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Resumen Introducción. Trypanosoma cruzi se transmite principalmente por vía vectorial, sin embargo, las rutas oral y congénita han tomado relevancia. Objetivo. Evaluar la infección por T. cruzi en mujeres puérperas y sus neonatos en el Hospital Universitario Dr. Luis Razetti de Barcelona, estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio prospectivo de corte transversal, de mayo de 2015 a agosto de 2016, en el que se evaluaron 1.200 mujeres para determinar la infección mediante las pruebas ELISA, MABA e IFI. Los neonatos de las madres seropositivas se evaluaron con la prueba de PCR y por serología a los nueve meses de edad. Se estimó la prevalencia de la infección por T. cruzi en mujeres puérperas y sus neonatos. Para establecer los factores de riesgo asociados a la infección, se usó la prueba de ji al cuadrado (c2) y la razón de probabilidad (OR). Resultados. En total, 78 (6,50 %) mujeres resultaron positivas (IC95% 5,10-7,89 %). En seis (9,09 %) recién nacidos de madres seropositivas, se detectó ADN parasitario. Tras nueve meses de nacidos, once lactantes evaluados resultaron serológicamente negativos. La infección estuvo asociada con la duración del embarazo (OR=0,36; IC95% 0,15-0,84), origen del domicilio actual (OR=0,34; IC95% 0,24-0,62) o previo (OR=2,50; IC95% 1,38-4,52) y el tener familiares con la enfermedad de Chagas (OR=1,75; IC95% 1,02-3,01). Conclusiones. La seroprevalencia para la infección por T. cruzi en mujeres puérperas del medio rural, fue elevada. La detección de ADN parasitario al momento del nacimiento no es indicativa de enfermedad de Chagas congénita. Abstract Introduction. Trypanosoma cruzi is mainly transmitted by vectors. Other pathways such as oral and congenital transmission have become increasingly relevant. Objective. To evaluate T. cruzi infections in post-partum women and their newborns who attended the Hospital Universitario Dr. Luis Razetti (Barcelona, Anzoátegui state, Venezuela). Materials and methods. A prospective cross-sectional study was undertaken from May, 2015, to August, 2016. ELISA, MABA and IFI assays were used to determine the infection in 1,200 post-partum women. The newborns of seropositive women were then examined for T. cruzi by PCR amplification and serological tests at nine months old. The prevalence of the parasitic infection in post-partum women and their newborns was then estimated. To establish the relationship between risk factors and infection, the chi-square test (c2) and the probability ratio (OR) was applied. Results. A total of 78 women were identified as seropositive (6.50 %) (CI 95%: 5.10-7.89%), and parasitic DNA was detected in six of their newborns (9.09%). Nine months after birth eleven infants were examined, and all were found to be serologically negative. Risk factors detected were pregnancy duration (OR: 0,36; CI95%: 0,15-0,84), where the patients lived at present (OR: 0,34; CI95%: 0,24-0,62) or previously (OR: 2,50; CI95%: 1,38-4,52) and having relatives with Chagas disease (OR: 1,75; CI95%: 1,02-3,01). Conclusions. Seroprevalence for T. cruzi infection in young post-partum women in rural areas was high. The detection of parasite DNA at birth was not indicative of congenital Chagas disease.

IntroductionRelapse prevention is a key objetive for patients with a First Episode Psychosis (FEP) and the low adherence to antipsychotic (AP) treatment is the main reason for relapse after a FEP.ObjectivesThere are no clear recommendations about the early use of long-acting injectables (LAIs) in FEP. We review the impact on hospitalization rates of the early use (earlier than 1 year after the inclusion in our Early Intervention Service “Lehenak”) of LAI paliperidone in a FEP sample.MethodsWe evaluated in a naturalistic study a sample (N=384) of patients with a FEP. We carried out a mirror-design study to compare the numer of hospitalizations before and after the introduction of LAI paliperidone (1 and 3 monthly) in early users (1 year).ResultsA total of 384 FEP patients with LAI paliperidone were assessed.Early Paliperidone LAI (n=201)Late Paliperidone LAI (n=173)Within groups comparisons t (p) Hospitalizations pre-LAI mirror period (media, standard deviation)1.76 (1.97)2.22 (2.60)1,87 (0.06)Days in hospital pre-LAI mirror period21.42 (28.28)28.02 (38.27)1.87 (0.06)Hospitalizations post-LAI mirror period0.68 (1.61)0.80 (1.74)0.73 (0.46)Days in hospital post-LAI mirror period15.17 (40.58)18.78 (45.24)0.81 (0.42)ConclusionsThere was no difference between the early and late introduction of LAI Paliperidone in the number of hospitalizations after treatament. There was a trend to present more previous hospitalizations and days in hospital in late users. This could support an earlier use of paliperidone LAI to prevent an excess of hospitalizations due to late introduction.DisclosureThe presenting author has received honouraria for lectures or advisory boards from Janssen, Otsuka, Lundbeck and Angelini in the last five years.

Left ventricular assist devices have emerged as one of the main therapies of advanced cardiac failure due the increase of this disease and lack of organ supply for cardiac transplantation. The anaesthetic management is described on a patient without cardiac transplantation criteria. The device was successfully implanted as a destination therapy.

Resumen: El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia de la infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en el estado Sucre (Venezuela) y su asociación con factores de riesgo epidemiológicos. El diseño muestral por conglomerados permitió seleccionar 96 centros poblados y 576 viviendas en los 15 municipios del estado. Asimismo, se evaluaron un total de 2.212 muestras de sueros, a través de las pruebas de ELISA, HAI e IFI. La seroprevalencia en el estado Sucre fue de 3,12%. Los factores de riesgo asociados a la infección por T. cruzi fueron: deposición de basura, materiales predominantes en el piso y paredes, tipo de vivienda, vivir en casas con paredes de bahareque y/o techos de palmas, vivir en casa con paredes y techos de riesgo, construcciones de riesgo y anexos de bahareque, aves dentro de la vivienda y la presencia de leña. La infección se encontró asociada a la edad de los individuos, se detectaron tres casos seropositivos en menores de 15 años. En el estado Sucre existen variables epidemiológicas que favorecen el riesgo a contraer la infección por T. cruzi. Abstract: The current study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Sucre State, Venezuela, and its association with epidemiological risk factors. The cluster sampling design allowed selecting 96 villages and 576 dwellings in the State’s 15 municipalities. A total of 2,212 serum samples were analyzed by ELISA, HAI, and IFI. Seroprevalence in Sucre State was 3.12%. Risk factors associated with T. cruzi infection were: accumulated garbage, flooring and wall materials, type of dwelling, living in a house with wattle and daub walls and/or straw roofing, living in a house with risky walls and roofing, risky buildings and wattle and daub outbuildings, poultry inside the human dwelling, and presence of firewood. Infection was associated with individual age, and three seropositive cases were found in individuals less than 15 years of age. Sucre State has epidemiological factors that favor the risk of acquiring T. cruzi infection. Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo determinar a soroprevalência da infecção pelo Trypanosoma cruzi no Estado de Sucre, Venezuela, e a associação com fatores de risco epidemiológicos. O delineamento da amostragem em clusters permitiu a seleção de 96 vilarejos e 576 moradias nos 15 municípios do Estado. No total, 2.212 amostras de soro foram analisadas com ELISA, HAI e IFI. O estudo mostrou uma soroprevalência de 3,12% no Estado de Sucre. Os seguintes fatores de risco estiveram associados à infecção pelo T. cruzi: acúmulo de lixo, materiais de piso e paredes impróprios, tipo de moradia, moradias com paredes de pau-a-pique e/ou teto de palha, moradias em situação de risco e construções anexas feitas de pau-a-pique, aves dentro das moradias e presença de lenha. A infecção esteve associada à idade individual, e três casos soropositivos foram identificados em indivíduos com menos de 15 anos de idade. O Estado de Sucre apresenta fatores epidemiológicos que aumentam o risco de infecção pelo T. cruzi.

The current study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Sucre State, Venezuela, and its association with epidemiological risk factors. The cluster sampling design allowed selecting 96 villages and 576 dwellings in the State's 15 municipalities. A total of 2,212 serum samples were analyzed by ELISA, HAI, and IFI. Seroprevalence in Sucre State was 3.12%. Risk factors associated with T. cruzi infection were: accumulated garbage, flooring and wall materials, type of dwelling, living in a house with wattle and daub walls and/or straw roofing, living in a house with risky walls and roofing, risky buildings and wattle and daub outbuildings, poultry inside the human dwelling, and presence of firewood. Infection was associated with individual age, and three seropositive cases were found in individuals less than 15 years of age. Sucre State has epidemiological factors that favor the risk of acquiring T. cruzi infection.Resumen: El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia de la infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en el estado Sucre (Venezuela) y su asociación con factores de riesgo epidemiológicos. El diseño muestral por conglomerados permitió seleccionar 96 centros poblados y 576 viviendas en los 15 municipios del estado. Asimismo, se evaluaron un total de 2.212 muestras de sueros, a través de las pruebas de ELISA, HAI e IFI. La seroprevalencia en el estado Sucre fue de 3,12%. Los factores de riesgo asociados a la infección por T. cruzi fueron: deposición de basura, materiales predominantes en el piso y paredes, tipo de vivienda, vivir en casas con paredes de bahareque y/o techos de palmas, vivir en casa con paredes y techos de riesgo, construcciones de riesgo y anexos de bahareque, aves dentro de la vivienda y la presencia de leña. La infección se encontró asociada a la edad de los individuos, se detectaron tres casos seropositivos en menores de 15 años. En el estado Sucre existen variables epidemiológicas que favorecen el riesgo a contraer la infección por T. cruzi.Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo determinar a soroprevalência da infecção pelo Trypanosoma cruzi no Estado de Sucre, Venezuela, e a associação com fatores de risco epidemiológicos. O delineamento da amostragem em clusters permitiu a seleção de 96 vilarejos e 576 moradias nos 15 municípios do Estado. No total, 2.212 amostras de soro foram analisadas com ELISA, HAI e IFI. O estudo mostrou uma soroprevalência de 3,12% no Estado de Sucre. Os seguintes fatores de risco estiveram associados à infecção pelo T. cruzi: acúmulo de lixo, materiais de piso e paredes impróprios, tipo de moradia, moradias com paredes de pau-a-pique e/ou teto de palha, moradias em situação de risco e construções anexas feitas de pau-a-pique, aves dentro das moradias e presença de lenha. A infecção esteve associada à idade individual, e três casos soropositivos foram identificados em indivíduos com menos de 15 anos de idade. O Estado de Sucre apresenta fatores epidemiológicos que aumentam o risco de infecção pelo T. cruzi.

We investigated the seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in an indigenous Kariña population in eastern Venezuela. A total of 175 serum samples were collected in the community of Piñantal during February 2009. Interviews targeting socioeconomic and environmental factors associated with the T. cruzi transmission were also conducted. Samples were evaluated using trypomastigote excreted/secreted antigens (TESAs) in an ELISA format. TESA-ELISA positive samples were confirmed by indirect haemagglutination (HAI) (Wiener). A nonsystematic collection of vectors was also undertaken. T. cruzi seroprevalence was 7.43% according to both assays, and the mean age of infected patients was 48.61±10.40 years (range 34 to 73 years). The vector infection rate was 20.00% (2/10). T. cruzi seropositivity was associated with a history of triatomine bites, the ability to recognize the vector and poor knowledge about Chagas disease, but no associations were found with gender, house type, knowledge of how the disease is transmitted, or the presence of vectors or animals inside dwellings. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the seroprevalence of T. cruzi in an indigenous population in eastern Venezuela. All of the epidemiological variables required for the establishment of active vectorial transmission of T. cruzi were present in this community.

An indirect enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) forTrypanosoma cruziwas developed using epimastigote secretion/excretion proteins (ESEA antigens) obtained from axenic culture supernatants. A panel of 120 serum samples from subjects with confirmed Chagas disease(n=50), healthy controls(n=50), and patients with other parasitic diseases(n=20)was used to evaluate the new ESEA-based ELISA (ELISAESEA). This new test had excellent sensitivity (98%) and acceptable specificity (88%). Cross-reactivity was observed largely in sera from subjects withLeishmaniaandAscarisinfections. Using Western blotting and epimastigotes from two distinctT. cruziisolates, several polypeptide bands with molecular masses ranging from 50 to 220 kDa were detected in pooled chagasic sera. However, the band pattern for each isolate was different. These data suggest that an inexpensive and technically simple ELISA based on ESEA antigens is a promising new tool for the diagnosis of Chagas disease.

Hylesia metabus is a species of moth, distributed principally in northeastern Venezuela. Female moths use their abdominal setae to cover their egg masses. Contact with these setae can cause a severe dermatitis in humans. Setae from males do not produce these symptoms. The external morphology of the abdominal setae in male and female moths was described and the effect of the setae on ant behavior was studied. We classified the setae into four types, S1, S2, S3 and S4. In females, two of these types were found in the dorsal region; S1 and S2 show a porous structure and measure 2000 μm and 155 μm in length, respectively. In the ventral part of the abdomen we observed three setae types, S1, S3 which are 190 μm long and have small barbs along their length directed towards the apex, and S4 which have numerous barbs at the base, but further up flatten out, with barbs along both sides, before tapering off at the apex. S4 also were found in the lateral zones of the abdomen and were the predominant type of...

Introduction. T. cruzi infections in humans have been extensively studied in Venezuela, however, the reservoirs of the disease have been little studied. Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the seroepidemiology of T. cruzi in dogs in Sucre state, Venezuela. Materials and methods. This was a cross-sectional and prospective study conducted in 95 towns and 577 dwellings in 15 municipalities of Sucre state, Venezuela, from August to November 2008. Serum samples from dogs were tested by the CruziELISA kit and the multiple antigens binding assay (MABA). In addition, epidemiological surveys were undertaken to evaluate the risk factors. Results. We surveyed dogs from 576 houses in 95 rural towns in the15 municipalities of Sucre state. A total of 363 dogs were evaluated (mean age: 2.6 ± 2.2 years, male: 226, female: 137). The combination of the ELISA / MABA detected 78 positive sera, sixty nine negative and 10 inconclusive results. This gave a seroprevalence for T. cruzi infection in dogs in Sucre state of 22.1% (95% CI: 20.58-22.4%). There was no statistically significant association between dogs infected with T. cruzi and the following epidemiological variables: hunting dogs, dogs which sleep outdoors and wander freely around the town, sex of the dog or their eating habits. T. cruzi infection was associated with age, being significantly higher in dogs aged 0 to 3 years as compared to the older groups. Conclusions. The high T. cruzi seroprevalence detected in dogs shows that this represents a high risk factor for the transmission of this parasite to human populations. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v33i2.760

En el presente trabajo se estandarizó una prueba de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) utilizando epimastigotes fijados de T. cruzi (aislado MHOM/VE/08/AU), se validó y posteriormente se aplicó para conocer la seroepidemiología de la infección por T. cruzi en Río Brito (estado Sucre). Los parásitos se cultivaron en infusión hígado triptosa y se fijaron con formaldehido (2%). Para la validación se usaron 49 sueros confirmados como positivos y 50 negativos para esta infección y para evaluar reacciones cruzadas se analizaron 48 sueros de pacientes confirmados con leishmaniasis cutánea, toxoplasmosis y helmintiasis. La prueba de IFI se aplicó para evaluar 50 muestras de sangre recogidas sobre papel de filtro, provenientes de Rio Brito, estado Sucre. Los factores de riesgo epidemiológicos se determinaron a través de la prueba de Fisher y la razón de probabilidades. La IFI fue 100% sensible y 93,9% específica. La seroprevalencia de la infección en la comunidad de Río Brito fue de 16%. Las variables asociadas a la infección fueron el reconocimiento del vector y su presencia alrededor de las viviendas. La seroprevalencia de esta parasitosis es elevada en Río Brito, en donde existen las variables epidemiológicas para mantener el ciclo del parásito. An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF) was standardized using fixed epimastigotes of T. cruzi (isolate MHOM/VE/08/AU) and after validation was applied to determine the seroepidemiology of T. cruzi infection in Rio Brito (Sucre State). The parasites were grown in liver infusion tryptose and fixed with formaldehyde (2%). To validate, the test 49 confirmed as positive and 50 as negative for infection sera were used. To assess cross-reactions 48 sera from patients with confirmed cutaneous leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis and helminthiasis were analyzed. The IIF test was used to evaluate 50 blood samples collected on filter paper, from Rio Brito, Sucre state population. The epidemiological risk factors were determined by Fisher’s exact test and the odds ratio. The IIF was 100% sensitive and 93.87% specific. The seroprevalence of infection in the community of Rio Brito was 16%. The variables associated with infection were the recognition of the vector and its presence around the houses. The seroprevalence of this infection is high in Rio Brito, where there are epidemiological variables to maintain the cycle of the parasite.