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Gamma binaural beats (BB) entrainment has become more ubiquitous in recent decades, with studies showing improvements in mood and cognition. We aimed to investigate whether listening to 40 Hz BB could help mitigate mental stress and cognitive dissonance in a group of nursing faculty members and students. Participants listened to an auditory stimulus of 40 Hz BB for 15 minutes for a total of nine sessions over the duration of a three-week period. Mood and cognition were assessed with Brunel Mood Scale and Stroop's test, respectively, before and after a 15-minute BB stimulation. The pre- and post-interventional study was conducted for the data analysis. The emotional states and cognitive performance of both groups were enhanced by 40 Hz BB entrainment. However, students benefited more from BB for navigating emotion, whereas faculty benefited more with the cognitive task. In addition, the enhancement mediated by BB improved over time among the students. Thus, 40 Hz BB seem to play a major role both in improving emotional well-being, as well as improving cognitive function, in an age-dependent manner. Implementing BB into daily routines as a part of stress management strategy may offer a low-cost noninvasive method to foster emotional stability and enhance cognitive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of Mandelic acid with Bi(V) has been investigated in phosphoric acid medium. The order with respect to substrate and oxidant each is one. The reaction rate is independent of [H+] ion as well as [Bi(III)]. The reaction rate decreases with increasing ionic strength indicating reactive species of opposite charge. The simple rate law explained all the experimental observations. The mode of electron transfer from the substrate to Bi(V) has been indicated is a bridged outer sphere mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dominant‐negative mutation of LdeK1 gene, an eIF2α kinase from Leishmania donovani, revealed its role in translation regulation in response to nutrient starvation earlier. However, whether the kinase influences the infectivity of the parasites which naturally encounters nutrient deprivation during its life cycle was interesting to investigate. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments resulted in decrease of the parasite burden in peritoneal macrophages and in splenic/ hepatic load, respectively. An insight into the immune response of mice infected with mutant parasite showed enhanced pro‐inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide levels but reduced TH2 and Treg population. The significantly reduced loss of infectivity of the parasites lacking a functional LdeK1 by modulating the immune response towards host protection makes it a potential vaccine candidate against Leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Search for an efficacious antileishmanial vaccine has led to clinical trials of numerous vaccine candidates in the past few decades. As no promising candidate has emerged from these studies, novel vaccine modalities and vaccine assessment techniques are still emerging for antileishmanial vaccine development. Briefly, this chapter discusses: (a) history and timeline of antileishmanial vaccine development; (b) techniques utilized for developing whole-parasite and subunit-based antileishmanial vaccine formulations, and (c) immunogenicity and post-challenge protective efficacy assessment of vaccine candidates., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Introduction: Color blindness is X-linked recessive inherited disorder that occurs mostly in males and is transmitted through females. Many people with color blindness may remain undetected. Thus the present study aims to evaluate the incidence of color blindness among undergraduates of Kathmandu University., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 825 undergraduates, aged 17-25 years, from June to August 2018, in Kathmandu University, Kavre, Nepal. The Ishihara plates were used to evaluate the color vision of students under natural day light condition., Results: Study revealed that 24 (2.9%) undergraduates were color blind which include 24 male (5%) and no female. Among the color blind, five (20.3%), three (12.5%), two (8.33%) and 14 (58.33%) males were the victims of deuteranomaly, deuteranopia, protanomalia and total color blindness respectively. Color blindness is prevalent among the Brahmin 10 (3.9%), followed by Chettri 10 (2.72%) and Newar 4 (2.24%)., Conclusions: Prevalence of color blindness is found to be higher in males than females. Total color blindness is the most prevalent in our study. Screening enables the students to become aware of limitations and devise ways of overcoming them.