Díaz and Col-61-Gto presented the highest yield (6.3 Ton/ha). Protein content was from 23.5 to 26.6% and fat content ranged from 49.8-53.4%. Mean digestibility was 86%. Lysine and threonine levels in all cultivars were sufficient to meet human requirements. Total saturated fatty acids ranged from 15-18%. The oleic/linoleic ratio was estimated 1.3-1.4. Tocopherol levels varied from 390 to 706 ppm. The highest tocopherol levels corresponded to the cultivars with the lowest yield. The alpha tocopherol content was estimated at 90-150 ppm, while gamma tocopherol was 270-570 ppm.The main sterol present was βsitosterol (approx. 65%). Ranferi Diaz variety presented the highest agronomic yield and the highest protein content but low oleic acid, low sterols and low total tocopherols. The differences among cultivars suggest differences in their applications. Se estudio el rendimiento agrícola y composición química (proteína, grasa, carbohidratos, fibra y cenizas), perfil de amino ácidos, digestibilidad, perfil de ácidos grasos, contenido de tocoferol y de esteroles de seis variedades de cacahuate (Arachis hypogaea L.) Col-24-Gro, Col-61-Gto, VA-81B, Ranferi Díaz, NC-2 y Florunner. Los resultados mostraron que el mayor rendimiento se logró en las variedades Ranferi Díaz y Col-61-Gto (6.3 Ton/ha). El contenido de proteína fue de 23.5 a 26.6% y el contenido de grasa en un intervalo de 49.8 a 53.4%. La digestibilidad promedio de las seis variedades fue de 86%. El contenido de lisina y treonina en la proteína de todas las variedades fue suficiente para satisfacer los requerimientos del humano. La composición del aceite de las diferentes variedades de cacahuate se caracterizó por contener de 15-18% de ácidos grasos saturados. La relación oleico/linoleico fue de 1.3-1.4. El contenido de tocoferoles totales fue entre 390 a 706 ppm. El mayor contenido de tocoferol correspondió a las variedades con los rendimientos más bajos. Con respecto al contenido de alfa tocoferol se encontró entre 90-150 ppm y el gamma tocoferol fue entre 270570 ppm. El contenido de beta-sitosterol fue similar en las seis variedades (aprox. 65%). La variedad Ranferi Diaz presentó el más alto rendimiento agronómico y el más alto contenido de proteína. Sin embargo, esta variedad presento el más bajo contenido de ácido oleico, bajo contenido de esteroles y bajo contenido de tocoferoles totales. Estas diferencias entre las variedades de cacahuate sugieren que cada una de ellas deberá tener diferente uso como alimento.

Lipid composition by class, fatty acids, natural antioxidants (carotenes, tocopherols) and physicochemical characteristics of liver oil from three commercial rays, Rhinoptera bonasus (Chucha), Aetobatus narinari (Pinta) and Dasyatis americana (Bala) from the Gulf of Mexico were analyzed. Liver oil yield for R. bonasus, A. narinari and D. americana were of 43.04, 41.2 and 38.2% (wet weight), respectively. Triacylglycerols were the most abundant lipid by class in R. bonasus (68.9%), A. narinari (85.9%) and D. americana (81.6%), while sterols esters, sterols, di- and monoacylglycerides, polar lipids and wax esters were found in minor proportions. Species showed similar carotenes concentration, 8.7, 12.8 and 8.0 μg/g for R. bonasus, A. narinari and D. americana, respectively. α-tocopherol concentration was higher (p < 0.05) for A. narinari (46.7 mg/100 g) than for R. bonasus (21.0 mg/100 g) and D. americana (13.7 mg/100 g). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in R. bonasus were high with docosahexaenoic acid (12.1%) in a higher proportion than eicosapentaenoic acid (7%).

Halophytes species appears on great scale as an alternative for the essential fatty acid production in human nutrition, for that reason, the fatty acid composition receives special importance. Salicornia bigelovii is a halophyte that developed in arid and coastal zones like Sonora State and the peninsula of South Baja California, Mexico. Salicornia could be an alternate species in the edible oil production. The similar fixation of N2 by bacteria associated with roots of Salicornia bigelovii and halophyte are an important nitrogen source available in coastal ecosystems. The inoculation of Klebsiellapneumoniae and Azospirillumhalopraeferens was evaluated during the vegetative development of Salicornia bigelovii under field conditions in two ecotypes (Cerro Prieto = CP and Santa Rosa = SR), having affected positively variable as weight, yields of production and biochemical characteristics and contained total of ashes, protein and total lipids in seed produced. Our results suggest that both ecotypes of S. bigelovii, under the conditions field used, can be improved with the application of K. pneumoniae and A. halopraeferens, showing a potential utility for agricultural producers of coastal semi-arid zones.

The purpose of this work was to study the influence of the industrial process steps on free fatty acids, peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (PAV), trans fatty acids, tocopherols and sterols (free, esterified and total) in high oleic safflower oil. Degumming, bleaching and deodorization steps removed 91.4% of free fatty acids, 96.31% of oxidation primary products (PV), and 54.57% of oxidation secondary products (PAV), from crude high oleic safflower oil. Degumming neither affected the content of sterified sterols nor its proportion with respect to the crude oil. A significant increment (p

The refining process applied to soybean oil (SBO) in order to obtain the desirable purity characteristics as edible oil, produces chemical changes by partially removing desirable components such as tocopherols. In this study, the effect of temperature (76.4-143.6°C), contact time (6.4-73.6min) and clay amount (0.16-1.84% w/w) on tocopherol content and quality of SBO were evaluated. Neutralised soybean oil was subjected to bleaching using different clay amounts (Tonsil Optimum 320 FF), stirring (250rpm), and partial vacuum (60mmHg). A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to find the parameters that produce bleached oil with minimum peroxide value (PV), maximum tocopherol retention (TOCR) and light colour. The optimal bleaching conditions for SBO were: temperature, 96°C; time, 23min; clay amount, 1.4% w/w oil. Under these conditions, a bleached soybean oil with 0.1meq/kg of PV, 91.74% of TOCR, and colour 1.53 Lovibond red value units was obtained.

The liver oil of the tecolote ray ( Rhinoptera steindechneri ) was characterized in terms of its lipid by-class composition and fatty acid profile, natural antioxidants content, oxidative resistance and physicochemical properties. The liver oil content was considered high and fluctuated between 57% and 67% of the liver weight (w/w). The carotenes and α -tocopherols levels varied from 2.9 to 17.4 mg/100 g of oil and 3.0 to 15.2 mg/100 g of oil, respectively. The oxidative resistance reported as the induction period varied between 2.1 and 4.7 h, showing a very stable oil due to its level of natural antioxidants. The triglycerides were the major lipid by-class in the oil (703–790 mg/oil g), followed in a smaller proportion by sterol esters, polar lipids and free sterols. The liver oil of tecolote ray proved to be an adequate source of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids EPA and DHA, similar to the traditional codfish liver oil.

The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA), have been recognized for their important role in health. EPA has several beneficial effects regarding coronary heart disease, while DHA has been found to be important for the development of the brain and retina. The increase in the consumption of fish oil, a commercial source of PUFA, has made necessary the search for new fish species rich in PUFA that could be used as raw material for the fish oil production. The lipid, fatty acid composition and natural antioxidant contents (carotene, tocopherol) were analyzed for the liver oil of Dasyatis brevis (arenera) and Gymnura marmorata (mariposa), two ray species commercially captured in the Gulf of California. The liver oil yield 25–50% (w/w) for D. brevis and 38–56% for G. marmorata. The triglyceride fraction was the major lipid class (577–758 mg/g) for both species, with smaller proportions of sterol esters, free sterols, polar lipids and diacyl glyceryl ethers. D. brevis showed a greater carotene and tocopherols concentration (6.9 mg/100 g, 25.3 mg/100 g, respectively) than G. marmorata (1.8 mg/100 g, 2.8 mg/100 g, respectively). The content of saturated and monoenoic fatty acid was similar for both species, however, the liver oil of G. marmorata had twice as much DHA than D. brevis. The composite percentage composition of DHA plus EPA with respect to the total of fatty acids in liver oil was 18% for G. marmorata and 16% for D. brevis. The liver oil of G. marmorata and D. brevis represent a new source of omega-3 PUFA that can be used for human and animal nutrition.

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) derived from chemically or enzymatically hydrolyzed from sardine oil were concentrated by urea complexation. The enzymatic hydrolysis was effected in aqueous emulsion using five commercial lipases from Pseudomonas, three immobilized (PS-CI, PS-CII and PS-DI) and two soluble lipases (AK-20 and PS-30). EPA and DHA were determined by gas–liquid chromatography as methyl esters. Results showed that an immobilized lipase preparation (PS-CI) produced the highest degree of hydrolysis for EPA and DHA (81.5 and 72.3% from their initial content in the oil) after 24 h. After complexation of saturated and less unsaturated free fatty acids, the highest concentration of EPA (46.2%) and DHA (40.3%) was obtained using an ethanolic solution with 20% (w/w) urea and 12% (w/w) PS-CI hydrolyzed with a 78% yield. Combination of enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis with urea complexation is a promising method to obtain highly concentrated n-3 PUFA from sardine oil.

En México 30% de su superficie agrícola está afectada por la salinidad. Lo anterior expuesto repercute para que una agricultura convencional a base de glicófitas, no sea redituable y productiva. Con el interés de ampliar el conocimiento con halófitas de interés agroindustrial y poder proponerlas al sector productivo que presenta problemas de sales, se desarrolló el presente estudio bajo condiciones de salinidad clorhídrica y sulfática inducida, evaluando dos genotipos de Salicornia bigelovii en las etapas de germinación y desarrollo (genotipo mejorado SOS-7 y genotipo silvestre Bahía de Kino= BK=), desarrollándola en condiciones de salinidad: dos de cloruro de sodio (NaCl) a 0.5 molar y a 1 molar y dos de sulfato de calcio (Ca2SO4+2H2O) a 0.5 Molar y a 1 Molar, con la inoculación de dos bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (BPCV) (Azospirillum halopraeferens= Ah y Klebsiella pneumoniae= Kp) y un control sin inocular. Los resultados indican que al evaluar a Salicornia en condiciones salinas clorhídricas y sulfáticas con la inoculación de BPCV, entre los resultados obtenidos figuran que un porcentaje mayor de germinación fue observado en presencia de las BPCV, sobresaliendo aquellos inoculados con Kp. Se observó, que conforme la salinidad incrementa, Kp presenta tener mayor efectividad con el genotipo silvestre BK. Estudios concernientes como posibles biofertilizantes son necesarios en las diferentes etapas fenológicas con los genotipos en estudio, quienes para la etapa de germinación, resultaron tener expectativas.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the trans fatty acid (TFA) composition and the tocopherol content in vegetable oils produced in Mexico. Sample oils were obtained from 18 different oil refining factories, which represent 72% of the total refineries in Mexico. Fatty acids and TFA isomers were determined by gas chromatography using a 100-m fused-silica capillary column (SP-2560). Tocopherol content was quantified by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using an ultraviolet detector and a LiChrosorb Si60 column (25 cm). Results showed that 83% of the samples corresponded to soybean oil. Seventy-two percent of the oils analyzed showed TFA content higher than 1%. Upon comparing the tocopherol contents in some crude oils to their corresponding deodorized samples, a loss of 40–56% was found. The processing conditions should be carefully evaluated in order to reduce the loss of tocopherols and the formation of TFA during refining.

Se desarrollo un estudio descriptivo y transversal que consistio en ubicar y capturar e identifi car triatominos en ecotopos: domestico, peridomestico y silvestre, en la Ciudad de Guaymas, Sonora. En el ambiente domestico se ubicaron viviendas infestadas con triatominos, los insectos se colectaron en las habitaciones de forma manual, en el ambiente peridomestico se ubicaron gallineros infestados en las colonias: Cerro Gandareno, Colonia Rastro y Colonia Yucatan y en el ambiente silvestre, se identifi caron nidos de roedores en el monte. En total se colectaron 50 especimenes domesticos, 120 peridomesticos y 64 silvestres. De los 234 insectos, el 1.29% fueron ninfas de segundo estadio, el 11.2% ninfas de tercer estadio, el 18.1% ninfas de cuarto estadio, 51.7% ninfas de quinto estadio, un 7.3% de hembras adultas y 10.3% de machos adultos, no se encontraron huevecillos y especimenes de primer periodo ninfal en las tres poblaciones. Triatoma rubida represento el 94% de insectos encontrado en los tres ecotopos. El 5% correspondio a Triatoma proctata y el 1% correspondio a Triatoma sinaloensis colectado en el ambiente silvestre. La existencia de los focos silvestres de las especies e insectos peridomesticos de Triatoma rubida es de importancia epidemiologica al incorporarse a los ciclos domesticos de Trypanosoma cruzi. ABSTRACT A descriptive and transversal study was realized, were insects where located, captured and identifi ed in domestic, peridomestic and wild ecotopes in Guaymas, Sonora. Infested dwelling places with triatoma insects were located and collected manually. Infested henhouses were located in the following neighborhoods: Cerro Gandareno, Colonia Rastro y Colonia Yucatan in Guaymas, Sonora (peridomestic environment). In the wild environment, rodent’s nests were also located. A total of 50 domestic specimens, 64 wild specimens and 12 peridomestic specimens were collected. From 234 insects, 1.29% were of second stage nymphs, 11.2% of third stage nymphs, 18.1% of fourth stage nymphs, 51.7% were of fi fth stage nymphs, 7.3% were adult females and 10.3% were males. Eggs and fi rst stage nymphs were not found in any of the ecotopes. 94% of the total insects found in the 3 ecotopes were Triatoma rubida. In the wild environment, 5% were Triatoma proctata and 1% Triatoma sinaloensis. The presence of a wild focus of Triatoma rubida and peridomestic insects is epidemiologically speaking important because they can integrate with the domestic cycle of Trypanozoma cruzi.

The phenolic compounds of Thompson grape bagasse were extracted using a 95:5 (vol/vol) ethanol/water mixture. Measurement of the antioxidant activity in refined soybean oil of bagasse grape extract was performed by using two different methods, the Rancimat method and the Schaal oven method in conjunction with peroxide value determination. The antioxidant activity of the extract was compared to the tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) activity. The bagasse grape extract showed similar antioxidant activities in both methods employed. At all concentrations tested [0.1, 0.3 and 0.5% of total phenols (TP)] the extract exhibited appreciable activity, which exceeded the activity of BHA. At some concentrations (0.3 and 0.5% TP) the extract exhibited activity comparable to that of TBHQ. Bagasse is a byproduct with a high content of phenolic compounds and is a good source of natural antioxidants.

The stability parameters of 22 samples of soybean oil produced in Mexico were determined. Samples were analyzed for moisture, color, free fatty acids, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, fatty acid profile, metals, flavor, and Rancimat test for oxidative stability. Results obtained were compared with the stability parameters of soybean oil sproduced in the United States and Costa Rica. The fatty acid profile in all samples analyzed corresponded to the expected profile for a 100% soybean oil. Sixty-four percent of the oils had oxidative stabilities similar to those reported for soybean oils from the United States and Costa Rica. This suggests that in spite of the good quality, the soybean oil production process in Mexico needs further improvement. Especially important is maintaining appropriate control during the degumming and bleaching steps. Special consideration should be given to preserving the natural antioxidants present in the oil.