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What is known and objective To investigate the general characteristics, economic burden, causative drugs and medical errors associated with litigation involving severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCADRs) in China, with the aims of improving rational medication use and reducing the extent of damage from SCADRs. Methods This study analysed 150 lawsuit judgements involving SCADRs from 2005 to 2019, collected from China Judgments Online. Results and discussion In total, 50% of lawsuits stemmed from SCADRs occurring in general hospitals. The average time elapsed from the date of occurrence of the SCADRs to the end of litigation procedures was 1055 days. Of the patients involved, 51% were female and more than two thirds (69%) were under 60 years old. The most common outcome of SCADRs was death (39%), followed by disabilities (30%). The average responsibility of the medical provider was 48 ± 29%. The average amount of compensation was $43 424. Of the cases studied, 51% of SCADRs were Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis, which together accounted for 75% of cases with known clinical subtype. The overall average economic burden of SCADRs was $99 178, of which indirect costs made up the largest proportion (more than 60%). The most common causative drug groups were antimicrobial drugs (49%), Chinese patent medicine and Chinese herbal medicine (17%), and antipyretic analgesics (16%). Finally, 61% of medical errors were found to stem from violation of duty of care, 20% from violation of informed consent and 18% from violations related to the medical record writing and management system. What is new and conclusion Severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions not only severely affect patient survival and quality of life, but also impose a heavy economic burden in terms of health care and societal costs. Medical providers should be better educated on strategies to reduce risk to patients and establish mechanisms of risk sharing and management.

Food authenticity regarding different varieties and geographical origins is increasingly becoming a concern for consumers. In this study, headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) and fast gas chromatography electronic nose (fast GC e-nose) were used to successfully distinguish the varieties and geographical origins of dried gingers from seven major production areas in China. By chemometric analysis, a distinct separation between the two varieties of ginger was achieved based on HS-GC-MS. Furthermore, flavor information extracted by fast GC e-nose realized the discrimination of geographical origins, and some potential flavor components were selected as important factors for origin certification. Moreover, several pattern recognition algorithms were compared in varietal and regional identification, and random forest (RF) led to the highest accuracies for discrimination. Overall, a rapid and precise method combining multivariate chemometrics and algorithms was developed to determine varieties and geographical origins of ginger, and it could also be applied to other agricultural products.

A structurally stable stacked multilayer carbonitride is predicted with the aid of ab initio calculations. This carbonitride consists of C3N tetrahedra, and is similar to T-carbon and thus named T-C3N. Its 2-dimensional (2D) monolayer is also carefully investigated in this work. The studies on electronic properties reveal that bulk and 2D T-C3N are insulators with a 5.542 eV indirect band gap and a 5.741 eV direct band gap, respectively. However, the monolayer T-C3N exhibits an excellent uniform porosity. Its 5.50 A pore size is perfect for water nanofiltration. The adsorption and permeation of water molecules on the monolayer T-C3N are investigated. Its promising potential application in highly efficient nanofiltration membranes for seawater desalination is discussed.

A series of newly designed Ru-dyes constructed with [Ru(bpy)(bpp)Cl]+ (bpp = 2,6-bis(N-pyrazolyl)pyridine, bpy = bipyridine) as template were evaluated by studying the frontier molecular orbital energy, charge distribution, absorption spectrum, light harvesting efficiency, as well as photogenerated current density by using (time-dependent) density functional theory. The calculation results reveal that the light harvesting efficiency and current density are enhanced with only one linkage group attached onto the 4 site of pyridine ligand. Mounting the linkage groups to 3 or 3′ position on pyridine ligand introduces super strong UV absorption. Keywords: DSSC, Ruthenium dyes, Absorption spectrum, Light-harvest efficiency

A structurally stable stacked multilayer carbonitride is predicted with the aid of ab initio calculations. This carbonitride consists of C3N tetrahedra, and is similar to T-carbon and thus named T-C3N. Its 2-dimensional (2D) monolayer is also carefully investigated in this work. The studies on electronic properties reveal that bulk and 2D T-C3N are insulators with a 5.542 eV indirect band gap and a 5.741 eV direct band gap, respectively. However, the monolayer T-C3N exhibits an excellent uniform porosity. Its 5.50 Å pore size is perfect for water nanofiltration. The adsorption and permeation of water molecules on the monolayer T-C3N are investigated. Its promising potential application in highly efficient nanofiltration membranes for seawater desalination is discussed.

A new inverse modeling method based on parametric equivalent electromagnetic parameters is proposed, whose object is multiscale structure of absorbing coating mixed with conductor. Based on effective medium theory and equivalent electromagnetic parameter characterization method of impedance matching theory, the dielectric electromagnetic model oriented to the principle of surface current is established, which can provide adaptive electromagnetic parameters for IE/PO+UTD joint simulation of absorbing coating material and metal multiscale structure. The accuracy of the electromagnetic parameter characterization and the electromagnetic model in the dielectric domain are verified by the collaborative computing of the integral equation as well as the high frequency approximation theory and test. Therefore, this method is suitable for electromagnetic simulation of stealthy composite materials and conductor multiscale structures.

A transparent and low radar cross section (RCS) antenna based on absorbing metasurface is presented. The ground and radiation patch of the antenna are made of indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive film with low square resistance, the substrate is made of transparent glass material, and the transparent absorbing structures with high square resistance are arranged around the transparent radiation patch. The simulation results indicate that the proposed antenna works at 8.88GHz. It possesses remarkable RCS reduction from 8GHz to 12GHz compared with the original antenna. The minimum reduction is 10dB. Moreover, the antenna has stable RCS reduction effect in the range of −20° to 20° of incident angle.

Implementation of a discrete-time quantum walk (DTQW) with superconducting qubits is difficult since on-chip superconducting qubits cannot hop between lattice sites. We propose an efficient protocol for the implementation of DTQW in circuit quantum electrodynamics (QED), in which only $N+1$ qutrits, $N$ cavities, and other assistant devices are needed for an $N$-step DTQW. The operation of each DTQW step is very quick because only resonant processes are adopted. The numerical simulations show that high-similarity DTQW with a number of steps up to 20 is feasible with present-day circuit QED techniques. This protocol can help to study properties and applications of many-step DTQW in experiments, and can be extended to implement multidimensional DTQW in circuit QED or other quantum systems.

The pulse signal is not only expressed as superposition of harmonic component, but also can be decomposed to the corresponding harmonic component. In this study, we designed an experimental simulation for make students learn knowledge of the signal process, which as a continuous cycle rectangular pulse signal, the function of relationship on harmonic component amplitude and duty cycle was discussed. Meanwhile, based on the simulation analysis and Fourier analysis, the relationship curve of duty cycle and harmonic component amplitude of rectangular pulse signal was given, and a new technique about changing harmonic amplitude or eliminating some or other harmonic component based on pulse duty cycle was proposed. The parsing circuit model of second-order active band-pass filter, by setting the center frequency of narrow-band band-pass filter circuit, decomposed the harmonic component of rectangular pulse signal under the given duty cycle with the method of simulation experiment. The results also showed that harmonic component amplitude of rectangular pulse signal could be changed in the form of sinusoidal function, by adjusting the duty cycle. When the duty cycle and amplitude of rectangular pulse signal were at the same time, its higher harmonic order component and harmonic amplitude were the same.

One pathogenic mechanism of ethanol-induced liver injury is the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may result in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) characterized by cell death due to necrosis and apoptosis. Taurine was proved to protect against liver damage. However, whether taurine attenuates ethanol-induced hepatic apoptosis remains unknown. The present study aims to elucidate this effect and its underlying mechanism. Taurine was administered to ALD rats and an in vitro experiment in which taurine was added to primary rat hepatocytes cultured with ethanol was conducted. Mitochondrial function and anti-oxidative capacity of the liver were tested. TUNEL and AO-EB double staining were conducted to detect apoptosis of liver cells. Expressions of factors and proteins involved in mitochondrial and death receptor pathways were detected by RT-PCR and Western-blot. The results showed that taurine inhibited the decline of cell functions and apoptosis in hepatocytes cultured with ethanol. Furthermore, increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and NADH dehydrogenase (ND) in ALD rats were mediated by taurine. RT-PCR and western-blot results revealed that taurine down-regulated expression of Bax, Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), caspase 3 and caspase 9 while up-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 in ethanol-cultured hepatocytes. In summary, taurine inhibit ethanol-induced hepatic apoptosis by regulating mitochondrial or death receptor pathways.

The preparation of initial superposition states of discrete-time quantum walks (DTQWs) are necessary for the study and applications of DTQWs. In linear optics, it is easy to prepare initial superposition states of the coin, which are always encoded by polarization states; while the preparation of superposition states of the walker is challenging. Based on a novel encoding method, we here propose a DTQW protocol in linear optics which enables the preparation of arbitrary initial superposition states of the walker and the coin. With this protocol, we report an experimental demonstration of DTQW with the walker initially in superposition states, by using only passive linear-optical elements. The effects of the walker's different initial superposition states on the spread speed of the DTQW and on the entanglement between the coin and the walker are also experimentally investigated, which have not been reported before. When the walker starts with superposition states, we show that the properties of DTQW are very different from those of DTQW starting with a single position. Our findings reveal different properties of DTQW and paves an avenue to study DTQW with arbitrary initial states. Moreover, the encoding method enables one to encode an arbitrary high-dimensional quantum state using a single physical qubit and may be adopted to implement other quantum information tasks., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, accepted in npj Quantum Information

The study is mainly about the simulation of the hydrodynamic effect of the fluid around the semi-submerged body in the three-dimensional open channel flow. In the case of Reynolds number 36200 and Froude number 0.17, the simulation is carried out by unsteady Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes method for semi-submerged body. There are four different draft ratios simulation by volume of fluid. The researches compare the results of the simulation with particle image velocimetry data and large eddy simulation experimental. The main research of the experiment is to study the vortex distribution around the semi-submerged body under the cross flow. And another target is to observe the velocity distribution of the flow field. The study shows that unsteady Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes results are consistent with actual situation, which can improve the efficiency of operation more than large eddy simulation and provide some reference for future horizontal hydrodynamic effects under different Reynolds number conditions.

Pathological myopia is a refractive error that can result in legal blindness and is prevalent in China. A number of genomic loci have been associated with pathological myopia, but only a few have been validated. This study further evaluated the association of polymorphisms in the CTNND2 gene and the 11q24.1 genomic region with pathological myopia. Both regions had previously been implicated in carrying susceptibility genes for this eye disorder. Genotypic and association analyses were performed on 24 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CTNND2 and 11q21.1 genomic regions of 321 subjects with pathological myopia and 310 control subjects with normal vision using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Allele and genotype frequency analyses found that the distribution of variants of the SNP rs1479617 located in the CTNND2 gene significantly differed between the pathological myopia and control groups. Haplotype linkage analysis identified 2 genomic blocks in 11q24.1 that were independently associated with pathological myopia. Specific polymorphisms in the CTNND2 gene and 11q24.1 genomic region were found to be significantly associated with pathological myopia in this Chinese population, further supporting the idea that these genomic regions carry susceptibility loci for this disease.

In view of the shortage of public opinion research about hot event on cross-platform, we put forward a research scheme about public opinion on multi-platform and defined and calculated the public opinion index of broadcast and television, Weibo, forum, news portal and so on. The changing rules of public opinion tendency, focus and communication structure is shown clearly through visualization. We showed the public opinion communication rule and effect intuitively and dynamically in different stage on different platforms.

Evidence shows that almost all aerobic granules can only be cultivated in sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Compared to continuous process, the unique feature of SBR is its cycle operation, which results in a periodical starvation in the reactor. So far, the effect of such a periodical starvation on aerobic granulation process remains unknown. Thus, this study investigated the responses of aerobic granules to the respective carbon-, nitrogen-, phosphorus-, potassium-starvation and also their collective effects in terms of cell surface hydrophobicity, surface zeta potential, extracelluar polysaccharides content, specific oxygen utilization rate and biomass growth. Results showed that short-term C-, N-, P- and K- starvations would pose negative effects on aerobic granules, e.g. reduce EPS content, inhibit microbial activity, weaken structural integrity and worsen settleability of aerobic granules. This study likely provides primary evidence that the substrate and nutrients starvation would not contribute to the stability of aerobic granules in a significant way.

C80H44Cd2Cl4F4N16O6, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 8.316(3) Å, b = 14.081(5) Å, c = 15.541(6) Å, α = 96.045(7)°, β = 94.660(7)°, γ = 91.155(6)°,V = 1803.0 Å3, Z = 1, Rgt(F) = 0.0635, wRref(F2) = 0.1718, T = 293 K.

This study investigated the association of the 27 SNPs located in RASGRF1. GJD2, and ACTC1 genes with pathological myopia in a Chinese Han population.Myopia patients were stratified according to whether they did (n = 274) or did not (n = 131) have myopic macular degeneration (MMD). The SNPbrowser software was used to identify specific SNPs for analysis and minimal allele frequency of20%, and a pairwise r(2) 0.85 were genotyped using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.Before controlling for false discovery rate, the frequency of the rs1867315 C/C genotype compared with healthy controls was lower in the myopia group (p = 0.006) and in myopia patients without macular degeneration (p = 0.019). The frequency of the rs670957A/A genotype was also lower in patients without MMD compared with controls (p = 0.045). For rs2070664, the frequency of the A allele was higher in the patients with MMD compared to those without MMD (p = 0.032). After controlling for a false discovery rate of 5%, there was no significant difference in genotype and allele frequencies between these groups.In this study, there was no association of the analyzed SNPs located in RASGRF1. GJD2, and ACTC1 with pathological myopia, suggesting that SNPs included in our study have no or a limited role in causing pathologic myopia in this Chinese Han population.

Flexible and low-loss hollow waveguide has many advantages as an absorption cell for spectroscopic gas sensing. The characteristics of the sensing system are dependent on the parameters of the hollow waveguide cell. In this paper, a mathematical model was proposed to analyze the waveguide cell by considering waveguide loss, effective optical path length, and signal-to-noise ratio of the system. Simulation results show that the gas absorption intensity and system sensitivity are dependent not only on the waveguide length but also on the bore-diameter, signal-to-noise ratio, and the concentration of the target gases. The results provide optimizing methods for the sensing system and algorithms for error compensation. Preliminary experiments on concentration detection of methane gas were carried out and measured data showed good agreements with the simulation results.

To compare accuracy of the Pentacam with A-ultrasonoscope in the measurement of central corneal thickness.According to the degree of myopia, 107 myopic patients (211 eyes) were divided into four groups. The central corneal thickness was measured with the Pentacam system and A-ultrasonoscope. The results were compared statistically and the differences between these two methods were analyzed.Mean values of central corneal thickness measured by the Pentacam system and A-ultrasonoscope was (535.58 +/- 36.34) microm and (536.73 +/- 37.18) microm, respectively. There was no difference in the results obtained by these two methods in each myopia group (P0.05). The 95% limits of agreement were (-1.88, -0.42).The data shows that the results obtained by Pentacam system do not have significant difference as compared with that from the A-ultrasonoscope. The Pentacam system can provide precise results and has the advantage of simplicity and non-contact. Therefore, it would be a promising instrument for the evaluation of central corneal thickness before the cornea refractive surgery.