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Introduction: Locked pediatric inpatient psychiatric units are vulnerable to the emergence and spread of infections, and nosocomial infection, especially respiratory tract infection is potentially a major problem. This study aimed to explore the risk factors for lower respiratory tract infection (LRI), in particular, pneumonia. Methodology: We conducted a retrospective study comprising 4643 patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and 1826 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), and the chi‐square test was performed to analyze the categorical variables. Results: The risk ratio for LRI, including pneumonia, in intensive care unit (ICU) was higher than in the general ward, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) increased the patients’ susceptibility to LRI and pneumonia. Our data have revealed that patients treated with restraint or clozapine showed a higher prevalence of LRI and pneumonia, and the results indicated that the increased risk of LRI, not pneumonia, was dose‐dependently observed in patients with clozapine treatment. Conclusions: Our study shows that ICU and ECT treatment were risk factors for LRI and pneumonia in patients with SZ or MDD, and patients with SZ has a prevalence of hospital-acquired infection because of restraint and clozapine treatments.

Background: By exposing to various sources of antibiotics, such as medication, meat and contaminated water, the accumulation of antibiotics is considered a pathogenic factor in the mental disorders of adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between urinary antibiotics and adolescent depression. Methods: 62 participants were divided into two groups according to their diagnosis: 32 healthy control group and 30 adolescent depression group. All the urine samples were collected in the morning and subjected to the analysis of urinary antibiotics by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). This study detected the urinary levels of four commonly used antibiotics azithromycin, sulfadimidine, ofloxacin and ampicillin. Results: Urinary levels of azithromycin, sulfadimidine, ofloxacin and ampicillin were significantly higher in the depression patients group compared to the control group. All the antibiotics were positively correlated with the HAMA score. Binary logistic analysis showed azithromycin (OR=1.05, P=0.002), sulfadimidine (OR=1.22, PLimitation: Due to the cross-sectional study design, the result cannot demonstrate causality. Conclusion: Our study revealed the novel possibility of urinary antibiotics as a potential external exposure biomarker for the early diagnosis of adolescent depression.

This paper introduces a learning algorithm to automatically learn fuzzy membership functions of fuzzy behaviours for a mobile robot reactive control system. Genetic algorithms are used to implement the learning processes. The learning methodology emphasises the functionalities of individual behaviours, various types of learning environments and a simple-to-complex multistage learning course. The genetic algorithms are designed to support the learning processes through the effective exploration of population and the exploitation of learning environments. The simulation results are discussed to show the effectiveness of the learning algorithm.