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Abstract Miniaturized computational spectrometers have emerged as a promising strategy for miniaturized spectrometers, which breaks the compromise between footprint and performance in traditional miniaturized spectrometers by introducing computational resources. They have attracted widespread attention and a variety of materials, optical structures, and photodetectors are adopted to fabricate computational spectrometers with the cooperation of reconstruction algorithms. Here, a comprehensive review of miniaturized computational spectrometers, focusing on two crucial components: spectral encoding and reconstruction algorithms are provided. Principles, features, and recent progress of spectral encoding strategies are summarized in detail, including space‐modulated, time‐modulated, and light‐source spectral encoding. The reconstruction algorithms are classified into traditional and deep learning algorithms, and they are carefully analyzed based on the mathematical models required for spectral reconstruction. Drawing from the analysis of the two components, cooperations between them are considered, figures of merits for miniaturized computational spectrometers are highlighted, optimization strategies for improving their performance are outlined, and considerations in operating these systems are provided. The application of miniaturized computational spectrometers to achieve hyperspectral imaging is also discussed. Finally, the insights into the potential future applications and developments of computational spectrometers are provided.

We introduced a random symmetric Gauss-Seidel (RSGS) method, which was designed to handle large scale linear least squares problems involving tall coefficient matrices. This RSGS method projected the approximate residual onto the subspace spanned by two symmetric columns at each iteration. These columns were sampled from the coefficient matrix based on an effective probability criterion. Our theoretical analysis indicated that RSGS converged when the coefficient matrix had full column rank. Furthermore, numerical experiments demonstrated that RSGS outperformed the baseline algorithms in terms of iteration steps and CPU time.

Abstract Combining information from multispectral images into a fused image is informative and beneficial for human or machine perception. Currently, multiple photodetectors with different response bands are used, which require complicated algorithms and systems to solve the pixel and position mismatch problem. An ideal solution would be pixel-level multispectral image fusion, which involves multispectral image using the same photodetector and circumventing the mismatch problem. Here we presented the potential of pixel-level multispectral image fusion utilizing colloidal quantum dots photodiode array, with a broadband response range from X-ray to near infrared and excellent tolerance for bending and X-ray irradiation. The colloidal quantum dots photodiode array showed a specific detectivity exceeding 1012 Jones in visible and near infrared range and a favorable volume sensitivity of approximately 2 × 105 μC Gy−1 cm−3 for X-ray irradiation. To showcase the advantages of pixel-level multispectral image fusion, we imaged a capsule enfolding an iron wire and soft plastic, successfully revealing internal information through an X-ray to near infrared fused image.

Abstract As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly prevalent, Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have become a crucial tool for developing and advancing AI applications. Considering limited computing and energy resources on mobile devices (MDs), it is a challenge to perform compute-intensive DNN tasks on MDs. To attack this challenge, mobile edge computing (MEC) provides a viable solution through DNN partitioning and task offloading. However, as the communication conditions between different devices change over time, DNN partitioning on different devices must also change synchronously. This is a dynamic process, which aggravates the complexity of DNN partitioning. In this paper, we delve into the issue of jointly optimizing energy and delay for DNN partitioning and task offloading in a dynamic MEC scenario where each MD and the server adopt the pre-trained DNNs for task inference. Taking advantage of the characteristics of DNN, we first propose a strategy for layered partitioning of DNN tasks to divide the task of each MD into subtasks that can be either processed on the MD or offloaded to the server for computation. Then, we formulate the trade-off between energy and delay as a joint optimization problem, which is further represented as a Markov decision process (MDP). To solve this, we design a DNN partitioning and task offloading (DPTO) algorithm utilizing deep reinforcement learning (DRL), which enables MDs to make optimal offloading decisions. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms existing non-DRL and DRL algorithms with respect to processing delay and energy consumption, and can be applied to different DNN types.

Abstract Infrared photovoltaic cells (IRPCs) have attracted considerable attention for potential applications in wireless optical power transfer (WOPT) systems. As an efficient fiber-integrated WOPT system typically uses a 1550 nm laser beam, it is essential to tune the peak conversion efficiency of IRPCs to this wavelength. However, IRPCs based on lead sulfide (PbS) colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) with an excitonic peak of 1550 nm exhibit low short circuit current (J sc) due to insufficient absorption under monochromatic light illumination. Here, we propose comprehensive optical engineering to optimize the device structure of IRPCs based on PbS CQDs, for 1550 nm WOPT systems. The absorption by the device is enhanced by improving the transmittance of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) in the infrared region and by utilizing the optical resonance effect in the device. Therefore, the optimized device exhibited a high short circuit current density of 37.65 mA/cm2 under 1 sun (AM 1.5G) solar illumination and 11.91 mA/cm2 under 1550 nm illumination 17.3 mW/cm2. Furthermore, the champion device achieved a record high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.17% under 1 sun illumination and 10.29% under 1550 nm illumination. The PbS CQDs IRPCs under 1550 nm illumination can even light up a liquid crystal display (LCD), demonstrating application prospects in the future. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Lead sulfide (PbS) colloidal quantum dot (CQD) photodiodes integrated with silicon‐based readout integrated circuits (ROICs) offer a promising solution for the next‐generation short‐wave infrared (SWIR) imaging technology. Despite their potential, large‐size CQD photodiodes pose a challenge due to high dark currents resulting from surface states on non‐passivated (100) facets and trap states generated by CQD fusion. In this work, we present a novel approach to address this issue by introducing double‐ended ligands that supplementally passivate (100) facets of halide‐capped large‐size CQDs, leading to suppressed bandtail states and reduced defect concentration. Our results demonstrate that the dark current density is highly suppressed by about an order of magnitude to 9.6 nA cm−2 at −10 mV, which is among the lowest reported for PbS CQD photodiodes. Furthermore, the performance of the photodiodes is exemplary, yielding an external quantum efficiency of 50.8% (which corresponds to a responsivity of 0.532 A W−1) and a specific detectivity of 2.5 × 1012 Jones at 1300 nm. By integrating CQD photodiodes with CMOS ROICs, the CQD imager provides high‐resolution (640 × 512) SWIR imaging for infrared penetration and material discrimination.

Patterned quantum dot color converters (QDCCs) convert blue light to green and red light at the pixel level, thus having potential applications in combination with micro-LED and OLED. Lithography is a promising method to fabricate the QDCCs, however, it is still a challenge to achieve highly luminescent and stable patterned QD-photoresist (PR) thick films. Herein, a strategy is developed to fabricate high-performance patterned QDCCs using the lithography process. Firstly, the QDs are modified by replacing their native hydrophobic ligands to achieve compatibility with PRs. Then, a new ligand, diphenylphosphine oxide (DPPO), is introduced to remedy surface defects of the modified QDs. Lastly, conventional lithography is adopted to fabricate QDCCs with a pattern size of 50 × 10 µm and a thickness of 8 µm. The passivation with DPPO is critical to the luminescent properties of the QD-PR films. The DPPO substantially increases the PLQYs of the PR-compatible QDs and the QD-PR films, achieving a supreme PLQY of 71.7% for the green QD-PR films. The present work might shed light on improving the performance of patterned QDCCs and accelerate their applications in new types of display technology.

Urban forest soil is often disturbed by frequent human activity. Organic mulching is effective for improving soil quality; however, the effects of organic mulching on soil bacterial communities in urban forests are still largely unexplored. This study evaluated how organic mulching changed the urban forest soil bacterial community through an incubation experiment. Four treatments were applied: (1) no organic mulch (CK); (2) wood chips alone (5 g, Mw); (3) wood compost alone (5 g, Mc); and (4) wood chips + wood compost (This mulch was divided into two layers, i.e., the upper layer of wood chips (2.5 g) and the lower layer wood compost (2.5 g, Mw+c).) We found significant differences in the soil physicochemical properties under organic mulching after incubation. Overall, organic mulching can alter soil bacterial community structure. Soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, soil organic carbon, soil total nitrogen, and carbon-nitrogen ratio were the main factors affecting soil microbial community structures. Soil bacterial groups under organic mulching treatments mainly acted on the C and N cycling of functional pathways in soil. This study suggests that organic mulching could maintain the development of soil bacteria, which establishes a theoretical foundation for enhancing the microbiological environment of urban forest soils.

There were some ecological and environmental problems in limestone soil in the karst peak-cluster depression in Pingguo City of Guangxi, such as the destruction of soil structure, soil acidification and soil fertility decline, and these problems were closely related to soil organic matter. The soil in this site was classified as Cambisols. Therefore, this project took soil under five major land uses (grassland, afforestation, sugarcane field, corn field and pitaya field) in the karst area of Guangxi as the research object. The contents and molecular structure properties of humic acids, fulvic acids and humins in soils were studied by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and elemental composition. From the perspective of the chemical structure of humic substances, the differences in the quantity and structural characteristics of humic acids, fulvic acids and humins in different land uses were revealed. The results showed that the organic carbon content of both afforestation (34.83 g kg−1) and natural restored grassland (31.67 g kg−1) were significantly higher than that of sugarcane field (17.60 g kg−1), corn field (16.35 g kg−1) and pitaya field (14.31 g kg−1) (p < 0.05). The contents of three humic fractions in grassland were relatively high, and the contents of three humic fractions in sugarcane field were relatively low (p < 0.05). The structural characteristics of humic substances showed that the protein components of the three humic fractions in the afforestation were high, indicating that the humic substances in the afforestation contained more unstable components. The Alkyl C/O-alkyl C and Hydrophobic C/hydrophilic C ratios of the three humic fractions of corn field were high, indicating high stability and maturity in humic substances in corn field.

Litter decomposition is the main process that affects nutrient cycling and carbon budgets in mixed forests. However, knowledge of the response of the soil microbial processes to the mixed-litter decomposition of fresh leaf, semi-decomposed leaf and fine root is limited. Thus, a laboratory microcosm experiment was performed to explore the mixed-litter effects of fresh leaf, semi-decomposed leaf and fine root on the soil enzyme activity and microbial community in an evergreen broadleaf karst forest in Southwest China. Fresh leaf litter, semi-decomposed litter and fine root in the Parakmeria nitida and Dayaoshania cotinifolia forests, which are unique protective species and dominant species in the evergreen broadleaf forest, were decomposed alone and in all possible combinations, respectively. Our results showed that the mass loss of fresh leaf litter in three mixed-litter treatment was significantly higher than that in two mixed-litter treatment in the P. nitida and D. cotinifolia forests. Mass loss of fine root in the single litter treatment was significantly lower in the P. nitida forest and higher in the D. cotinifolia forest compared to that in the other litter treatments. There were insignificant differences in the activities of β-glucosidase (BG) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) between control and mixed-litter treatment in the P. nitida forest and between control and single litter treatment in the D. cotinifolia forest. The N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity was significantly increased by the single litter decomposition of fresh leaf and fine root and three mixed-litter decomposition in the P. nitida and D. cotinifolia forests. The activity of acid phospomonoesterase (AP) in the decomposition of fresh leaf litter was lower in the P. nitida forest and higher in the D. cotinifolia forest compared to that in control. The most dominant soil bacteria were Proteobacteria in the P. nitida forest and were Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria in the D. cotinifolia forest. Shannon, Chao1, ACE and PD indexes in the mixed-litter decomposition of fresh leaf and semi-decomposition litter were higher than that in control in P. nitida forest. There were insignificant differences in observed species and indexes of Chao1, ACE and PD between litter treatments in the D. cotinifolia forest. Richness of mixed-litter significantly affected mass loss, soil enzyme activity and microbial diversity in the P. nitida forest. Litter N concentration and the presence of fresh leaf litter were significantly correlated with the mass loss and soil enzyme activity in the P. nitida and D. cotinifolia forests. These results indicated that the presence of fresh leaf litter showed a non-negligible influence on mixed-litter decomposition and soil enzyme activity, which might be partly explained by litter initial quality in the P. nitida and D. cotinifolia forests.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world; however, it lacks effective and safe treatments. Ginkgo biloba dropping pill (GBDP), a unique Chinese G. biloba leaf extract preparation, exhibits antioxidant and neuroprotective effects and has a potential as an alternative therapy for PD. Thus, the aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of GBDP in in vitro and in vivo PD models and to compare the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of GBDP and the G. biloba extract EGb 761. Using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry, 46 GBDP constituents were identified. Principal component analysis identified differences in the chemical profiles of GBDP and EGb 761. A quantitative analysis of 12 constituents showed that GBDP had higher levels of several flavonoids and terpene trilactones than EGb 761, whereas EGb 761 had higher levels of organic acids. Moreover, we found that GBDP prevented 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopaminergic neuron loss in zebrafish and improved cognitive impairment and neuronal damage in methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced PD mice. Although similar effects were observed after EGb 761 treatment, the neuroprotective effects were greater after GBDP treatment on several endpoints. In addition, in vitro results suggested that the Akt/GSK3β pathway may be involved in the neuroprotective effects of GBDP. These findings demonstrated that GBDP have potential neuroprotective effects in the treatment of PD.

Defect states in perovskites dictate the charge carriers behaviour, thus the ultimate optical and electrical properties. Here, the authors in-situ investigate trapped carrier dynamics in MAPbI3 thin films with ultra-fast temporal and high energetic resolution by means of ultrafast photocurrent spectroscopy.

Abstract Background Wide-awake local anesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) technique has emerged among hand surgeons with other indications. Surgeries involving pedicled flap and revascularization are no longer used as contraindications. The present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and merits of the WALANT technique in random skin flap surgery. Methods From May 2018 to March 2019, 12 patients with finger skin defects repaired with random skin flaps were reviewed. Abdominal skin flaps or thoracic skin flaps were used to cover the wound. Both the fingers and the donor sites were anesthetized by the WALANT technique. A 40-mL conventional volume consisted of a mixture of epinephrine and lidocaine. A volume of 5 mL was injected at the distal palmar for nerve block, the other 5 mL was injected around the wound for hemostasis, and the remaining was injected at the donor site of flaps for both analgesia and hemostasis. Baseline data with respect to sex, age, side, type of finger, donor sites, flap size, dosage of anesthetics, usage of finger tourniquet, intraoperative and postoperative pain, hemostasis effect, operation time, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire (QuickDASH) score, and hospitalization expense, were collected. Results All patients tolerated the procedure, and none of them needed sedation. Single finger skin defect in 8 patients and double finger skin defect occurred in 4 patients; 5 patients were repaired by abdominal skin flaps, and 7 patients were repaired by thoracic skin flaps. The good surgical field visibility was 91.7%. All flaps survived adequately, without necrosis, pulling fingers out, and other complications. The average visual analog scale (VAS) score of the maximal pain was 1.1 in fingers vs. 2.1 in donor sites during the operation. On postoperative day one, the average VAS score of the maximal pain in fingers and donor sites was 1.3 and 1.1, respectively. The average hospitalization expense before reimbursement of the whole treatment was 11% less expensive compared to the traditional method. The average QuickDASH score was 9.1. Conclusions Under wide-awake anesthesia, patients have the ability to control their injured upper extremities consciously, avoiding the complications due to pulling flap pedicles. With the merits of safety, painlessness, less bleeding, and effectivity, the WALANT technique in random skin flaps is feasible and a reliable alternative to deal with finger skin defect.

Abstract Background Liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an inevitable pathological phenomenon in various clinical conditions, such as liver transplantation, resection surgery, or shock, which is the major cause of morbidity and mortality after operation. Ginkgo Biloba Dropping Pill (GBDP) is a unique Chinese Ginkgo Biloba leaf extract preparation that exhibits a variety of beneficial biological activities. The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effects of GBDP on the liver I/R injury both in the in vitro and in vivo. Methods Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) experiments were performed in alpha mouse liver 12 (AML-12) cells and primary hepatocytes, which were pretreated with GBDP (60 or 120 µg/mL) followed by incubation in a hypoxia chamber. Cell viability was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Annexin V staining as well as western blot analysis of apoptosis-related proteins was performed to detect the protective effect of GBDP on cell apoptosis induced by H/R injury. C57BL/6 mice were used to establish the liver I/R injury model, and were pretreated with GBDP (100 or 200 mg/kg/day, i.g.) for two weeks. The liver damage was evaluated by detection of plasma levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), as well as histopathological examinations. Liver inflammation was determined by detecting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil infiltration through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) immunohistochemistry staining. Finally, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick and labeling (TUNEL) staining and western blot analysis of apoptosis-related proteins were used to investigate the anti-apoptotic effect of GBDP in mice. Results In the in vitro study, GBDP pretreatment improved the cell viability of AML-12 cells in the H/R injury model. Similarly, the same result was found in the primary hepatocytes isolated from C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, GBDP decreased the number of apoptotic cells and reduced the expression of apoptosis-related proteins induced by H/R injury. In the in vivo study, oral administration of GBDP ameliorated liver injury evidenced by a significant decline in the levels of ALT and AST. Furthermore, the result of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed that GBDP reduced the size of necrosis area in the liver tissue. In addition, the decreased infiltration of neutrophils and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines indicated that GBDP may play an anti-inflammatory effect. More importantly, GBDP reduced TUNEL-positive cells and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in the liver indicating GBDP has anti-apoptotic effects. Conclusions Our findings elucidated that GBDP has potential effects for protecting against liver I/R injury characterized by its anti-apoptotic, anti-necrotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, which would promisingly make contributions to the exploration of therapeutic strategies in the liver I/R injury.

Highlights High performance Al nanostructures/ZnO quantum dots heterostructure photodetectors with a controllable geometry of the Al nanostructures are demonstrated. Light utilization of the photoactive layers is significantly boosted with the Al nanostructures. The light confinement effect is inherently determined by the geometries of the Al nanostructures. Abstract Light confinement induced by spontaneous near-surface resonance is inherently determined by the location and geometry of metallic nanostructures (NSs), offering a facile and effective approach to break through the limitation of the light-mater interaction within the photoactive layers. Here, we demonstrate high-performance Al NS/ZnO quantum dots (Al/ZnO) heterostructure UV photodetectors with controllable morphologies of the self-assembled Al NSs. The Al/ZnO heterostructures exhibit a superior light utilization than the ZnO/Al heterostructures, and a strong morphological dependence of the Al NSs on the optical properties of the heterostructures. The inter-diffusion of Al atoms into ZnO matrixes is of a great benefit for the carrier transportation. Consequently, the optimal photocurrent of the Al/ZnO heterostructure photodetectors is significantly increased by 275 times to ~ 1.065 mA compared to that of the pristine ZnO device, and an outstanding photoresponsivity of 11.98 A W−1 is correspondingly achieved under 6.9 mW cm−2 UV light illumination at 10 V bias. In addition, a relatively fast response is similarly witnessed with the Al/ZnO devices, paving a path to fabricate the high-performance UV photodetectors for applications.

Abstract The Internet of things for environment monitoring requires high performance with low power-consumption gas sensors which could be easily integrated into large-scale sensor network. While semiconductor gas sensors have many advantages such as excellent sensitivity and low cost, their application is limited by their high operating temperature. Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials, typically molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets, are emerging as promising gas-sensing materials candidates owing to their abundant edge sites and high in-plane carrier mobility. This work aims to overcome the sluggish and weak response as well as incomplete recovery of MoS2 gas sensors at room temperature by sensitizing MoS2 nanosheets with PbS quantum dots (QDs). The huge amount of surface dangling bonds of QDs enables them to be ideal receptors for gas molecules. The sensitized MoS2 gas sensor exhibited fast and recoverable response when operated at room temperature, and the limit of NO2 detection was estimated to be 94 ppb. The strategy of sensitizing 2D nanosheets with sensitive QD receptors may enhance receptor and transducer functions as well as the utility factor that determine the sensor performance, offering a powerful new degree of freedom to the surface and interface engineering of semiconductor gas sensors.

Colloidal cesium lead halide (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, and I) perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) demonstrate supreme optical properties in the spectra region of infrared, red, and green. High-performance blue-emitting counterparts are still eagerly required for next-generation full-color displays. However, it is challenging to obtain efficient blue perovskite NCs, especially in a deep blue region with an emission wavelength of around 460 nm or shorter. Herein, calcium halide and ammonium ions are applied simultaneously to modify the CsPb(Br/Cl)3 NCs in situ to reduce surface defects, finally remarkably enhancing the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) from 13% to 93% with an emission peak at 455 nm and the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates at (0.147, 0.030), which is close to the requirement of the Rec.2020 standard and also meets the requirement of blue emission in DCI-P3. Bright white emission and a wide color gamut are also achieved by combining the commercial red-emitting and green-emitting phosphors. The combination of time-resolved PL spectra and femtosecond transient absorption results discloses the reason for PLQY improvement as suppressing the nonradiative recombination.

Abstract Radioluminescent materials (scintillators) are widely applied in medical imaging, nondestructive testing, security inspection, nuclear and radiation industries, and scientific research. Recently, all‐inorganic lead halide perovskite nanocrystal (NC) scintillators have attracted great attention due to their facile solution processability and ultrasensitive X‐ray detection, which allows for large area and flexible X‐ray imaging. However, the light yield of these perovskite NCs is relatively low because of the strong self‐absorption that reduces the light out‐coupling efficiency. Here, NCs with self‐trapped excitons emission are demonstrated to be sensitive, reabsorption‐free scintillators. Highly luminescent and stable Cs3Cu2I5 NCs with a photoluminescence quantum yields of 73.7%, which is a new record for blue emission lead‐free perovskite or perovskite‐like NCs, is produced with the assistance of InI3. The PL peak of the Cs3Cu2I5 NCs locates at 445 nm that matches with the response peak of a silicon photomultiplier. Thus, Cs3Cu2I5 NCs are demonstrated as efficient scintillators with zero self‐absorption and extremely high light yield (≈79 279 photons per MeV). Both Cs3Cu2I5 NC colloidal solution and film exhibit strong radioluminescence under X‐ray irradiation. The potential application of Cs3Cu2I5 NCs as reabsorption‐free, low cost, large area, and flexible scintillators is demonstrated by a prototype X‐ray imaging with a high spatial resolution.

Free heme is cytotoxic as exemplified by hemolytic diseases and genetic deficiencies in heme recycling and detoxifying pathways. Thus, intracellular accumulation of heme has not been observed in mammalian cells to date. Here we show that mice deficient for the heme transporter SLC48A1 (also known as HRG1) accumulate over ten-fold excess heme in reticuloendothelial macrophage lysosomes that are 10 to 100 times larger than normal. Macrophages tolerate these high concentrations of heme by crystallizing them into hemozoin, which heretofore has only been found in blood-feeding organisms. SLC48A1 deficiency results in impaired erythroid maturation and an inability to systemically respond to iron deficiency. Complete heme tolerance requires a fully-operational heme degradation pathway as haplo insufficiency of HMOX1 combined with SLC48A1 inactivation causes perinatal lethality demonstrating synthetic lethal interactions between heme transport and degradation. Our studies establish the formation of hemozoin by mammals as a previously unsuspected heme tolerance pathway.

Abstract The growth of nanocrystals has widely been researched recently through an in situ high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy technique, which reveals the process of morphological and structural evolutions. For nanocrystals, the underlying growth modes are mostly determined by growth environment and crystal morphology. Here, the direct growth process of the PbSe nanocrystals via controlling the temperature is clearly observed. The results show that the PbSe nanocrystals start growth following oriented attachment growth mode, and then change to growth with grain boundary migration at moderate temperature as the heat activated nanocrystals gather together with decreased degree of freedom for crystal rotation. During the grain boundary migration, the smaller nanocrystals are inclined to be assimilated by larger ones through interfacial atom reconfigurations, which are observed to take place through strain mediated atom migration. The growth mode changes in different growth states with a hybrid growth mode of oriented attachment and grain boundary migration during the whole growth process.

To study the distribution law of circumferential residual stress after casing expansion, using the finite element explicit dynamic analysis method analyzed the expansion process of expandable casings under different expansion rates. The analysis obtained key technical parameters of circumferential residual stress, average circumferential residual stress and elastic recovery along the wall thickness direction after casing expansion. It is recognized that the maximum residual tensile stress after casing expansion locates in the middle part of the casing thickness direction. The maximum residual compressive stress locates in the outer wall of the casing. When the expansion rate exceeds 18%, the increase in expansion rate will not lead to an increase in circumferential residual stress after casing expansion. The elastic recovery after casing expansion will reduce the circumferential stress during the expansion process. Considering collapse strength and the influence of elastic recovery on casing patch sealing performance after casing expansion, 23% is the most suitable expansion rate, which can effectively reduce the circumferential residual stress and improve the casing collapse strength. The analysis in this paper can provide bases for the calculation of casing collapse strength after expansion.

Heme-iron recycling from senescent red blood cells (erythrophagocytosis) accounts for the majority of total body iron in humans. Studies in cultured cells have ascribed a role for HRG1/SLC48A1 in heme-iron transport but the in vivo function of this heme transporter is unclear. Here we present genetic evidence in a zebrafish model that Hrg1 is essential for macrophage-mediated heme-iron recycling during erythrophagocytosis in the kidney. Furthermore, we show that zebrafish Hrg1a and its paralog Hrg1b are functional heme transporters, and genetic ablation of both transporters in double knockout (DKO) animals shows lower iron accumulation concomitant with higher amounts of heme sequestered in kidney macrophages. RNA-seq analyses of DKO kidney revealed large-scale perturbation in genes related to heme, iron metabolism and immune functions. Taken together, our results establish the kidney as the major organ for erythrophagocytosis and identify Hrg1 as an important regulator of heme-iron recycling by macrophages in the adult zebrafish.

ABTAG is a camelid single-domain antibody (sdAb) that binds to bovine serum albumin (BSA) with low picomolar affinity. In surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analyses using BSA surfaces, bound ABTAG can be completely dissociated from the BSA surfaces at low pH, over multiple cycles, without any reduction in the capacity of the BSA surfaces to bind ABTAG. A moderate throughput, SPR-based, antibody screening assay exploiting the unique features of ABTAG is described. Anti-carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) sdAbs were isolated from a phage-displayed sdAb library derived from the heavy chain antibody repertoire of a llama immunized with CEACAM6. Following one or two rounds of panning, enriched clones were expressed as ABTAG fusions in microtiter plate cultures. The sdAb-ABTAG fusions from culture supernatants were captured on BSA surfaces and CEACAM6 antigen was then bound to the captured molecules. The SPR screening method gives a read-out of relative expression levels of the fusion proteins and kinetic and affinity constants for CEACAM6 binding by the captured molecules. The library was also panned and screened by conventional methods and positive clones were subcloned and expressed for SPR analysis. Compared to conventional panning and screening, the SPR-based ABTAG method yielded a considerably higher diversity of binders, some with affinities that were three orders of magnitude higher affinity than those identified by conventional panning.

ZrW _2 O _8 -C _f /E51 composite with a negative Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) was fabricated by a method combining mechanical stirring with ultrasonic vibration, then microstructures and properties of the composites were analyzed and summarized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), DIL 402 C thermal expansion tester and electronic universal testing machine. The results showed that particles distribution defects and impregnation defects of carbon fibers would occur when the process parameters were not controlled properly. Long curing time and good fluidity of resin were beneficial for resin impregnating carbon fibers and bubbles overflow. However, for the ZrW _2 O _8 -C _f /E51 composites studied in this paper, long curing time and low viscosity could cause particle settling and accumulation. The experimental results confirmed that the CTE (about −0.52 × 10 ^−6 /°C) and tensile strength (about 440 MPa) of E51 resin were improved with the addition of carbon fibers and ZrW _2 O _8 particles.

The proprotein convertase PCSK9, a target for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, is a negative regulator of the LDL receptor (LDLR) leading to its degradation in endosomes/lysosomes and up-regulation of plasma LDL-cholesterol levels. The proprotein convertases, a family of nine secretory serine proteases, are first synthesized as inactive zymogens. Except for PCSK9, all other convertases are activated following the autocatalytic excision of their inhibitory N-terminal prosegment. PCSK9 is unique since the mature enzyme exhibits a cleaved prosegment complexed with the catalytic subunit and has no protease activity towards other substrates. Similar to other convertases, we hypothesized that the in trans presence of the PCSK9 prosegment would interfere with PCSK9's activity on the LDLR. Since the prosegment cannot be secreted alone, we engineered a chimeric protein using the Fc-region of human IgG1 fused to the PCSK9 prosegment. The expression of such Fcpro-fusion protein in HEK293 and HepG2 cells resulted in a secreted protein that binds PCSK9 and markedly inhibits its activity on the LDLR. This was observed by either intracellular co-expression of PCSK9 and Fcpro or by an extracellular in vitro co-incubation of Fcpro with PCSK9. Structure-function studies revealed that the inhibitory function of Fcpro does not require the acidic N-terminal stretch (residues 31-58) nor the C-terminal Gln 152 of the prosegment. Fcpro likely interacts with the prosegment and/or catalytic subunit of the prosegment≡PCSK9 complex thereby allosterically modulating its function. Our data suggest a novel strategic approach for the design and isolation of PCSK9 inhibitors.

Expression of p53 appears to be correlated to prognosis in patients with malignancy, but its role in gastric carcinoma has remained controversial. Recently we reported that JWA, an ADP-ribosylation-like factor 6 interacting protein 5 (ARL6ip5), was both prognostic for overall survival and predictive for platinum-based treatment of gastric cancer. In this study, we aimed to investigate p53 expression as a prognostic and predictive marker in resectable gastric cancer, alone and in combination with JWA. Expression of p53 was examined in three large patient cohorts (total n=1155) of gastric cancer. High expression of p53 was significantly correlated with unfavorable clinicopathologic parameters and decreased overall patient survival. Furthermore, patients with high p53 expression in tumors acquired remarkable survival benefit from adjuvant first-line platinum-based-chemotherapy. The synergy between p53 and JWA in predicting patient outcome was demonstrated, while no significantly elevated predictive value concerning chemotherapy was observed. Thus, p53 expression is a potent prognostic and predictive factor for resectable gastric cancer with adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy. A combined effect of p53 with JWA as efficient prognostic indicators was found for the first time.

Our previous studies indicated that JWA plays an important role in DNA damage repair, cell migration, and regulation of MAPKs. In this study, we investigated the role of JWA in chemical carcinogenesis using conditional JWA knockout (JWA(Δ2/Δ2)) mice and two-stage model of skin carcinogenesis. Our results indicated that JWA(Δ2/Δ2) mice were resistant to the development of skin papillomas initiated by 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) followed by promotion with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In JWA(Δ2/Δ2) mice, the induction of papilloma was delayed, and the tumor number and size were reduced. In primary keratinocytes from JWA(Δ2/Δ2) mice, DMBA exposure induced more intensive DNA damage, while TPA-promoted cell proliferation was reduced. The further mechanistic studies showed that JWA deficiency blocked TPA-induced activation of MAPKs and its downstream transcription factor Elk1 both in vitro and in vivo. JWA(Δ2/Δ2) mice are resistance to tumorigenesis induced by DMBA/TPA probably through inhibition of transcription factor Elk1 via MAPKs. These results highlight the importance of JWA in skin homeostasis and in the process of skin tumor development.

Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) derived from human V(H) are considered to be less soluble and prone to aggregate which makes it difficult to determine the crystal structures. In this study, we isolated and characterized two anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) sdAbs, Gr3 and Gr6, from a synthetic human V(H) phage display library. Size exclusion chromatography and surface plasmon resonance analyses demonstrated that Gr3 is a monomer, but that Gr6 is a strict dimer. To understand this different molecular behavior, we solved the crystal structure of Gr6 to 1.6 Å resolution. The crystal structure revealed that the homodimer assembly of Gr6 closely mimics the V(H)-V(L) heterodimer of immunoglobulin variable domains and the dimerization interface is dominated by hydrophobic interactions.