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It is widely believed that raters' cognition is an important aspect of writing assessment, as it has both logical and temporal priority over scores. Based on a critical review of previous research in this area, it is found that raters' cognition can be boiled to two fundamental issues: building text images and strategies for articulating scores. Compared to the scoring contexts of previous research, the TEM 8 integrated writing task scoring scale has unique features. It is urgent to know how raters build text images and how they articulate scores for text images in the specific context of rating TEM8 compositions. In order to answer these questions, the present study conducted qualitative research by considering raters as problem solvers in the light of problem-solving theory. Hence, 6 highly experienced raters were asked to verbalize their thoughts simultaneously while rating TEM 8 essays, supplemented by a retrospective interview. Analyzing the collected protocols, we found that with regard to research question 1, the raters went through two stages by setting building text images as isolated nodes and building holistic text images for each dimension as two sub-goals, respectively. In order to achieve the first sub-goal, raters used strategies such as single foci evaluating, diagnosing, and comparing; for the second sub-goal, they mainly used synthesizing and comparing. Regarding the second question, the results showed that they resorted to two groups of strategies: demarcating boundaries between scores within a dimension and discriminating between dimensions, each group consisting of more specific processes. Each of the extracted processes was defined clearly and their relationships were delineated, on the basis of which a new working model of the rating process was finalized. Overall, the present study deepens our understanding of rating processes and provides evidence for the scoring validity of the TEM 8 integrated writing test. It also provides implications for rating practice, such as the need for the distinction between two types of analytical rating scales.

Herein, a dual‐responsive shape‐transforming charge‐reversal integrated nanomedicine system (DHP@BPP) is developed for the co‐delivery of the photosensitizer pyro pheophorbide‐α (Ppa), anti‐programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) peptide (dPPA), and tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs)‐regulating drug berberrubine (BBR). Hydrophobic Ppa and hydrophilic BBR are linked by matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) responsive peptide (PMGMRKLVFF) to form BPP. BPP can self‐assemble into spherical nanoparticles with positive charge, which undergo shape transformation to nanofibers upon cleavage by MMP‐2 at tumor sites. The dPPA is conjugated with hexa‐histidine and polyethylene glycol to form DHP, which is then electrostatically adsorbed onto the surface of BPP to form DHP@BPP with negative surface charge. The DHP not only enhances the tumor‐targeting but also induces DHP disassociation and charge reversal of DHP@BPP due to protonation of histidine at the tumor site, thereby increasing tumor penetration while maintaining long blood circulation. Most importantly, through the combination of chemo‐photodynamic‐immunotherapy, it can repolarize TAMs from M2‐type to M1‐type while reducing PD‐L1 expression to reshape the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, thereby synergistically enhancing the effect of immunogenic cell death. In conclusion, this study offered a simple but effective idea for the treatment of immunosuppressive cancers through the combination of shape transformation and charge reversal, integrating chemo‐photodynamic‐immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A robust, fast and versatile phase transfer approach to the transfer of large hydrophilic multi-shaped gold nanoparticles from aqueous to organic phase was systematically investigated. The procedure uses the amphiphilic surfactant bis-(amidoethylcarbamoylethyl) octadecylamine (C18N3), which consists of a long alkane chain to provide hydrophobic properties and terminal amine groups for hydrophilic properties. Furthermore, the 3D-assembly behavior, plasmonic properties and surface-enhanced Raman scattering properties of the hydrophobic multi-shaped gold nanoparticles derived from the phase transfer method on the surface of mercapto-silica colloidal spheres were systematically investigate. The surfaces of mercapto-silica spheres immobilize gold nanoparticles through strong coordination interactions between gold cations and thiol groups and allow the direct assembly of large multi-shaped nanoparticles on supporting colloidal spheres. The size of the gold nanoparticles used in both 3D-assembly and phase transfer is much larger (as large as 55 nm) than any known reports to date. This assembly strategy will provide the research community with a highly versatile, configurable, and reproducible process for the preparation of various structures and great flexibility in incorporating multiple nanoparticle components. An effective procedure for phase transfer of multi-shaped, large size gold nanoparticles with the aid of a multi-amine surfactant C18N3 and their 3D-assembly on the support of mercapto-silica spheres is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]