Search

Background and Aim: Head-and-neck cancers (HNCs) are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in both the developed and developing worlds. One of the most common types of HNC is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The rationale behind the present study is to analyze the effectiveness of nuclear proliferative markers in comparison to the various grades of OSCC. This study utilizes Anneroth's histopathological multifactorial grading system for squamous cell carcinoma and further tends to compare this histological grading with nuclear proliferative indices of p53 and argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR). The aim of this study was to establish and develop a correlation between the proliferative markers, AgNOR and p53, and the histologic grade of the tumor (Anneroth's grading). Materials and Methods: A total of 60 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma were taken from October 2020 to September 2022. The histological grading was done according to Anneroth's grading, and a score was given. P53 expression was graded according to the percentage of cells showing p53-positive immunostaining, and scoring was done from 0 to 3. The AgNOR score was calculated by examining 100 nuclei and calculating the mean AgNOR score per nucleus. Results: A significant linear correlation was obtained between the histological grading of OSCC and the proliferative markers (p53 and AgNOR). Conclusion: The analysis of the NOR count provides invaluable assistance in determining tumor aggressiveness and cellular proliferation rates. They can prove to be efficient tools to procure information on the malignant potential of different premalignant lesions. Elevated p53 expression implies greater clinical severity, a higher histological grade, and a poor prognosis for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Hence, the proliferative markers can be used as adjuncts to the histological grading system of OSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burden of cardiovascular disease has steadily increased in India. The aim of this study was to examine the veins when they are harvested in patients undergoing CABG (coronary artery bypass grafting), prior to grafting, to look for early evidences of damage due to inflammatory processes & also for immunohistochemical evidence of inflammatory markers and to compare the findings in diabetic patients and non-diabetic patients. Materials And Methods: This study was as part of an Extramural Ad-Hoc ICMR funded project. After obtaining an informed consent, a total of 154 patients were enrolled. All patients underwent CABG & saphenous vein (SV) was harvested, sent to the lab for evaluation. The characteristic histopathological features were observed, the findings compared in both groups. Immunohistochemical evidence of inflammatory markers in the SV wall was looked for and staining for MMP-9, COX-2 and iNOS was evaluated. Florescent staining of the SV for alterations in the basement membrane was also done. Results: A predominant male population was observed with 61.68% diabetics, hypertension and hypercholestraemia were the major risk factors along with smoking. Subendothelial edema was the major histopathological finding seen. IHC staining for inflammatory markers MMP-9 and COX-2 was done and showed positive findings for both the inflammatory markers, Examination florescent staining was carried out to delineate the basement membrane. Fragmentation of the basement membrane with disruption and a fibrillary appearance was seen in patients with smoking and hypertension. A fragmented & homogenous / afibrillar basement membrane was seen in the saphenous vein of patients with diabetes. Conclusion: We inferred that quicker attrition of the vein grafts may be anticipated in individuals with significant histological findings. Studies with a larger sample size will help to further validate these conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background: Gall bladder carcinoma accounts for 98% of all the gall bladder malignancies and it is the sixth most common malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract worldwide. The incidence of incidental gall bladder carcinoma which is diagnosed during or after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy is reported to be around 0.19-3.3% in the literature. Aim: This study was aimed at detecting the incidence of gall bladder carcinomas which were diagnosed incidentally during or after laparoscopic cholecystectomies which were done for gall stone disease and cholecystitis. Materials and Methods: We analyzed the medical records of patients with symptomatic gallstone disease and acute or chronic cholecystitis, who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomies at the Hakeem Abdul Hameed Centenary Hospital during the period from January 2007 to June 2012. Results: A total of 622 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed at our institute during the study period of five and a half years. In 6 (0.96%) cases, incidental carcinomas of the gallbladder were discovered. Conclusion: A laparoscopic cholecystectomy which is performed for benign gall bladder disease rarely results in a diagnosis of unexpected gallbladder cancer. The microscopic examination of the specimens, with special attention to the depth of invasion, range of the mucosal spread and the lymphovascular involvement, is critical in diagnosing the incidental malignancies as well as for the subsequent management of the cases.

Introduction: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with immunological factors playing an important role in its pathogenesis. It is now regarded as a T cell mediated disorder in which lymphocytic infiltrates, mainly CD4 and CD 8 cells which provide a major contribution in the initiation and maintenance of psoriatic lesions.Methods: Skin biopsies from both psoriatic and psoriasiform lesions were stained with monoclonal antibodies against CD4 and CD8 and their percentage was calculated in the epidermis, upper dermis and lower dermis.Results: The difference of mean value of percentage of CD4 cells, among psoriasis and psoriasiform lesion in the epidermis was statistically insignificant(p=0.228), while it was significant in the upper dermis (p=0.002) and in lower dermis (p=0.043). The difference in the value of percentage of CD 8 cells was statistically significant in the epidermis(p=0.007), upper dermis (p=0.005), and the lower dermis (p=0.043)Conclusion: Both CD4 and CD 8 T cells are present in the appropriate anatomic locations to sustain lesional skin pathology in psoriasis and psoriasiform lesions.

Endometriosis is a prevalent benign condition arising from the female reproductive system and affects about 7%–10% of females. The association of endometriosis with serous borderline ovarian tumors has been a matter of interest in gynecology. Sampson first described the association between endometriosis and carcinoma. The endometriosis-associated ovarian malignancies are clear cell adenocarcinoma and endometrioid adenocarcinoma, whereas serous and mucinous are rare malignancies associated with endometriosis. Here, we present the case report of a 45-year-old female in which endometriosis was associated with borderline serous tumor, since there is a lack of enough confident criteria for diagnosing endometriosis-associated ovarian tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The online portal has been a vital tool for both teaching as well as assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic. While being the only safe option available during this period, online assessment has its own drawbacks. Students have access to their books as well as the internet; therefore, there is no regulation over plagiarism, compromising the reliability of the examination. On the other hand, traditional offline assessment, apart from issues of safety during the pandemic, also requires a substantial infrastructure. Aims: The study was conducted to explore the possibility of using a hybrid assessment method-an online examination in an offline setting-with the aim of compensating the shortcomings of both type of assessments and evaluating its potential as a formative assessment tool. Settings and Design: The study was conducted over a period of 1 month in the Department of Pathology of a Medical College of New Delhi. A batch of 100 students belonging to the second professional MBBS were evaluated toward the end of their fifth semester. Materials and Methods: A blueprint of the online practical examination was prepared by the faculty, including the entire syllabus. The assessments were conducted 4 times for a batch of 25 students at a time. Students were called on the day of their assessment with their mobile phones, and the test was sent through Google forms. At the end of the examination, a quick evaluation of the result was done question wise and the faculty gave detailed feedback discussing the results. Following this, the students were asked to fill out an online feedback form to gather their perceptions regarding hybrid assessment. Results: Most of the students considered hybrid practical assessment to be a better mode than conventional practical assessment, and the majority thought that this mode can be useful for final exam preparation and should be conducted more frequently. Most of the students were satisfied with the time given for answering the questions as well as with the difficulty level of the questions, and felt that the syllabus was appropriately covered. However, a few students faced problems such as Internet connectivity and form reloading issues. Conclusions: A hybrid assessment method that is conducting an "on campus" online examination can be effective mode of conducting regular formative assessments. It has the advantage of requiring minimal infrastructure as well as examination faculty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral mucocele are common non neoplastic lesions of the oral cavity that develop either as a result of damage to the duct or obstruction to the duct of minor salivary gland. Histopathologically oral mucoceles are divided into two categories: Extravasation mucoceles often seen in young individuals, the lower lip being the classic location. The second category includes retention mucoceles, which occurs most often in older patients usually located in the floor of the mouth and the inside the cheek. Objectives: This study aims to describe the demographic and histological characteristics of Oral mucocele along with comparative study between Extravasation mucocele and Retention Mucocele. Method: A total of 32 cases of mucocele diagnosed in the Department of the Pathology, between 2012 and 2019 were reviewed. The clinical data were recorded and histopathologic diagnosis was made. The study variables included were age, gender, type, site, color, etiology, symptoms and dimension of the lesion. Results: A total of 32 cases of oral mucocele cases were studied corresponding to a M:Fratio of 1.13:1. Peak incidence occurred in third decade followed by equally in the first and second decades of life. Extravasation Mucocele was the clinical diagnosis in 59.4% and Retention Mucocele in 40.6%. Most lesions were located in the lower lip (59.3%). Conclusion: This study provides an important insight into demographic and histological profile of oral mucocele lesion. It was concluded that oral mucocele predominantly presented in two histological forms, Extravasation Mucocele which was more common than other lesser common form Retention Mucocele. Although these lesion are easily diagnosed on the basis of clinical presentation but sometimes these swelling can mimic other benign mucosal lesion of these region, hence histopathological examination must be done in order to rule out these lesion and also to note any variation from its normal morphological findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]