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This study explored the spillover effect of the banking sector on the systemic risk of the insurance sector. We selected 27 listed insurers from China, South Korea, Japan and Singapore, and built a double-CoVaR model based on monthly data for 2012–2021. We explored the impact mechanism by decomposing the spillover effect and conducted regression analysis to determine factors influencing net spillover. First, the banking sector has positive spillover on insurance systemic risk. Second, the banking sector affects insurance systemic risk mainly through direct risk spillover. Third, the size, asset similarity and leverage of insurers significantly impact net spillover. This paper contributes to the previous literature and regulation by providing a methodology for predicting risk spillovers using a new model and an up-to-date data.

To translate a clinical research finding into daily clinical practice requires well-controlled clinical trials. We have demonstrated the usage of absolute quantitation of Ki67 and cyclinD1 protein levels to improve prognosis of Luminal-like patients based on overall survival (OS) analysis of a cohort of 155 breast cancer specimens (cohort 1). However, this finding is considered the D level of evidence (LOE) to require subsequent validation before it may be used in daily clinical practice. To set the stage for future clinical trials, our findings were validated through OS analysis of an independent cohort (cohort 2) of 173 Luminal-like patients.Both Ki67 and cyclinD1 levels were measured absolutely and quantitatively using the Quantitative Dot Blot (QDB) method in cohort 2. The proposed cutoffs for both biomarkers from cohort 1 were re-evaluated in cohort 2 and in the merged cohort of 1 and 2, respectively, through univariate, multivariate and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.The proposed cutoffs of 2.31 nmol/g for Ki67 and 0.44 μmol/g for cyclinD1 were validated as effective cutoffs in cohort 2 and the merged cohort through OS analysis. The combined use of both biomarkers allowed us to identify patients with both biomarker levels below the cutoffs (59.3%) with10-year survival probability (SP) of 89%, in comparison to those above the cutoffs (8.3%) with 8 year SP of 28% through OS analysis in the merged cohort.This study validated our findings that absolute quantitation of Ki67 and cyclinD1 allows effective subtyping of luminal-like patients. It sets the stage for prospective or prospective-retrospective clinical studies.

Heterostructures of complex transition metal oxides are known to induce extraordinary emergent quantum states that arise from broken symmetry and other discontinuities at interfaces. Here we report the emergence of unusual, thickness-dependent properties in ultrathin CaRuO3 films by unique insertion of a single isovalent SrO layer (referred to as “δ-doping”). While bulk CaRuO3 is metallic and nonmagnetic, films thinner than or equal to ~15-unit cells (u.c.) are insulating though still nonmagnetic. However, δ-doping to middle of such CaRuO3 films induces an insulator-to-metal transition and unusual ferromagnetism with strong magnetoresistive behavior. The ferromagnetic ground state does not show fully long-range order. Atomically resolved imaging and density-functional-theory calculations reveal that the whole δ-doped film preserves the bulk-CaRuO3 orthorhombic structure, while appreciable structural and electronic changes are highly localized near the SrO layer. The results highlight delicate nature of magnetic ordering in CaRuO3 and subtle effects that can alter it, especially the role of A-site cation in electronic and magnetic structure additional to lattice distortion in ruthenates. It also provides a practical approach to engineer material systems via highly localized modifications in their structure and composition that may offer new routes to the design of oxide electronics.

The relative contributions of the conformation and primary structure of an epitope to overall antigen-antibody interaction (AAI) at denatured, native or formalin fixed (FF) state were compared using six randomly chosen commercial antibodies using Quantitative Dot Blot (QDB) method. AAIs at native and FF states were found ranged 1.3 ∼ 10.2 and 0.5 ∼ 45.4 folds, respectively, over those at denatured state in cellular and tissue lysates. Using two antibodies against different epitopes of PYGL protein, we showed that PYGL levels in several types of tissues and cell lines were highly correlated (r=0.99 from Pearson, p

In non-centrosymmetric crystals, the surface contributions to second harmonic generation are mainly overwhelmed by the strong bulk contributions. We demonstrate that a femtosecond amplifier laser can enhance the surface contributions to second harmonic signal.

Polar metals are commonly defined as metals with polar structural distortions. Strict symmetry restrictions make them an extremely rare breed as the structural constraints favor insulating over metallic phase. Moreover, no polar metals are known to be magnetic. Here we report on the realization of a magnetic polar metal phase in a BaTiO3/SrRuO3/BaTiO3 heterostructure. Electron microscopy reveals polar lattice distortions in three-unit-cells thick SrRuO3 between BaTiO3 layers. Electrical transport and magnetization measurements reveal that this heterostructure possesses a metallic phase with high conductivity and ferromagnetic ordering with high saturation moment. The high conductivity in the SrRuO3 layer can be attributed to the effect of electrostatic carrier accumulation induced by the BaTiO3 layers. Density-functional-theory calculations provide insights into the origin of the observed properties of the thin SrRuO3 film. The present results pave a way to design materials with desired functionalities at oxide interfaces., Polar metals—metals with polar structural distortions—are known not to be magnetic. Here, the authors demonstrate a magnetic polar metal phase in a BaTiO3/SrRuO3/BaTiO3 heterostructure displaying high conductivity and ferromagnetic ordering with high saturation moment.

1T-TiSe_{2} is one of the most studied charge density wave (CDW) systems, not only because of its peculiar properties related to the CDW transition, but also due to its status as a promising candidate of exciton insulator signaled by the proposed plasmon softening at the CDW wave vector. Using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, we report a systematic study of the temperature-dependent plasmon behaviors of 1T-TiSe_{2}. We unambiguously resolve the plasmon from phonon modes, revealing the existence of Landau damping to the plasmon at finite momentums, which does not support the plasmon softening picture for exciton condensation. Moreover, we discover that the plasmon lifetime at zero momentum responds dramatically to the band gap evolution associated with the CDW transition. The interband transitions near the Fermi energy in the normal phase are demonstrated to serve as a strong damping channel of plasmons, while such a channel in the CDW phase is suppressed due to the CDW gap opening, which results in the dramatic tunability of the plasmon in semimetals or small-gap semiconductors.

The electro-magnetic properties of ultrathin epitaxial ruthenate films have long been the subject of debate. Here we combine experimental with theoretical investigations of (SrTiO3)5-(SrRuO3)n-(SrTiO3)5 (STO5-SROn-STO5) heterostructures with n = 1 and 2 unit cells, including extensive atomic-resolution scanning-transmission-electron-microscopy imaging, electron-energy-loss-spectroscopy chemical mapping, as well as transport and magneto-transport measurements. The experimental data demonstrate that the STO5-SRO2-STO5 heterostructure is stoichiometric, metallic, and ferromagnetic with TC ~ 128 K, even though it lacks the characteristic bulk-SRO octahedral tilts and matches the cubic STO structure. In contrast, the STO5-SRO1-STO5 heterostructure features Ru-Ti intermixing in the RuO2 layer, also without octahedral tilts, but is accompanied by a loss of metallicity and ferromagnetism. Density-functional-theory calculations show that stoichiometric n = 1 and n = 2 heterostructures are metallic and ferromagnetic with no octahedral tilts, while non-stoichiometry in the Ru sublattice in the n = 1 case opens an energy gap and induces antiferromagnetic ordering. Thus, the results indicate that the observed non-stoichiometry is the cause of the observed loss of metallicity and ferromagnetism in the n = 1 case., 20 pages, 9 figures

BackgroundKi67 is a biomarker of proliferation to be used in immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based surrogate assay to determine the necessity of cytotoxic therapy for Luminal-like breast cancer patients. cyclinD1 is another frequently used biomarker of proliferation. A retrospective study was performed here to investigate if these two biomarkers may be combined to improve the prognosis of Luminal-like patients.MethodsBoth Ki67 and cyclinD1 protein levels were measured absolutely and quantitatively using Quantitative Dot Blot method in 143 Luminal-like specimens. Optimized cutoffs for these two biomarkers were developed to evaluate their prognostic roles using Kaplan–Meier overall survival (OS) analysis.ResultscyclinD1 was found as an independent prognostic factor from Ki67 in univariate and multivariate OS analyses. At optimized cutoffs (cyclinD1 at 0.44 μmol/g and Ki67 at 2.31 nmol/g), the subgroup with both biomarkers below the cutoffs (n = 65) had 10-year survival probability at 90% in comparison to those with both biomarkers above the cutoffs (n = 18) with 8-year survival probability at 26% (log-rank test, p <0.0001). This finding was used to modify the surrogate assay using IHC-based cyclinD1 scores, with p-value decreased from 0.031 to 0.00061 or from 0.1 to 0.02, when the Ki67 score of 14 or 20% was used as cutoff, respectively, in the surrogate assay.ConclusionThe current study supports the prospective investigation of cyclinD1 relevance in the clinic.

We report comprehensive investigations into the structure of high-quality (111)-oriented SrRuO3 films on SrTiO3 substrates to elucidate the effect of (111) heteroepitaxial strain. We found that SrRuO3 film with a thickness of ∼ 40 nm is compressively strained in plane on the substrate with full coherency. Nevertheless, the out-of-plane spacing is almost the same as in the bulk, which is at odds with the conventional paradigm. By probing a series of half-order Bragg reflections using synchrotron-based x-ray diffraction combined with analyses of the scanning transmission electron microscopy images, we discovered that the heteroepitaxial strain is accommodated via significant suppression of the degree of c + octahedral tilting and the formation of three equivalent domain structures on the (111) SrTiO3 substrate. This anomalous effect sheds light on the understanding of an unconventional paradigm of film–substrate coupling for the (111) heteroepitaxial strain.

BackgroundImmunohistochemistry (IHC)-based surrogate assay is the prevailing method in daily clinical practice to determine the necessity of chemotherapy for Luminal-like breast cancer patients worldwide. It relies on Ki67 scores to separate Luminal A-like from Luminal B-like breast cancer subtypes. Yet, IHC-based Ki67 assessment is known to be plagued with subjectivity and inconsistency to undermine the performance of the surrogate assay. A novel method needs to be explored to improve the clinical utility of Ki67 in daily clinical practice.Materials and MethodsThe Ki67 protein levels in a cohort of 253 specimens were assessed with IHC and quantitative dot blot (QDB) methods, respectively, and used to assign these specimens into Luminal A-like and Luminal B-like subtypes accordingly. Their performances were compared with the Kaplan–Meier, univariate, and multivariate survival analyses of the overall survival (OS) of Luminal-like patients.ResultsThe surrogate assay based on absolutely quantitated Ki67 levels (cutoff at 2.31 nmol/g) subtyped the Luminal-like patients more effectively than that based on Ki67 scores (cutoff at 14%) (Log rank test, p = 0.00052 vs. p = 0.031). It is also correlated better with OS in multivariate survival analysis [hazard ratio (HR) at 6.89 (95% CI: 2.66–17.84, p = 0.0001) vs. 2.14 (95% CI: 0.89–5.11, p = 0.087)].ConclusionsOur study showed that the performance of the surrogate assay may be improved significantly by measuring Ki67 levels absolutely, quantitatively, and objectively using the QDB method.

Transition metal oxide thin films and heterostructures have attracted remarkable and continuous attention due to the incredible variety of electronic and magnetic properties. A significant challeng...

Significance Electric polarization due to polar structural distortion is a central characteristic of an ferroelectric (FE) material, which is normally unattainable in a metallic system because itinerant electrons screen the internal electric field. A possible exception for a polar metal is if the itinerant electrons are decoupled with FE distortion, as proposed by Anderson and Blount. Here, we reveal an unusual FE phase transition in recently discovered polar metal LiOsO3, different from the typical transition in insulating FEs, with dramatic temperature-dependent electron−phonon coupling. Our results provide a look at models for FE transitions with the interplay between FE dipoles and itinerant electrons, suggesting that an improvement of the Anderson and Blount model is needed., Ferroelectric (FE) distortions in a metallic material were believed to be experimentally inaccessible because itinerant electrons would screen the long-range Coulomb interactions that favor a polar structure. It has been suggested by Anderson and Blount [P. W. Anderson, E. I. Blount, Phys. Rev. Lett. 14, 217−219 (1965)] that a transition from paraelectric phase to FE phase is possible for a metal if, in the paraelectric phase, the electrons at the Fermi level are decoupled from the soft transverse optical phonons, which lead to ferroelectricity. Here, using Raman spectroscopy combined with magnetotransport measurements on a recently discovered FE metal LiOsO3, we demonstrate active interplay of itinerant electrons and the FE order: Itinerant electrons cause strong renormalization of the FE order parameter, leading to a more gradual transition in LiOsO3 than typical insulating FEs. In return, the FE order enhances the anisotropy of charge transport between parallel and perpendicular to the polarization direction. The temperature-dependent evolution of Raman active in-plane 3Eg phonon, which strongly couples to the polar-active out-of-the-plane A2u phonon mode in the high-temperature paraelectric state, exhibits a deviation in Raman shift from the expectation of the pseudospin−phonon model that is widely used to model many insulating FEs. The Curie−Weiss temperature (θ ≈ 97 K) obtained from the optical susceptibility is substantially lower than Ts, suggesting a strong suppression of FE fluctuations. Both line width and Fano line shape of 3Eg Raman mode exhibit a strong electron−phonon coupling in the high-temperature paraelectric phase, which disappears in the FE phase, challenging Anderson/Blount’s proposal for the formation of FE metals.

Dislocations often occur in thin films with large misfit strain as a result of strain energy accumulation and can drastically change the film properties. Here the structure and dislocations in oxide heterostructures with large misfit strain are investigated on atomic scale. When grown on SrTiO

Over a century of clinical practice has led to the accumulation of millions of archived formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) cancer specimens with detailed medical records worldwide. Absolute quantitation of clinical protein biomarkers in these FFPE specimens allows individual specimens to be profiled at the population level, with the absolute nature of the measurements enabling the continuous processing of archived FFPE specimens over the time. A continuously growing cancer patient profile database is proposed here to support “big data” profiling of these protein biomarkers alone or in combination, enabling next-generation retrospective-prospective analytics into the field of clinical diagnostics.

Magnetic ordering breaks the time-reversal symmetry, greatly impacting material topological properties. We report the investigation of the magnetic properties of the layered $\mathrm{EuMnS}{\mathrm{b}}_{2}$, which has two sets of magnetic sublattices. Both the magnetization and electrical resistivity reveal two phase transitions with one at ${T}_{\mathrm{N},\mathrm{Eu}}\ensuremath{\sim}21\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and the other at ${T}_{\mathrm{N},\mathrm{Mn}}\ensuremath{\sim}346\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Single crystal neutron diffraction refinement indicates that both transitions are originated from magnetic ordering. Below ${T}_{\mathrm{N},\mathrm{Mn}},$ the Mn sublattice forms the C-type antiferromagnetic (AFM) structure with moments [$(4.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ at 7 K] pointing along the $a$ axis. Below ${T}_{\mathrm{N},\mathrm{Eu}}$, the Eu sublattice forms the canted A-type AFM structure with moments [$(5.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ at 7 K] lying in the $ac$ plane but pointing (41 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} away from the $a$ axis. Quantitative analysis indicates that the spin-spin correlation length, while anisotropic, has long-range characteristic in all directions for both the Eu and Mn sublattices.

PurposeBoth Ki67 and cyclin D1 are routinely used protein biomarkers of cell proliferation for breast cancer patients. Ki67 is used to differentiate Luminal A-like from Luminal-B like subtype in surrogate assay. These two proliferative factors are investigated in this retrospective study to evaluate their prognostic role on the overall survival (OS) of Luminal-like breast cancer patients.MethodThe cyclin D1 protein level was measured absolutely and quantitatively using Quantitative Dot Blot (QDB) method in 143 Luminal-like FFPE breast cancer specimens. An optimized cutoff at 0.71 μmole/g was identified and used to separate these specimens into cyclin D1 high and low groups alone, or in combination with Ki67, for overall survival (OS) analyses of these patients.ResultsCyclin D1 was found to be an independent prognostic factor from Ki67 in univariate and multivariate analysis. When both biomarkers were used to separate these Luminal-like specimens, the group with low expression of both biomarkers (n=52) had significantly improved 10 year survival probability at 94%, while the one with high expression of both markers (n=34) were at 41% based on Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of OS (Log rank test pConclusionWe demonstrated cyclin D1 as an independent prognostic protein biomarker from Ki67 for Luminal-like breast cancers. The combined usage of cyclin D1 and Ki67 significantly improved the prognosis over current prevailing surrogate assay. We propose to incorporate cyclin D1 in surrogate assay to improve prognosis for Luminal-like breast cancer patients in future clinical practice.

PurposeThe separation of Luminal A-like from Luminal B-like breast cancer subtypes in surrogate assay relies on Ki67 scores assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), a method known to be associated with subjectivity and inconsistency. We attempted to measure Ki67 levels absolutely, quantitatively and objectively in Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) specimens, and evaluate its influence on the performance of surrogate assay for breast cancer patients.MethodsThe Ki67 protein levels were assessed using both IHC and Quantitative Dot Blot (QDB) methods respectively in 253 specimens. These patients were assigned into Luminal A-like and Luminal B-like subtypes using either Ki67 score of 14% as cutoff in surrogate assay, or 2.31 nmole/g from QDB method as cutoff in adjusted surrogate assay. These two subtyping methods were compared with the Kaplan-Meier, univariate and multivariate survival analyses of the overall survival (OS) of Luminal-like patients.ResultsKi67 levels measured using QDB method was highly correlated with those by IHC analysis (r=0.7, pvs pConclusionOur study demonstrated that the inherent subjectivity and inconsistency associated with IHC analysis has adverse effect on the performance of surrogate assay.This issue can be improved by objective and quantitative measurement of Ki67 levels with QDB method in daily clinical practice.

Over a century of clinical practice has led to accumulation of hundreds of thousands of formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) cancer specimens with complete medical history throughout the world. Measuring clinical protein biomarkers in these FFPE specimens as absolute and continuous variables allows us to distinguish individual specimen at population level. A growing cancer patient profile database based on the absolute quantitation of protein biomarkers in FFPE samples maybe developed to provide “big data”- supported clinical diagnosis, prognosis and prediction for cancer patients unprecedentedly in routine clinical practice.

Background: Developing immunoassay for Her2 assessment suitable for Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) samples promises improved objectivity, consistency and accuracy in daily clinical practice. Yet, this effort is hindered by lacking available technique. The feasibility of Quantitative Dot Blot (QDB) method to meet this demand was evaluated in this study. Methods: QDB-based Immunoassay was developed for quantitative measurement of Her2 protein levels in this retrospective study using clinically validated antibody for immunohistochemistry (IHC antibody). Total protein lysates were extracted from 2X15 um FFPE slices collected from 332 breast cancer patients sequentially and non-selectively from local hospital. The absolutely quantitated Her2 levels in these samples were compared with the results from methods of Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses using Receiver Operative Characteristics (ROC) analysis. Results: Her2 levels measured with two IHC antibodies of EP3 and 4B5 were strongly correlated (r=0.963, p=0.0000). We also achieved area under the curve (AUC) at 0.9753±0.01026 (95% CI: 0.9551 to 0.9954, p

The surface of SrTiO3 (001) is considered to be weakly polar, and in this work, we study the validity of this notion. It exhibits a surface structural distortion, quantified here using low energy electron diffraction at room temperature. Structural analysis shows the presence of strong surface rumpling in the TiO2 terminated surface with the oxygen atoms moving outward and Ti atoms moving inward. Density functional calculations confirm the measured rumpling, and experimental data show the distortion is localized at the surface. Angle-dependent core-level X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) shows that the surface rumpling strongly impacts the electronic structure of the surface. This observation is reinforced by density functional theory, which demonstrates that the valence state of Ti at the surface is reduced while O is enhanced, where we found the Ti–O bonds are more covalent near the surface. Our results show that surface rumpling is accompanied by a change in the bond hybridization of Ti–O at the s...

In the double-exchange model, it is assumed that flattening the bond angles would result in larger electron hopping and in turn higher Curie temperature. In this work, the authors show atomic-scale imaging accompanied by detail magnetic characterization that shows the opposite, where the higher bond angle leads to higher Curie temperature.

Complex oxide interfaces have been one of the central focuses in condensed matter physics and material science. Over the past decade, aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopy has proven to be invaluable to visualize and understand the emerging quantum phenomena at an interface. In this paper, we briefly review some recent progress in the utilization of electron microscopy to probe interfaces. Specifically, we discuss several important challenges for electron microscopy to advance our understanding on interface phenomena, from the perspective of variable temperature, magnetism, electron energy loss spectroscopy analysis, electronic symmetry, and defects probing., Comment: 45 pages, 7 figures

Developing immunoassay for absolute quantitation of protein biomarkers in Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) samples promises improved objectivity, consistency and accuracy in daily clinical practice. The feasibility of Quantitative Dot Blot (QDB) method for this purpose was explored in this study. We were able to measure HER2 protein levels using 0.5 µg/sample total protein lysate extracted from 2 × 5 µm FFPE slices absolutely and quantitatively using QDB method in 332 breast cancer FFPE samples. HER2 levels measured using two clinically validated antibodies for immunohistochemistry respectively were highly correlated (r = 0.963). We also achieved area under the curve (AUC) at 0.9998 ± 0.0002 (p Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses when analyzed with Receiver Operative Characteristics analysis (ROC) respectively. When the results were converted dichotomously with optimized cutoffs from ROC analyses, we achieved 99.5% concordance with IHC; and 96.9% with combined results from both IHC and FISH analyses. Therefore, we were able to demonstrate QDB method as the first immunoassay platform for absolute quantitation of protein biomarkers in FFPE samples to meet the need of daily clinical practice, especially for local laboratories or laboratories in developing countries.

Metallic oxide ${\mathrm{SrVO}}_{3}$ represents a prototype system for the study of the mechanism behind thickness-induced metal-to-insulator transition (MIT) or crossover in thin films due to its simple cubic symmetry with one electron in the $3d$ state in the bulk. Here we report a deviation of chemical composition and distortion of lattice structure existing in the initial 3 unit cells of ${\mathrm{SrVO}}_{3}$ films grown on ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ (001) from its bulk form, which shows a direct correlation to the thickness-dependent MIT. In situ photoemission and scanning tunneling spectroscopy indicate a MIT at the critical thickness of \ensuremath{\sim}3 unit cells (u.c.), which coincides with the formation of a $(\ensuremath{\surd}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\ensuremath{\surd}2)\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}R{45}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ surface reconstruction. However, atomically resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy show depletion of Sr, and a change of V valence, thus implying the existence of a significant amount of oxygen vacancies in the 3 u.c. of ${\mathrm{SrVO}}_{3}$ near the interface. Transport and magnetotransport measurements further reveal that disorder, rather than electron correlations, is likely to be the main cause for the MIT in the ${\mathrm{SrVO}}_{3}$ ultrathin films.

Dislocations often occur in thin films with large misfit strain as a result of strain energy accumulation and can drastically change the film properties. Here the structure and dislocations in oxide heterostructures with large misfit strain are investigated on atomic scale. When grown on SrTiO3 (001), the dislocations in both the monolithic BaTiO3 thin film and its superlattices with SrIrO3 appear above a critical thickness around 6 nm. The edge component of the dislocations is seen in both cases with the Burgers vector of a ⟨100⟩. However, compared to monolithic BaTiO3, the dislocation density is slightly lower in BaTiO3/SrIrO3 superlattices. In the superlattice, when considering the SrTiO3 lattice constant as the reference, BaTiO3 has a larger misfit strain comparing with SrIrO3. It is found that in both cases, the formation of dislocation is only affected by the critical thickness of the film with larger lattice misfit (BaTiO3), regardless of the existence of a strong octahedral tilt/rotation mismatch at BaTiO3/SrIrO3 interface. Our findings suggest that it is possible to control the position of dislocations, an important step toward defect engineering.

Charge density wave (CDW) is an important concept in condensed matter physics, germane to a number of physical phenomena. But the origin of CDW is still under debate, partly because the origin and properties of CDW are highly material-dependent. The concept of a CDW has been applied to many materials without a clear definition of the fundamental nature of CDW. As a result, misconceptions about CDW can be seen in the literature. In this review, we will try to describe and explain the possible existing misconceptions associated with the origin of CDWs.