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The mechanical properties and fracture behavior of high-carbon steel are closely related to the microstructural characteristics. This work developed the artificial representative volume element (RVE) model to explore the effects of microstructural characteristics on mechanical properties and fracture behavior of high-carbon steel containing high-density carbides under uniaxial tension. A series of RVEs with different ferrite grain sizes, particle volume fractions, and particle sizes were generated based on the RSA algorithms. The mechanism-based plasticity model and the three uncoupled damage models were implemented into the RVE modeling. The model parameters were calibrated by the corresponding simulation between in-situ μ DIC and microstructure-based RVE simulation. The predicted mechanical properties and fracture strain from the RVE simulation were in good agreement with the experimental results. Simulated results from a series of RVEs quantified the effects of ferrite grain sizes, particle volume fractions, and particle sizes on strength, elongation, and damage evolution of high-carbon steel containing high-density carbides: strength increases with increasing particle volume fraction while elongation decreases, as well as excessively large or small grain and particle size were not favored to improve elongation. These results were attributed to the damage and internal stress partition.

Abstract Heterogeneous extracellular vesicles (EVs) from various types of tumours are acknowledged for inducing the formation of pre‐metastatic “niches” in draining lymph nodes (LNs) to promote lymphatic metastasis. In order to identify the specific subpopulations of EVs involved, we performed high‐resolution proteomic analysis combined with nanoflow cytometry of bladder cancer (BCa) tissue‐derived EVs to identify a novel subset of tumour‐derived EVs that contain integrin α6 (ITGA6+EVs) and revealed the positive correlation of ITGA6+EVs with the formation of pre‐metastatic niche in draining LNs and lymphatic metastasis in multicentre clinical analysis of 820‐case BCa patients. BCa‐derived ITGA6+EVs induced E‐selectin (SELE)‐marked lymphatic remodelling pre‐metastatic niche and promoted metastasis in draining LNs through delivering cargo circRNA‐LIPAR to lymphatic endothelial cells in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, LIPAR linked ITGA6 to the switch II domain of RAB5A and sustained RAB5A GTP‐bound activated state, thus maintaining the production of ITGA6+EVs loaded with LIPAR through endosomal trafficking. ITGA6+EVs targeted lymphatic vessels through ITGA6‐CD151 interplay and released LIPAR to induce SELE overexpression‐marked lymphatic remodelling pre‐metastatic niche. Importantly, we constructed engineered‐ITGA6 EVs to inhibit lymphatic pre‐metastatic niche, which suppressed lymphatic metastasis and prolonged survival in preclinical models. Collectively, our study uncovers the mechanism of BCa‐derived ITGA6+EVs mediating pre‐metastatic niche and provides an engineered‐EV‐based strategy against BCa lymphatic metastasis.

The evolution of lattice dislocations in metals can be induced by electric current. However, the effect of electric current on the interaction between lattice dislocations and grain boundaries (GBs) remains unclear. Herein, we investigate the evolution of lattice dislocations and grain boundary dislocations (GBDs) induced by electric current in M50 steel via in-situ TEM characterization, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our findings reveal that electric current induces the directional slip of lattice dislocations towards GBs, while the reduction of GB contrast is attributed to the decomposition and reorganization of GBDs. DFT calculations demonstrate that electric current enhances the force on atoms in defect regions. These in-situ TEM observations are well reproduced by MD simulations incorporating electric current, which include a virtual temperature rise at defect regions to reflect the electric current force on defect atoms. Based on these observations, we propose a novel GB accommodation model under electric current. These results provide valuable insights into the mechanisms by which electric current tailors lattice dislocation behavior and enhances GBDs ordering in metallic materials.

BackgroundThe mpox pandemic has caused widespread public concern around the world. The spread of misinformation through the internet and social media could lead to an infodemic that poses challenges to mpox control. ObjectiveThis review aims to summarize mpox-related infodemiology studies to determine the characteristics, influence, prevention, and control measures of the mpox infodemic and propose prospects for future research. MethodsThe scoping review was conducted based on a structured 5-step methodological framework. A comprehensive search for mpox-related infodemiology studies was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus, with searches completed by April 30, 2024. After study selection and data extraction, the main topics of the mpox infodemic were categorized and summarized in 4 aspects, including a trend analysis of online information search volume, content topics of mpox-related online posts and comments, emotional and sentiment characteristics of online content, and prevention and control measures for the mpox infodemic. ResultsA total of 1607 articles were retrieved from the databases according to the keywords, and 61 studies were included in the final analysis. After the World Health Organization’s declaration of an mpox public health emergency of international concern in July 2022, the number of related studies began growing rapidly. Google was the most widely used search engine platform (9/61, 15%), and Twitter was the most used social media app (32/61, 52%) for researchers. Researchers from 33 countries were concerned about mpox infodemic–related topics. Among them, the top 3 countries for article publication were the United States (27 studies), India (9 studies), and the United Kingdom (7 studies). Studies of online information search trends showed that mpox-related online search volume skyrocketed at the beginning of the mpox outbreak, especially when the World Health Organization provided important declarations. There was a large amount of misinformation with negative sentiment and discriminatory and hostile content against gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. Given the characteristics of the mpox infodemic, the studies provided several positive prevention and control measures, including the timely and active publishing of professional, high-quality, and easy-to-understand information online; strengthening surveillance and early warning for the infodemic based on internet data; and taking measures to protect key populations from the harm of the mpox infodemic. ConclusionsThis comprehensive summary of evidence from previous mpox infodemiology studies is valuable for understanding the characteristics of the mpox infodemic and for formulating prevention and control measures. It is essential for researchers and policy makers to establish prediction and early warning approaches and targeted intervention methods for dealing with the mpox infodemic in the future.

Abstract Lymph node (LN) metastasis is one of the predominant metastatic routes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is considered as a leading cause for the unsatisfactory prognosis of patients. Although lymphangiogenesis is well-recognized as a crucial process in mediating LN metastasis, the regulatory mechanism involving lymphangiogenesis and LN metastasis in NSCLC remains unclear. In this study, we employed high-throughput sequencing to identify a novel circular RNA (circRNA), circTLCD4-RWDD3, which was significantly upregulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) from LN metastatic NSCLC and was positively associated with deteriorated OS and DFS of patients with NSCLC from multicenter clinical cohort. Downregulating the expression of EV-packaged circTLCD4-RWDD3 inhibited lymphangiogenesis and LN metastasis of NSCLC both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, circTLCD4-RWDD3 physically interacted with hnRNPA2B1 and mediated the SUMO2 modification at K108 residue of hnRNPA2B1 by upregulating UBC9. Subsequently, circTLCD4-RWDD3-induced SUMOylated hnRNPA2B1 was recognized by the SUMO interaction motif (SIM) of ALIX and activated ALIX to recruit ESCRT-III, thereby facilitating the sorting of circTLCD4-RWDD3 into NSCLC cell-derived EVs. Moreover, EV-packaged circTLCD4-RWDD3 was internalized by lymphatic endothelial cells to activate the transcription of PROX1, resulting in the lymphangiogenesis and LN metastasis of NSCLC. Importantly, blocking EV-mediated transmission of circTLCD4-RWDD3 via mutating SIM in ALIX or K108 residue of hnRNPA2B1 inhibited the lymphangiogenesis and LN metastasis of NSCLC in vivo. Our findings reveal a precise mechanism underlying SUMOylated hnRNPA2B1-induced EV packaging of circTLCD4-RWDD3 in facilitating LN metastasis of NSCLC, suggesting that EV-packaged circTLCD4-RWDD3 could be a potential therapeutic target against LN metastatic NSCLC.

Purpose – The aim of this article is to research on forestry green total factor productivity and explore the impact of financial support on forestry green total factor productivity. Design/methodology/approach – The methods used in this study are super efficiency SBM model of undesired output and empirical model. SBM model is a kind of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The SBM model with non-expected outputs (slacks-based measure) can be used to deal with the problem of efficiency measurement with multiple input and output variables and can be used to analyze the efficiency of green development of forestry economy. Findings – First, the overall green total factor productivity of the authors’ country's forestry has shown a trend of first decline and then an increase from 2008 to 2018, and there are significant spatiotemporal differences; second, financial support has a significant positive impact on forestry green total factor productivity; third, environmental regulation has a significant threshold effect in the process of financial support on forestry green total factor productivity, and the role of financial support shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Originality/value – Secondly, taking the data of 30 provinces and cities in the authors’ country from 2008 to 2018 as the research object, using the super-efficiency SBM-Malmquist index to measure the country's forestry green total factor productivity and analyze its temporal and spatial changes; finally, a dynamic panel model was established to explore the impact of financial support on forestry green total factors quantitative impact on productivity, and adding environmental regulation as a threshold variable to establish a dynamic threshold regression, and found that financial support has a nonlinear impact on forestry green total factor productivity.

Abstract Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs) circularized by back-splicing of pre-mRNA are widely expressed and affected the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer (BCa). However, the mechanism underlying circRNA biogenesis in mediating the distant metastasis of BCa still unexplored. Methods RNA sequencing data between BCa and normal adjacent tissues was applied to identify the differentially expressed circRNAs. The functions of circNIPBL in BCa were investigated via a series of biochemical experiments. The Clinical significance of circNIPBL was examined in a cohort of larger BCa tissues. Results In the present study, we identified a novel circRNA (hsa_circ_0001472), circNIPBL, which was significantly upregulated and had great influence on the poor prognosis of patients with BCa. Functionally, circNIPBL promotes BCa metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, circNIPBL upregulate the expression of Wnt5a and activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via directly sponged miR-16-2-3p, leading to the upregulation of ZEB1, which triggers the EMT of BCa. Moreover, we revealed that ZEB1 interacted with the flanking introns of exons 2–9 on NIPBL pre-mRNA to trigger circNIPBL biogenesis, thus forming a positive feedback loop. Importantly, circNIPBL overexpression significantly facilitated the distant metastasis of BCa in the orthotopic bladder cancer model, while silencing ZEB1 remarkably blocked the effects of metastasis induced by circNIPBL overexpression. Conclusions Our study highlights that circNIPBL-induced Wnt signaling pathway activation triggers ZEB1-mediated circNIPBL biogenesis, which forms a positive feedback loop via the circNIPBL/miR-16-2-3p/Wnt5a/ZEB1 axis, supporting circNIPBL as a novel therapeutic target and potential biomarker for BCa patients. Graphical Abstract

Coastal saline soil is an important resource that is widely-distributed and available for mitigation, development and utilization. Adding exogenous materials to improve saline soil has been shown to be an effective measure to increase its agricultural productivity. However, there is limited information about the risk of nitrogen (N) leaching during coastal saline soil improvement process. Therefore, the leaching and migration characteristics of N in saline soils of the Yellow River Delta (Shandong Province, China) with the addition of weathered coal humic acid (HA), gypsum and bentonite, were examined using soil columns and 15N isotope tracers. The results showed that co-application of HA and gypsum could significantly increase the soil penetration rate (SPR) and reduce the pH of saline soil but did not increase N leaching, specifically an application ratio of 1:3 (HA: gypsum) based on weight. The co-application of HA and bentonite could not increase the SPR and reduce the pH, but could inhibit nitrification and better conserve 15N of saline soil. Therefore, we believe that bentonite cannot replace gypsum but could be used as an auxiliary agent to achieve better N retention. The mixed addition of HA and gypsum can achieve the dual effect of improving saline soil and maintaining N, which is beneficial to environmental protection and high-quality development of agricultural production in the Yellow River Delta.

A neutrosophic number (NN) is a useful mathematical tool in indeterminacy theory. As the mixed form of an intuitionistic fuzzy set and NN, an orthopair neutrosophic number (ONN) can express the true indeterminate degree and the false indeterminate degree. In view of generalized ordered weighted operators, this article presents two generalized ordered weighted operators of ONNs, including an orthopair neutrosophic number generalized ordered weighted average (ONNGOWA) operator and an orthopair neutrosophic number generalized ordered weighted geometric (ONNGOWG) operator, and their characteristics. A multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) model is established by the weighted operation of the ONNGOWA and ONNGOWG operators. Finally, an example on the selection problem of electric vehicle design schemes is given to reflect the effectivity of the proposed MADM model in the scenario of ONNs.

Cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in co-contaminated soil can enter the human body harming health via the food chain, such as vegetables. Biochar derived from waste has been used to reduce heavy metal uptake by plant, but long-term effects of biochar under Cd and As co-contaminated soil needs to be investigated. A following mustard (Brassica juncea) was grown on co-contaminated soil amended with different raw materials of biochar including biochars pyrolyzed by lignite coal (LCB), rice straw (RSB), silkworm excrement (SEB), and sugar refinery sludge (SSB). The results showed that compared to the control, Cd and As contents of mustard shoot in SSB treatment decreased by 45–49% and 19–37% in two growing seasons, respectively, which was the most effective among 4 biochars. This probably due to SSB owns more abundant Fe-O functional groups. Biochar also altered the microbial community composition, specifically SSB increased proteobacteria abundance by 50% and 80% in the first and second growing seasons, thereby promoted the simultaneous immobilization of Cd and As in soils which may reduce the potential risks to humans. In summary, considering the long-term effects and security of SSB application on mustard, not only is it an effective waste recycle option, but it should also be promoted as a promising approach for safe vegetable production in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.

We analyzed variations in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome during a flight-related cluster outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Shenzhen, China, to explore the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and intra-host single nucleotide variations (iSNVs) in a confined space. Thirty-three patients with COVID-19 were sampled, and 14 were resampled 3–31 days later. All 47 nasopharyngeal swabs were deep-sequenced. iSNVs and similarities in the consensus genome sequence were analyzed. Three SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, Delta (n = 31), Beta (n = 1), and C.1.2 (n = 1), were detected among the 33 patients. The viral genome sequences from 30 Delta-positive patients had similar SNVs; 14 of these patients provided two successive samples. Overall, the 47 sequenced genomes contained 164 iSNVs. Of the 14 paired (successive) samples, the second samples (T2) contained more iSNVs (median: 3; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.77–10.22) than did the first samples (T1; median: 2; 95% CI: 1.63–3.74; Wilcoxon test, P = 0.021). 38 iSNVs were detected in T1 samples, and only seven were also detectable in T2 samples. Notably, T2 samples from two of the 14 paired samples had additional mutations than the T1 samples. The iSNVs of the SARS-CoV-2 genome exhibited rapid dynamic changes during a flight-related cluster outbreak event. Intra-host diversity increased gradually with time, and new site mutations occurred in vivo without a population transmission bottleneck. Therefore, we could not determine the generational relationship from the mutation site changes alone.

The urbanization in Beijing intensified the fragmentation of ecosystems, especially for the forests and wetlands. Wetlands provide multiple ecological services (e.g., a food source, climate regulation). Thus, wetland protection is part of the foundation for sustainable economic and social development for Beijing. This study summarizes the experience of well-developed cities in wetland protection and sustainable development and subsequently analyzes the current issues of Beijing’s wetlands. The results showed that a limited resource space, high human stress, and lack of scientifically based polices are the main obstacles. Therefore, we recommend the following: (1) support the utilization of rainwater and reclaimed water and optimize the coordinated utilization of water resources, (2) strengthen the ecological protection and restoration efforts to realize the ecological protection system of water–city integration, (3) build a forest water complex ecosystem in metropolises to create a livable environment with forest and water, and (4) conduct scientific and technological research on the optimal total amount of wetlands and develop wetland technologies.

We identified an individual who was coinfected with two SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, the Beta and Delta variants. The ratio of the relative abundance between the two variants was maintained at 1:9 (Beta:Delta) in 14 days. Furthermore, possible evidence of recombinations in the Orf1ab and Spike genes was found.

Hot-deformation pre-bonding is a newly developed method to avoid smelting defects in large stainless steel billets, in which the high-quality interfacial connection needs to be realized as a key guarantee. In this work, a novel electromagnetic shocking treatment (EST) method, as a special way to apply an external physical field, was proposed to introduce the hot-deformation pre-bonded austenitic stainless steel. It is demonstrated that EST can efficiently optimize the hot-deformation pre-bonded interface and restore the tensile properties of pre-bonded stainless steel within several seconds. The interface healing behaviors induced by EST were analyzed via the in situ observation of an optical micrograph, scanning electron micrograph, as well as electron backscattering diffraction. The optimization of the interface connection is mainly attributed to the fact that EST can act on the interface locally, leading to the healing of voids at the interface accompanied by a reduction in stress and the decomposition of oxide. In addition, EST plays another important role in adjusting the texture difference at both ends of the interface, which can further improve the mechanical properties. The results suggest that EST exhibits great potential in promoting the hot-deformation pre-bonding of large billets.

Based on the network attention data of China’s agricultural listed companies from 2012 to 2020, this paper uses the IV model to measure and investigate the impact of network attention on the carbon dioxide emission performance of China’s agricultural listed companies and its mechanism. The findings are as follows: 1) The carbon dioxide emission intensity of listed agricultural companies in China is generally decreasing year by year and the carbon dioxide emission performance is improving; 2) The increasing network attention has significantly reduced the carbon dioxide emission intensity of agricultural listed companies and brought about better carbon dioxide emission performance; 3) The relationship between network attention and carbon dioxide emission performance of agricultural listed companies has network, regional and property heterogeneity; 4) The investment in environmental protection has strengthened the inhibition effect of network attention on the unit carbon dioxide emissions of agricultural listed companies. The research conclusion enriches the literature on “network concern - environmental governance”, and also provides ideas for developing countries to exert the environmental governance effect of network concern in the process of carbon neutrality.

Grassland is the largest terrestrial ecosystem in China, and its ecological environment is currently facing several challenges. The service assessment of scientific and effective grassland ecosystem and in-depth analysis of its change mechanism is of great significance to clarify its protection demand and spatial optimization layout. This study used a set of quantitative surrogate biophysical indicators to evaluate the capability of grassland ecosystem services (i.e., carbon fixation, soil protection, water purification and provision, and biodiversity conservation) in the Hulunbuir grassland from 2000 to 2015 and use econometric models to explore their dynamic change mechanism. The results showed that from 2009 to 2012, the grassland ecosystem service value significantly declined, and from 2013 to 2015, its value significantly improved, but the overall level was still lower than that of 2000. The factor that has the highest degree of impact on grassland ecosystem services is the soil potassium content, and there is a significant positive correlation. This is mainly due to the important role of potassium in the photosynthesis of grassland plants; the least influential factors are social economic factors such as population and gross domestic product (GDP). It shows that the sparsely populated grassland ecosystem is not sensitive to these factors. In addition, climate, topography, and grassland management policies all have a significant impact on grassland ecosystem services. Against the backdrop of intensified pressure on ecological grassland protection and surging market demand for livestock products based on grassland resource input, the sustainable development of grassland areas needs to improve the supply capacity of grassland while ensuring its ecological security, so as to realize a win-win situation for its ecological and production functions.

Exploring the changes in ecosystem service value (ESV) caused by land use transition is important for regional ecological protection. According to the land use data from 2000 to 2020, the alterations in the land use and ESV in Yunnan over the past 20 years were calculated and analyzed. At the same time, spatial autocorrelation analysis was established to analyze the spatial relationships of ESV in 16 states and cities. The results show that from 2000 to 2020, cultivated land, grassland and unused land are on a decreasing trend, while forest land, water body and built-up land are on an increasing trend, with the largest change in built-up land. The total ESV is on an increasing trend, with water supply, gas regulation, climate regulation, environmental purification and hydrological regulation being the highest value of individual services. Spatially, the total ESV showed that high levels were in the northwest, southwest and east, and low levels were in the northeast, west and central parts. At the same time, it shows a positive spatial correlation with a weakening trend. It is dominated by high–high cluster and low–low cluster. The change in the value of ecological services in forest land, grassland and water body have a greater impact on the change in total service value in the region, and was the main contributing and sensitive factor.

With the development of the green food industry, land conflicts are gradually escalating, and the coordinated development of competitiveness level and land use efficiency is crucial to the green food industry. The competitiveness level of China’s green food industry at the provincial level between 2011 and 2020 was measured by constructing an index system using the entropy method and VlseCriterion Optimisation and Compromise Resolution (VIKOR) method, and then the land use efficiency was evaluated using the super efficiency Slacks-based Measurement (SBM) model, and the coupling coordination degree was analyzed using the coupling coordination model based on the results of both measurements. The results showed that the competitiveness level of the green food industry was “high in the west and low in the east”; most provinces and cities were with the middle competitiveness level. Land use efficiency generally showed a trend of rising and then falling and leveling off, and the average value of the three regions was ranked as eastern (1.13) > western (0.84) > middle (0.63). The mean value (0.82) of the overall coupling coordination in China floated at the boundary of high-quality coordination, and all three regions showed a trend of rising and then falling and leveling off, and the number of provinces and cities in high-quality coordination in China was shifting from the north to the south during 2011–2020. This study can provide theoretical support for the coordinated development between industrial development and land use, and provide feasible suggestions for the intensive and efficient use of resources.

Improvement in living standards has led to the development and utilization of forest green foods. The study seeks to examine the foundation and potential of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province. By constructing the industrial competitive advantage model, this paper measured and analyzed the competitiveness of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province from 2016 to 2020 by using fuzzy evaluation method and AHP. The conclusions were as follows: (1) The competitiveness of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province was at a medium level with competitiveness index of 83.98. (2) The competitive advantage of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province mainly depended on key factors such as natural endowment and education level. The area is however not having comparative advantage in general factors and important factors. Therefore, there is the need to put in place measures to realise the full potential of forest green food industry in the area by providing players in the sector with requisite skills.

Cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) contamination of soil has been a public concern due to their potential accumulation risk through the food chain. This study was conducted to investigate the performance of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticle (Nano-Fe) to stabilize the concentrations of Cd and As in paddy soil. Both Fe treatments led to low extractable Cd and the contents of specifically sorbed As contents, increased (p < 0.05) the Shannon index and decreased (p < 0.05) the Simpson diversity indices compared with the control. Nano-Fe increased the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria and decreased the abundances of Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi. Moreover, the addition of both forms of Fe promoted the formation of Fe plaque and decreased the translocation factor index (TFs) root/soil, TFs shoot/root, and TFs grain/shoot of Cd and As. These results suggest that exogenous Fe may modify the microbial community and decrease the soil available Cd and As contents, inhibit the absorption of Cd and As by the roots and decrease the transport of Cd and As in rice grains and the risk intake in humans. These findings demonstrate that soil amendment with exogenous Fe, particularly Nano-Fe, is a potential approach to simultaneously remediate the accumulation of Cd and As from the soil to rice grain systems.

Based on an extended economic model and space econometrics, this essay analyzed the spatial distributions and interdependent relationships of the production of forestry in China; also the input-output elasticity of forestry production were calculated. Results figure out there exists significant spatial correlation in forestry production in China. Spatial distribution is mainly manifested as spatial agglomeration. The output elasticity of labor force is equal to 0.6649, and that of capital is equal to 0.8412. The contribution of land is significantly negative. Labor and capital are the main determinants for the province-level forestry production in China. Thus, research on the province-level forestry production should not ignore the spatial effect. The policy-making process should take into consideration the effects between provinces on the production of forestry. This study provides some scientific technical support for forestry production.

Understanding the effects of forestation on the hydrological process is crucial to protecting water resources. In this study, the upstream Heihe River Basin is selected as the study area, which is the water source area of the whole basin. The grassland and forest are the main land use types, the proportion of which in the total land area is 21% and 50%, respectively. Firstly, a scenario of forestation was designed with the actual land cover data in 1980. Then a scenario with simulated land cover data in 1980 was established, in which the forest area increases by 12%. Thereafter a hydrological simulation was carried out with the actual and simulated land cover maps and the climate observation data during 1980–2010. The results suggested that the total water yield increased by 12.57 mm under the scenario with land use change during 1980–2010 compared with the simulation with the actual land cover in 1980. However, the results also indicated that the surface runoff reduced by 22.17 mm during the same period, indicating the forest land has “sponge” effects on the water resource in the mountainous watershed. These results may provide important information that supports operational practices, such as forest regeneration programs and watershed restoration.

Following the Internet, the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes a prime vehicle for supporting auction. The use of market mechanisms to solve computer science problems is gaining significant traction. More and more clues show that the bidders tend to be risk-averse ones. However, traditional nonparametric approach is only applicable for the case of risk neutrality in a centralized server. This study proposes a generalized nonparametric structural estimation procedure for the first-price auctions in the distributed sensor networks. To evaluate the performance of the aggregated parameter estimators, extensive Monte Carlo simulation experiments are conducted for ten different values of risk aversion parameters including the risk neutrality case in multiple classic scenes. Moreover, in order to improve the usability of the aggregated parameter estimators, some guidance is also given for real-world applications.