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In antiquity, apologetic defences often included appeals to an ancient past. Fundamental to the ancient mind was a notion that favoured primitive wisdom over contemporary culture, antiquity over novel discoveries. In the ongoing clashes between cultures and ethnicities which signified the Hellenistic era, this notion was often combined with a competitive search for communal recognition and validity. This article offers a survey of Jewish authors in Hellenistic times, who engaged in this battle for old age. The article shows how various Jewish writers employed the antiquity argument through comparative historiography, in which they traced the roots of civilization to ancient heroes of Israel. The article ends with a discussion on the logic, structure, and purpose of the antiquity argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"How the Soviet Jew Was Made" by Sasha Senderovich explores the role of culture in shaping the identity of Soviet Jews, rather than the other way around. The book focuses on Jewish authors and intellectuals who engaged with Soviet power in the 1920s and 1930s, highlighting their ambivalence and indeterminacy in relation to the Soviet project. The author's subjective approach and constant digressions may distract readers, but the book offers insights into the complexities of Soviet-Jewish identity and the challenges faced by Jewish writers during this period. The work also raises questions about the reasons behind the thematic choices of these authors and the impact of Soviet culture on their artistic freedom. [Extracted from the article]

This document provides brief biographical information about various contributors to the Polish Review. The contributors include professors, authors, translators, and researchers from different institutions and countries. Their areas of expertise range from religion and culture to history and literature. The document also mentions notable works and publications by some of the contributors. [Extracted from the article]

The first document is a review of the book "Performing Poland: Rethinking Histories and Theatres" by Dariusz Kosiński. The book provides a performance-studies perspective on Polish theatre history and is divided into five thematic parts, covering topics such as festivals, fundamental questions, national theatre, political theatre, and the theatre of the cultural metropolis. The review highlights the book's focus on Catholic and pagan rituals, Romantic and neo-Romantic dramas, politically engaged plays, and the development of theatres in different cities. The second document is an anthology titled "Voicing Memories, Unearthing Identities," which analyzes literature from Eastern and East-Central Europe, including Poland, and explores how memories shape national identities in the twenty-first century. The anthology covers various topics, including alternative histories, women's roles in society, memory wars between Ukraine and Russia, and the memory of the Holocaust. The third document is "The Routledge Handbook of Literary Translingualism," an anthology that examines the phenomenon of writers adopting languages other than their first language. The chapter on Polish literary context discusses examples of Polish writers who wrote in languages other than Polish throughout history, including during the Polish partitions and after World War II. The fourth document is a self-published book titled "Paderewski: His Journey Home," which briefly recounts the life of composer/statesman Ignacy Jan Paderewski and focuses on the return of his remains to Poland in [Extracted from the article]

"Reconstructing Non-Standard Languages: A socially-anchored approach" by Lenore A. Grenoble and Jessica Kantarovich is a book that focuses on the sociolinguistic reconstruction of under-documented, non-standard historical varieties, specifically Odessan Russian and Russian lexifier pidgins. The book consists of seven chapters divided into three parts, with the first part being theoretical and methodological, the second part focusing on the reconstruction of Odessan Russian and Russian lexifier pidgins, and the third part discussing methodological issues. The authors aim to not only describe the linguistic systems but also the social conditions of their use. The book utilizes a qualitative analysis and incorporates extralinguistic information from various sources to reconstruct these non-standard varieties. The authors argue that Russenorsk was a prestigious pidgin until Norwegian merchants began learning standard Russian in the mid-nineteenth century. They also discuss two other pidgins along the Chinese-Russian border, Kyakhta Pidgin Russian and Ussuri Pidgin Russian, and analyze the reliability of the sources used to reconstruct these pidgins. The authors suggest that literary texts can be used as a source of colloquial language data when better sources are lacking, but caution that these texts may not be completely accurate or authentic. Overall, the book is a significant contribution to the field of historical sociolinguistics and offers insights into the use of various kinds of documentation for reconstructing historical contact varieties. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Arbitrium is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study of e xempla and exemplarity in Mediterranean antiquity touches the methodological borderlines and interest areas of several distinct academic disciplines. Earlier studies focused on semantics and the development from the Greek παράδειγμα to the Roman exemplum. More recently, the field of Classics has tended to examine exemplarity as a phenomenon with a distinctively Roman edge. At the same time, scholars in adjacent disciplines like ancient Judaism and early Christianity have engaged Classics scholarship on this topic in their own work. This paper extends this arena by clarifying aspects of exemplarity within two paradigmatic texts of Hellenistic- and Roman-era Judaism. We examine 1 Maccabees 2:49–68 and Josephus' Jewish War 6.99–110, both speeches set within "contemporary" histories written by Jewish authors. By examining these ancient Jewish passages, written within the Greco-Roman world, we help add clarity and meaning to what could be "Jewish" about exemplarity in ancient Mediterranean contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rabbi Yehoshua Heschel Rabinowitz (1860–1938) was one of the first Hasidic rebbes of stature to come to America. An Orthodox Jewish leader and author with uncommon historical consciousness, he strove to revitalize religion as an existentially vital facet of being. Keenly attuned to the complexities of moments of transition, he reflected on his own experience of migration. His response to modernity differs from that of most traditionalist communal leaders of his day—both those who stayed in Europe and those who came to America. In the New World, now in his sixties, his understanding of Jewish history and the ongoing transformation of modern Jewish society and self continued to evolve as contemporary challenges demanded new responses. His life and works— written in Hebrew in a strikingly modern idiom—add important dimensions to the story of Hasidic migration, resettlement, and spiritual revival during a volatile historical era. Retracing his long path from Ukraine to New York, from the “valley of slaughter” to the goldene medina, through close readings of ego-documents and other resources that have received little attention to date, this paper considers his importance as a Hasidic figure worthy of note [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The short story "A balada do falso messias", by the Brazilian Jewish writer Moacyr Scliar, is an anachronistic version of the arrival of Jews to Rio Grande do Sul in the early 1900s, which includes the historical character of Sabbatai Zevi. Scliar's use of anachronism, parody and non-realistic representation, as well as the amalgamation of different literary traditions and historical references, serves to problematize the inherent conflicts within Jewish Brazilian identity. His version of the titular false messiah echoes and parodies not only the historical Zevi but also Christian and Lusophone messianic figures. By introducing a series of paradoxes and contradictions, the narrative suggests a process of Jewish immersion in Brazilian society not by assimilation, but rather by seclusion and rebellion. An analysis of the story's implicit author presents it as the result of such process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to identify the specifics of the Jewish text in Howard Fast's iconic novel Torquemada. The study is based on the semiotic definition of the text. The Jewish theme in the oeuvre of Fast, a writer of Jewish origin, occupies a significant place. The specific construction of the Jewish theme allows one to highlight the boundaries of a certain Jewish text in the author's work, which was clearly formed during the period of ideological and national quest. The novel Torquemada occupies a special place in the Jewish text of Fast. The Jewish text of the novel Torquemada is represented by a multi-level model. At the anthological level, the Jewish text of the novel can be correlated with the ideological quests of the author, Howard Fast. However, at the same time, it is an allegoric narrative about the fate of the Jews of the 20th century and the tragedy of the Holocaust. The events of the 15th century are the allegory of the events of the 20th century, and the times of the Spanish Inquisition are associated with the tragedy of the Jews of Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alfred Gong is one of the German-speaking Jewish Authors from Bukovina, who survived deportation and the Holocaust. At the End of the 40s, he succeeded in emigrating from communist Romania to Vienna and afterwards with the help of a refugee organization he reached the USA. The present paper follows two layers of analysis. The introductory part follows a biographical approach which is meant to bring up his considerations, thoughts, or inner conflicts towards the USA as a newcomer. For this part, Joseph Strelka's or Joachim Herrmann's works are the most relevant, for they published and brought up various passages from the author's archive. The second part of this paper focuses on the analysis of a couple of poems, which are dedicated to the American metropolis. The main purpose of this analysis is to present the meaning of this literary topoi in Gong's literature and the way such topoi are regarded by the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Max Czollek's book, "De-Integrate! A Jewish Survival Guide for the 21st Century," explores the experiences of Jews living in Germany after World War II. Czollek challenges the dominant German memory culture that excludes descendants of migrants and historical minorities, including Jews. He argues for a radical diversity and an inclusive society that accepts difference rather than assimilating everyone into one culture. The book provides new insights into the lives of Jews in Germany and their quest for empowerment in a polarized society. [Extracted from the article]

Dr. Beth Wenger, the Moritz and Josephine Berg Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania, was awarded the 2022 Lee Max Friedman Medal for her excellence in research and teaching in the field of American Jewish Studies. She is recognized as one of the leading historians of American Jews and has made significant contributions to the field through her scholarship and leadership in various initiatives. Wenger has also been involved in public history projects, including the creation of the core exhibition at the Weitzman National Museum of American Jewish History. In her acceptance remarks, Wenger reflects on the development of the field of American Jewish history and discusses the current challenges and opportunities it faces. [Extracted from the article]

The article explores the historical relationship between France and its Jewish population. It discusses how France was seen as a "better home" for Jews due to its political emancipation and ideals of equality and religious freedom. However, it also acknowledges the persecution faced by French Jews during the Second World War and the challenges they have faced in the post-war period. The article highlights the complexities of the French Jewish experience and the ongoing debates surrounding Jewish life in France, including issues of antisemitism and emigration. Despite these challenges, France remains a significant Jewish home with a large Jewish population. [Extracted from the article]

Interfaith controversies and disputes regarding the role of reason in interpreting the Scriptures characterised scholarly discussion in the Low Countries between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The Jewish author Abraham Gómez Silveira contributed to this discussion with an eclectic body of literature. This article focuses on his Libro Mudo (Mute Book), which embodies his efforts to present the Jewish religion as the only rational one and the Christian dogma as irrational. In order to corroborate his reading, Silveira mostly bases his argumentation on non-Jewish texts. By selecting passages from the New Testaments, Christian religious commentaries as well as Qur'anic excerpts, Silveira aims to demonstrate that even non-Jewish sources prove the rationality of the Jewish theological system. The novelty of Silveira's approach consists in confuting Christian dogma by accepting the Gospels as reliable historical sources. In this argumentative structure, the Qur'an has a similar although not identical function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early twentieth century, several notable Jewish artists and authors have incorporated the figure of Jesus into their creative works. This paper focuses on the motivation and meaning of the appropriation of crucifixion imagery by Jewish artists. Marc Chagall's painting The White Crucifixion, Barnett Newman's painting Stations of the Cross: Lema Sabachthani, and Chaim Potok's novel My Name is Asher Lev are presented as quintessential examples of this recurring motif. I conclude that the usage of crucifixion imagery by Jewish artists facilitates a confrontation with the culturally dominant religion, subverts hegemonic typologies of suffering, and expresses the necessity of interreligious dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper argues that Fridrikh Gorenshtein's preoccupation with evil and with the search for a proper response offers a useful lens through which to explore his conception of Jewishness and his identity as a Jewish writer working within the Russian literary tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vatter's I Living Law i challenges our assumptions of the politics of a model of political theology - not of command-obedience authority per se, but of Jewish messianism which instantiates a deeply anarchic practice of law. Miguel Vatter's I Living Law i is as much a foray and a marker in a burgeoning, always alternative, not-quite-outside subfield - Jewish political thought - as it is an intricately argued and immensely well-researched journey through a network of German-Jewish thinkers in the twentieth century. [Extracted from the article]

For example, rabbinic traditions in which the Torah was first offered to non-Israelites only to be rejected by them, mimics the universal promulgation and application of imperial law while justifying and reclaiming the Torah as the particular law of Israel. Jews and Their Roman Rivals: Pagan Rome's Challenge to Israel K atell B erthelot Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2021. [Extracted from the article]

The book "Sirach and its Contexts: The Pursuit of Wisdom and Human Flourishing" edited by Samuel Adams, Greg Schmidt Goering, and Matthew J. Goff is a collection of essays presented at an international symposium. The book is divided into four parts, covering topics such as the genre and tradition of wisdom in the Book of Sirach, the role of music in pedagogical training, and the history of reception of Ben Sira/Sirach. The essays provide valuable insights into the textual analysis, historical context, and reception of the Book of Sirach, offering a comprehensive resource for further research. [Extracted from the article]

This article investigates the presence and absence of God in and after Auschwitz in the thought of the Jewish philosopher Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1995). Analyzing especially the author's Jewish writings published in the post-Auschwitz period, after the horror of the Holocaust, it shows how God responds to the cry of the innocent and suffering by establishing an adult relationship that respects human freedom and founds an infinite responsibility. The article emphasizes the bond between God and the human being, which is mediated by the experience of fidelity to the Torah, and that God's revelation, essentially a commandment, implies unavoidable obedience. Finally, it stresses that the critical content of divine revelation is "thou shalt not kill," to promote and defend the integral life of others in all circumstances, exercising responsibility and striving for authentic social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores "Nayn a zeyger inderfri" and "Gelt," two novellas by the Polish- Jewish Yiddish author Yoshue Perle. These novellas feature first-generation Jewish middle-class men who anxiously struggle to perform according to the bourgeois masculine standards that their new class positioning requires. The article argues that Perle creates a narrative where Jewish masculinities come into direct interaction with non-Jewish bourgeois masculinities. While debates about Jewish masculinity often take "Torah study" or "productivity" as primary examples for thinking through appropriate activities for Jewish men, I suggest that a bank or a factory office is also a site for the negotiation of what constitutes ideal, failed, or proper masculine behavior. The article proposes a more nuanced approach to the study of Jewish masculinities, which would not be limited to looking at the intersection of gender and ethnicity, but would include class as another major factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article gives a comparison of Polish, Ukrainian and German written oil-texts, that is fictional and non-fictional literary texts depicting the oil findings in Galicia in the late 19th century. It shows the key notions connected with oil as a source of wealth or poverty. National antagonisms between Jews and Ukrainians or Poles dominate the oil-texts by Ivan Franko and Artur Gruszecki, personal success or failure is pointed out by the Jewish author Hermann Blumenthal and the Polish writer Ignacy Maciejewski. For Stanisław Szczepanowski, himself an oil entrepreneur, this natural resource ensures progress and wealth of the whole society, whereas for Saul Raphael Landau, a Jewish activist, oil as a tool of modern capitalism enslaves Jewish proletarians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Garloff puts it, it is a literature characterized by "a high degree of metamemorial reflexivity, or an awareness that every instance of literary Holocaust remembrance is also a comment on the memory cultures of the present" (17). Garloff rightly diagnoses this new German-Jewish literature as a site in which profound shifts in Holocaust memory are crystalized. At the heart of Garloff's discussion in this section is the notion of the mobility of Holocaust memory, which, during the 1990 s, generated "a global or "cosmopolitan" memory of the Holocaust" (15). [Extracted from the article]

Michael Beer's successful 1823 play Der Paria is famous as an early complaint against the status of Jews as second-rate citizens. As such, it is fundamental to the conception of Jews as pariahs, best known through the writings of Hannah Arendt. Its long reception history has overlooked an important source, that is now uncovered for the first time in a hundred years. Beer's play was parodied by Ludwig Robert with Der Pavian. Both authors were scions of Berlin's Jewish elite, and among the first authors of Jewish descent to write in German. Robert's parody shows why he did not share in the general enthusiasm about Der Paria, how the choice of the parodic genre was a self-referential critique, and how form and content of the parody together intervened in Beer's use of the genre of Trauerspiel. Thus, it contributes to our understanding of the diverse strategies and self-perceptions of upper-class Berlin Jews, confronted with the limits of their pioneering the Jewish integration into non-Jewish society, showing the role of theater as a means of negotiating contemporary social problems both in private and publicly, stressing the difficult presence of Jews in the German public sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instead, Moroccan Communist Jews are portrayed as disconnected from the wider Moroccan left in Morocco, which strikes us as the wrong way to value and elevate and shine light on the contribution of Moroccan Jews 'the formation of Moroccan national identity politics ... and Middle Eastern and North African Studies' (Introduction). Abraham Serfaty, Edmond Amran El Maleh, or Sion Assidon, are all names that resonate powerfully in the historiography of modern Morocco. The author describes compellingly in the first two chapters how Moroccan Jewish communists navigated between the tripartite pull of transnational communist solidarity, growing Zionist appeal, and the imperative of taking part in the national movement for independence, all the while swatting away French republicanism. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the work "Espejo fiel de vidas que contiene los Psalmos de David en verso, obra devota, útil y deleitable" by Daniel Israel López Laguna, a Jewish poet living openly as a Jew in Jamaica. The poem reflects the author's experiences as a converso and delves into themes of resilience and redemption through his reimagining of Psalms. The article analyzes specific passages that showcase the poet's hybrid identity and his use of Baroque literary trends to convey his experiences. It provides insight into the hopes and fears of New Christians who resisted the Inquisition's efforts to suppress their Jewish identity. The text also discusses the influences on "Espejo fiel" and its connection to Spanish poetry, mentioning Jacob Judah León and Menasseh ben Israel as inspirations for the author. Additionally, it explores how the Psalms, which hold significant meaning for crypto-Jews, offered solace and inspiration to New Christians who faced persecution. The author of "Espejo fiel" reinterprets the Psalms based on his own experiences as a victim of informants and calls for divine punishment against those who persecute New Christians. The article also examines the work "Espejo fiel de vidas" by Isaac López Laguna, a Sephardic Jew residing in Jamaica in the early 18th century. This collection of rewritten psalms reflects López Laguna's experiences as a crypto-Jew and the persecution endured [Extracted from the article]

This article challenges a common scholarly view regarding Josh 10:1–39, 11:1–15. The first edition of these episodes is commonly attributed to Judean authors. I offer arguments in favor of a northern Israelite provenance of the first edition, assessing the extracts for which there is convincing evidence of such provenance. I also critically examine the arguments in favor of a Judean composition, rejecting some of them, reevaluating others, and determining pieces of text within 10:1–39, 11:1–15 for which there is in fact convincing evidence of Judean authorship. Much of the analysis is focused on the level of familiarity with different regions of Eretz-Israel exhibited in different parts of the text. In addition, any portion within these episodes for which the geographical setting of composition can be determined is placed along the time line of the episodes' textual development. Whenever possible I suggest the approximate date of composition for a text and assess whether the extract under discussion belongs to a relatively early layer or to a late, redactional one. I conclude that the first edition of 10:1–39, 11:1–15 was composed in the northern kingdom of Israel before 722 BCE, and that this edition was later revised and expanded by Judean authors, probably in the seventh century BCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the theory of hypertextuality and interpretation in the Pentateuch. It is noted that ancient Jewish authors revised old texts to address new contexts and define their community identity. Gérard Genette's theory of hypertextuality offers ways to categorize literary interactions between texts and make our assumptions about how interpretive texts function more explicit. The article examines four significant revisions of Pentateuchal materials: the Deuteronomic and Priestly work of the Pentateuch, the Temple Scroll, and the Book of Jubilees. It emphasizes that the distinction between "biblical" and "non-biblical" did not exist in the Second Temple period and that a new approach is needed to consider these texts equally. The theory of hypertextuality can make important contributions to integrating biblical studies and research on the Dead Sea Scrolls. One such contribution is the treatment of interpretations in the Pentateuch and interpretations of the Pentateuch on an equal level. The theory of hypertextuality allows for recognizing and analyzing similarities between different texts. The use of this theory can also help understand the relationships between source texts and dependent texts in ancient Jewish literature. There are various approaches to applying the theory of hypertextuality to different texts, such as the New Testament and the Old Testament. The text discusses the theory of hypertextuality and its application to the Pentateuch. It emphasizes that mere coherence of a text is not sufficient to argue that it was designed for independent existence. Instead, it is argued that the function of a text should be considered in line with the intentions of its authors. The text also examines the characteristics of ancient Jewish hypertexts, such as self-presentation and paratextual markers, to determine whether they were designed as substitutes, supplements, or corrections to their hypotext. It is noted that Deuteronomy, Jubilees, and the Temple Scroll can be considered as continuations or supplements, while the Priestly work can be seen as an independent alternative to existing narratives. The use of paratextual signs, such as titles, can indicate a hypertextual relationship between texts. This article examines the revisions in and of the Pentateuch using Gérard Genette's theory of hypertextuality. The theory offers ways to categorize literary interactions between texts and make the functioning of interpretive texts more explicit. This can help solve urgent problems in the study of the Hebrew Bible and ancient Judaism. The article focuses particularly on the book of Deuteronomy and its connection to the hypotextual context. It emphasizes that interpretation does not only occur retrospectively to the foundational texts of Western religion and culture but is built into them and produces interpretation. [Extracted from the article]

These 27 credos show how a variety of different analysts take up the task, revealing their authors through approach as much as through content. She groups credos by decades, from the 1960s through the 2000s, based upon the author's year of certification as an analyst. [Extracted from the article]

"Holding On and Holding Out: Jewish Diaries from Wartime France" by Anne Freadman is a book that offers a unique perspective on the language used by Jewish diary authors during World War II in Occupied and Vichy France. While not a history book, it contributes to the fields of linguistics, literature, and Holocaust studies by analyzing the diaries as narrative constructs and exploring the writers' perceptions of time and identity. The book examines the experiences of individuals such as Raymond-Raoul Lambert and Benjamin Schatzman, and incorporates the works of other scholars in the field. Although the author's use of critical theory could have been more approachable, the book provides a remarkable analysis of the diaries and their intertextuality with literary texts. Overall, "Holding On and Holding Out" is an excellent model of attentive listening to the messages and contexts of history's witnesses. [Extracted from the article]

In this essay I bring to attention the event of the recent discovery of an unpublished diary of the RomanianJewish literary critic, writer, and diarist Mihail Sebastian (1907-1945). This diary—written between 1930 and 1931— contains fragments that were published in the press of the author’s time (in 1932), but also some passages that remain unpublished until today. All the passages related to the author’s Jewish origins and his anguish of living in a “closed and defined circle,” a metaphor for the real or symbolic ghetto, are unpublished. Also, these unpublished passages expose his strategy for creating and publishing prose fiction: since they are the work of a Jewish author, the characters would be impossible to conceive of as anything other than “Jews,” but, upon publication, the author would delegate them a non-Jewish identity. This strategy would allow Sebastian’s “Jewish-Romanian” “truths” to be communicated publicly, but without explicitly assuming them as such. The information provided by the unpublished fragments of this diary—nowhere expressed so firmly and transparently in author's writing—reconfigure how Sebastian’s entire oeuvre is to be interpreted, from the first prose fiction intended for publication to his (private) diary, partially published after 1989. I will show in this essay, following unpublished passages from this journal between 1930 and 1931, that all of Sebastian’s writings—both those that apparently ignore the theme of Jewishness and those that approach it head-on—are permeated by the same anguish: the anguish of living and writing in a “closed circle,” a feeling heightened by the increasingly anti-Semitic atmosphere in 1930s Romania. I also prove that Sebastianʼs strategies of obscuring his Jewish identity and indirectly communicating his “truths” as a Romanian Jew are coherent and well connected with his strategies of direct communication of the same “truths.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the construction of cultural identities in German-speaking Jewish authors from post-Soviet countries. The implosion of the Soviet system is a crucial event for the emergence of today's world, which is characterized by the globalization of cultures and lifestyles. The resulting migrations further led to literary deconstructions of identity on several levels. Here, particular attention is paid to the levels of cultural belonging, mother tongue, and gender. In doing so, the texts of Lena Gorelik, Olga Grjasnowa, and Sasha Marianna Salzmann, among others, highlight the possibilities of a porous, dynamic, and contradictory identity shaped by the experience of migration and not belonging to a national culture: Their transcultural, multilingual, and non-binary main characters can be seen as archetypes of a non-classifiable literary subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are similarities between the way Targum Jonathan explains the Hebrew texts and the way the New Testament authors use the same texts. However, it is hard to identify the exact relationship between Targum Jonathan and the New Testament. Two examples of "Targumic" translations in the New Testament are explored in this article: Acts 13:21-22 and James 5:7-8. All in all, we can say that (1) it is hard to find identical forms of exegesis, although there are several similar cases and parallels; (2) we must do our best to describe similar cases as precise as possible, because there are both similarities and contradictions in all these cases; (3) there is no direct relationship between Targum Jonathan and the New Testament; but (4) they can be used cautiously as a means to better understand each other and (5) to better understand how Jewish authors - I include the New Testament Jewish followers of Jesus here - read and understood their Scriptures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]