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This study examined the levels of soluble CD146 (sCD146) in plasma samples from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and assessed the relationship between sCD146 and the severity of COPD. A total of 97 COPD patients were recruited from 20 medical centers in Jiangsu, China, including 13 stable subjects and 84 exacerbated subjects. The plasma sCD146 level in exacerbated subjects (28.77 ± 10.80 ng/mL) was significantly lower than that in stable subjects (38.84 ± 15.00 ng/mL). In the high sCD146 group, the proportion of subjects with modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scores of 0–1 was higher, the proportion of subjects with the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage 4 was lower, and the proportion of subjects with ≥1 hospitalizations in the past year was lower. The plasma sCD146 level was negatively correlated with the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) score (r = −0.2664, p = 0.0087). Logistic regression analysis showed that sCD146 was an independent risk factor for acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis suggested that sCD146 combined with sex, age, pulmonary function, and acute exacerbations in the past year had clinical value for the accurate identification of AECOPD, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.908 (95% CI: 0.810–1.000, p < 0.001). In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between plasma sCD146 and S100A9 (r = −0.3939, p < 0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted an experiment to test theoretical propositions relating coherence, personalization, and provocation to in-situ engagement, deep experience, delight, and perceived value of time spent. Four hundred adults from a national panel viewed one of eight versions of a video centered on a character in Victor Hugo's classic novel Les Misérables, and then completed measures of engagement, deep experience, delight, perceived value of time spent, preexisting familiarity with the story, and the subjective experience of provocation. Each video represented a unique combination of presence or absence of the three hypothesized determinants: coherence, personalization, and provocation. Coherence, personalization, and preexisting familiarity with the story had significant effects on engagement. Provocation action increased engagement via its effect on the subjective experience of provocation. Engagement was a significant predictor of deep experience, and deep experience was a significant predictor of both delight and perceived value of time spent in the activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In the LPS/PPE-induced COPD model, CD146 was decreased, which was in line with the cigarette-smoke induced COPD model. • CD146 deficiency promoted MMP-9 production in macrophages, which was at least partially mediated by S100a9. • Targeting S100a9 with paquinimod decreased MMP-9 in pulmonary tissues, alleviated lung inflammation and alveolar destruction in COPD-like mice. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of global death. As a molecule beyond adhesion, CD146 is involved in COPD pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms of CD146 in COPD remain largely elusive. We hypothesized that CD146 regulates the production of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in macrophages and thereby contributes to COPD. Here, we constructed a murine model of COPD using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE). In COPD-like mice, LPS and PPE decreased the pulmonary expression of CD146. MMP-9 expression and bioactivity were increased in CD146 knockout COPD-like mice. In vitro , LPS decreased CD146 expression in macrophages. With or without LPS challenge, CD146-defective macrophages produced more MMP-9. Transcriptome analysis based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealed that S100A9 regulated MMP-9 production in CD146-defective macrophages. Targeting S100A9 with paquinimod decreased lung inflammation and alleviated alveolar destruction in COPD-like mice. Collectively, our study suggests that CD146 negatively regulates MMP-9 production in macrophages via the S100A9 pathway in COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • A multifunctional gelatin-based organic-inorganic composite aerogel was fabricated. • This aerogel could realize oil/water separation with high selectivity. • This aerogel removed Cu (II) ions, anionic and cationic dyes with good reusability. • Uniformly dispersed TiO 2 nanoparticles endowed aerogel with photocatalytic property. • This work offered new avenue to the treatment of wastewater with complex composition. Abstract Designing multifunctional adsorbents that can satisfy sophisticated requirements in complex water treatment fields remains challenging these days. In this work, an original and environment-friendly gelatin-based organic-inorganic composite aerogel equipped with integrative functions was fabricated through facile methods. The uniform dispersion of TiO 2 nanoparticles was successfully achieved in the three-dimensional structure of the composite aerogel, and the branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) was cross-linked onto it through the effect of glutaraldehyde. The gelatin/TiO 2 /PEI (GTP) aerogel had a hierarchical porous structure and a superamphiphilic surface, which endowed it with excellent oil/water separation properties, for both oil/water free mixtures and oil-water emulsions. Both cationic (methylene blue and crystal violet) and anionic (congo red and methyl orange) organic dyes could be adsorbed by the GTP aerogel with good adsorption capacity. It was noteworthy that the GTP aerogel was capable of realizing dye degradation because of its photocatalytic performance. Furthermore, this composite aerogel was able to remove copper ions from aqueous solutions with high capacity and good reusability. The regeneration of the GTP aerogel was realized by methanol and EDTA for dyes and copper ions respectively. Combined with comprehensive functions including oil/water separation, organic dyes adsorption, copper ions removal and photocatalytic property, the bio-based organic-inorganic composite GTP aerogel holds great promise for practical usage in water remediation, especially in the treatment of polluted water with complex components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, an original amphiphilic copolymer P(PEG-PDMS-KH570) combined with SiO 2 nanoparticles (SiO 2 NPs) was utilized to prepare polyether sulfone (PES) nanocomposite ultrafiltration (UF) membrane with enhanced antifouling performance. The enrichment of the organic-inorganic modifier P(PEG-PDMS-KH570)@SiO 2 were realized at the same time as the formation of PES UF membrane via sol-gel non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process. The interaction between the copolymer P(PEG-PDMS-KH570) and SiO 2 NPs furnished a stable and effective antifouling PES UF membrane. Surface morphology, chemical composition characterization and wetting property measurements confirmed the segregation and distribution of the nanocomposite modifier. The multi-defense mechanism from fouling resistance to fouling release of the nanocomposite membranes was investigated by setting bovine serum albumin (BSA) aqueous solution as a model foulant. The antifouling properties of the modified membranes, especially for the PES/T@SiO 2 ∼4% membrane, were effectively improved. The flux decline rate of PES/T@SiO 2 ∼4% membrane was as low as 15.6%, and the flux recover ratio was up to 99.0%. Moreover, the modified membranes also possessed remarkable antifouling stability. Results of this work provide a facile method to construct a hierarchical and heterogeneous membrane surface that could achieve the multi-defense mechanism in efficient water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional nonfouling materials are powerless against bacterial cells attachment, while the hydrophobic bactericidal surfaces always suffer from nonspecific protein adsorption and dead bacterial cells accumulation. Here, amphiphilic polyurethane (PU) networks modified with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and cationic carboxybetaine diol through simple crosslinking reaction were developed, which had an antibacterial efficiency of 97.7%. Thereafter, the hydrolysis of carboxybetaine ester into zwitterionic groups brought about anti-adhesive properties against bacteria and proteins. The surface chemical composition and wettability performance of the PU network surfaces were investigated by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle analysis. The surface distribution of PDMS and zwitterionic segments produced an obvious amphiphilic heterogeneous surface, which was demonstrated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to test the nonspecific protein adsorption behaviors. With the advantages of the transition from excellent bactericidal performance to anti-adhesion and the combination of fouling resistance and fouling release property, the designed PDMS-based amphiphilic PU network shows great application potential in biomedical devices and marine facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been reported that IL-33 receptor ST2 deficiency mitigates Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) pulmonary infection in BALB/c mice. IL-33 may modulate immune responses in ST2-dependent and ST2-independent manners. The host genetic background (i.e., BALB/c, C57BL/6 J) influences immune responses against C. neoformans. In the present study, we aimed to explore the roles of IL-33 and ST2 in pulmonary C. neoformans-infected mice on a C57BL/6 J genetic background. C. neoformans infection increased IL-33 expression in lung tissues. IL-33 deficiency but not ST2 deficiency significantly extended the survival time of C. neoformans-infected mice. In contrast, either IL-33 or ST2 deficiency reduced fungal burdens in lung, spleen and brain tissues from the mice following C. neoformans intratracheal inoculation. Similarly, inflammatory responses in the lung tissues were more pronounced in both the IL-33−/− and ST2−/− infected mice. However, mucus production was decreased in IL-33−/− infected mice alone, and the level of IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was substantially decreased in the IL-33−/− infected mice but not ST2−/− infected mice. Moreover, IL-33 deficiency but not ST2 deficiency increased iNOS-positive macrophages. At the early stage of infection, the reduced pulmonary fungal burden in the IL-33−/− and ST2−/− mice was accompanied by increased neutrophil infiltration. Collectively, IL-33 regulated pulmonary C. neoformans infection in an ST2-dependent and ST2-independent manner in C57BL/6 J mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, aiming for the enhanced dispersibility of graphene-based nanomaterials in lubricating oil matrices to serve as highly efficient lubricant additives, numerous modification approaches have been extensively studied. However, these previous modification routes usually involve a tedious multistep modification process or multitudinous toxic reagents, restricting their extensive practical application. In this work, novel graphene oxide (GO) nanoadditives (RGO-g-BO) featuring excellent durable dispersion capability and remarkable tribological performance were successfully prepared via an environmentally friendly one-step approach consisting of surface grafting of long-chain bromooctadecane (BO) and in situ chemical reduction. Benefiting from the greatly improved lipophilicity (resulting from the introduction of hydrophobic long-chain alkane groups and chemical reduction), along with the miniaturization effect, RGO-g-BO exhibits superior long-term dispersion stability in the finished oil. Moreover, the tribological properties results demonstrated that the finished oil filled with RGO-g-BO nanolubricants achieved an outstanding friction-reducing and antiwear performance. Particularly, under the optimum content of RGO-g-BO (as low as 0.005 wt%), the friction coefficient as well as the wear volume of the composite finished oil were greatly reduced by 13% and 53%, respectively, as compared with nascent finished oil. Therefore, in view of the advantages of low-cost, one-step facile synthesis, desirable dispersion capability, and remarkable tribological performance, RGO-g-BO holds great prospects as a highly efficient lubrication additive in the tribology field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Immediate experiences during youth activities may facilitate development. • Immersion is the mechanism through which immediate experiences promote development. • Immersion results from satisfaction of psychological needs. • Psychological need satisfaction results from optimal challenge and intrinsic motivation. • Activities can be structured to facilitate optimal challenge and intrinsic motivation. We examined linkages through which structured camp experiences may facilitate satisfaction of psychological needs and thereby contribute to expansion of the self. First, we tested the effects of "leveling-up" the challenges of activities with the skills of campers and camper motivation source (intrinsic, integrated, introjected, and extrinsic) on immediate psychological need satisfaction during each of eight camp activities (archery, crafts, dancing, fishing, kayaking, riflery, rock wall climbing, and swimming). Then, we tested relations between psychological need satisfaction and the subjective experience, immersion. Immersion, theoretically, yields expansion of the self. Campers (n = 150, ages 11–13, co-recreational) reported their sense of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and degree of immersion immediately following each of the eight camp activities. The hypothesized causal sequences were supported by the data. Camper motivation source and leveling-up the challenge-skill structure of immediate camp experiences yielded psychological need satisfaction. Psychological need satisfaction, in turn, increased immersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The microtubule-dependent molecular motor protein Kinesin Family Member 2A (KIF2A) is down-regulated in asthmatic human airway epithelium. However, little is known about the roles of KIF2A as well as the possible underlying mechanisms in asthma. Methods: House dust mite (HDM) extract was administered to establish a murine model of asthma. The expression of KIF2A, IL-33 and the autophagy pathways were detected. The plasmid pCMV-KIF2A was used to overexpress KIF2A in the airway epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. IL-4, IL-5, IL-33 and other cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues homogenates were measured. Results: In response to the challenge of house dust mite (HDM) in vitro and in vivo, airway epithelial cells displayed decreased production of KIF2A. Meanwhile, autophagy and IL-33 were increased in HMD-treated epithelial cells. Mechanistically, KIF2A decreased autophagy via suppressing mTORC1 pathway in HDM-treated epithelial cells, which contributed to the reduced production of IL-33. Moreover, in vivo KIF2A transfection reduced IL-33 and autophagy in the lung, leading to the attenuation of allergic asthma. Conclusion: KIF2A suppressed mTORC1-mediated autophagy and decreased the production of epithelial-derived cytokine IL-33 in allergic airway inflammation. These data indicate that KIF2A may be a novel target in allergic asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to develop high-performance electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are of utmost importance in ensuring sustainable hydrogen production. The controllable fabrication of inexpensive, durable, and high-efficient HER catalysts still remains a great challenge. Herein, we introduce a universal strategy aiming to achieve rapid synthesis of highly active hydrogen evolution catalysts using a controllable hydrogen insertion method and solvothermal process. Hydrogen vanadium bronze HxV2O5 was obtained through controlling the ethanol reaction rate in the oxidization process of hydrogen peroxide. Subsequently, the intermetallic PtCoVO supported on two-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets was prepared by a solvothermal method at the oil/water interface. In terms of HER performance, PtCoVO/g-C3N4 demonstrates superior characteristics compared to PtCo/g-C3N4 and PtCoV/g-C3N4. This superiority can be attributed to the notable influence of oxygen vacancies in HxV2O5 on the electrical properties of the catalyst. By adjusting the relative proportions of metal atoms in the PtCoVO/g-C3N4 nanomaterials, the PtCoVO/g-C3N4 nanocomposites show significant HER overpotential of η10 = 92 mV, a Tafel slope of 65.21 mV dec−1, and outstanding stability (a continuous test lasting 48 h). The nanoarchitecture of a g-C3N4-supported PtCoVO nanoalloy catalyst exhibits exceptional resistance to nanoparticle migration and corrosion, owing to the strong interaction between the metal nanoparticles and the g-C3N4 support. Pt, Co, and V simultaneous doping has been shown by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to enhance the density of states (DOS) at the Fermi level. This augmentation leads to a higher charge density and a reduction in the adsorption energy of intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The IL‐33/ST2 axis has been extensively investigated in type 2 eosinophilic inflammation. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of the IL‐33/ST2 axis in neutrophil‐dominant allergic airway inflammation. Methods: House‐dust mite (HDM) extract and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were administered to establish a murine model of neutrophil‐dominant allergic airway inflammation. The formation of neutrophilic extracellular traps (NETs) in the lung tissues was demonstrated by immunofluorescence imaging. Mature IL‐33 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was detected by Western blotting. The neutrophilic chemokine KC produced by bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) or primary alveolar epithelial cells was measured with a commercial ELISA kit. Results: In the present study, we observed neutrophilic inflammation and tight junction damage in the lungs of mice sensitised with HDM and LPS. Furthermore, sensitisation with HDM and LPS resulted in the formation of NETs, accompanied by increased levels of mature IL‐33 in the BALF. Moreover, LPS damaged the epithelial tight junction protein occludin directly or indirectly by inducing NET formation. Surprisingly, IL‐33 deficiency augmented neutrophilia and epithelial barrier injury in the lungs of mice after sensitisation with HDM and LPS. Similarly, the absence of ST2 exacerbated the neutrophilic inflammatory response, decreased the expression of occludin and exacerbated the severity of neutrophil‐dominant allergic airway inflammation in an HDM/LPS‐induced mouse model. Mechanistically, BMDMs and alveolar epithelial cells from IL‐33‐ or ST2‐deficient mice tended to produce higher levels of the neutrophilic chemokine KC. Conclusions: These results demonstrated that the IL‐33/ST2 axis may play a protective role in neutrophil‐dominant allergic airway inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofouling is one of the major worldwide problems associated with the vessel due to its accumulation with the surface of the ship hull. The biofouling is the main origin of the coating's deterioration that ultimately leads to bio-corrosion, roughness and drag, resulting in an enormous increase in the fuel consumption. Although Tributyltin (TBT) has been used as a pioneer class of antifoulant to overcome this problem, however, after the legal restriction on TBT, some biocides have been used as its alternatives. These biocides are potentially harmful to the environment due to the higher release rate in the aquatic environment. This review paper focuses on the progress made in eco-friendly antifouling coating techniques, using control biocide release principal for marine application. The three main strategies, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and biodegradable antifouling coating, are reviewed. Biodegradable antifouling coating is a new promising route based on the combination of eco-friendly biocide with dynamic surfaces by utilizing degradable polyurethane, polyester acrylate, and modified polyester based polymers. They are used as a carrier of antifoulant, which control the release rate and also show excellent antifouling activity in the marine coatings due to tunability, sustainability, and mechanical performance, therefore, they have a longer shelf period. Moreover, this review focuses on the challenges associated with vessel surface coating and their possible solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A Fe(III)/NaClO oxidation system was developed for enhanced PAHs degradation. • Fe(III) dosage, NaClO concentration and pH value affected PAHs removal process. • PAHs degradation was ascribed to the synergetic effect of HClO and generated •OH. • Degradation pathways of phenanthrene by Fe(III)/NaClO oxidation was proposed. • The inhibitory effect on plants growth weakened for the remediated soil. Great attention has been paid to the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from polluted soil worldwide, because the refractory PAHs have severe carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects that put substantial threats to ecosystem safety and human health. In this study, a Fe(III)/NaClO catalytic oxidation system was employed to achieve an enhanced remediation of PAHs-contaminated industrial site soil. With an optimal mass ratio of Fe(III)/NaClO at 1/6, the removal efficiency of PAHs was improved by 19.6% and 14.8% after 2 and 48 h of reaction compared with using NaClO alone when the concentration of NaClO was set as 2000 mg/L. The degradation behavior of PAHs by Fe(III)/NaClO catalytic oxidation system was investigated in detail. The influence of Fe(III) dosage, NaClO concentration and pH value on PAHs removal was evaluated in-depth. The degradation products were confirmed and degradation pathways were proposed. Generated hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were identified by quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technology, which played synergetic effects in the degradation of PAHs with HClO molecule. Finally, results of phytotoxicity tests demonstrated that the inhibition effects on plants growth decreased obviously of remediated soil. This work provided a catalytic oxidation method with cost-effectiveness, high efficiency and wide applicability for PAHs degradation in industrial site soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) is an important opportunistic fungal pathogen for pulmonary cryptococcosis. Previously, we demonstrated that CD146 mediated the adhesion of C. neoformans to the airway epithelium. CD146 is more than an adhesion molecule. In the present study, we aimed to explore the roles of CD146 in the inflammatory response in pulmonary cryptococcosis. CD146 was decreased in lung tissues from patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis. Similarly, C. neoformans reduced pulmonary CD146 expression in mice following intratracheal inoculation. To explore the pathological roles of CD146 reduction in pulmonary cryptococcosis, CD146 knockout (KO) mice were inoculated with C. neoformans via intratracheal instillation. CD146 deficiency aggravated C. neoformans infection, as evidenced by a shortened survival time and increased fungal burdens in the lung. Inflammatory type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and TNF-α) and alternatively activated macrophages were increased in the pulmonary tissues of CD146 KO-infected mice. CD146 is expressed in immune cells (macrophages, etc.) and nonimmune cells, i.e., epithelial cells and endothelial cells. Bone marrow chimeric mice were established and infected with C. neoformans. CD146 deficiency in immune cells but not in nonimmune cells increased fungal burdens in the lung. Mechanistically, upon C. neoformans challenge, CD146 KO macrophages produced more neutrophil chemokine KC and inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Meanwhile, CD146 KO macrophages decreased the fungicidity and production of reactive oxygen species. Collectively, C. neoformans infection decreased CD146 in pulmonary tissues, leading to inflammatory type 2 responses, while CD146 deficiency worsened pulmonary cryptococcosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Robust MXene/rGO aerogels with tailorable wettability/functionality were developed. • The aerogels showed distinct interconnected porous structures and ultralow densities. • The aerogels achieved a prominent adsorption performance for diverse organic dyes. • The interfacial water evaporation enthalpy was significantly reduced to 1617.18 J/g. • A superior solar-driven evaporation rate of 1.86 kg/m2/h was obtained. Given the ever-growing global water resource crisis, exploiting multifunctional materials featuring with high interfacial solar steam generation efficiency and good purification capability to achieving seawater desalination and wastewater treatment simultaneously are highly desired, yet it still remains a huge challenge to date. Herein, robust and multifunctional MXene/rGO (MRGA) and polydopamine & chitosan @ MRGA (CS&PDA@MRGA, CPM) three-dimensional composite aerogels with distinct interconnected cellular architecture were developed via a facile ice template-assisted chemical reduction self-assembly technology and subsequent sequential deposition modification. Due to the favorable graphene oxide-assisted assembly behavior, the resultant aerogels displayed a desirable mechanical robustness along with an excellent lightweight property. Benefiting from the strong electrostatic interaction deriving from aerogel surface moieties and dye molecules, MRGA-12 exhibited a prominent adsorption capability towards various dyes and achieved a superb adsorption capacity of up to 396.05 mg/g for malachite green (MG). Moreover, by virtue of the synergistic effect between the intentionally regulated low reduction degree of rGO and the integration of PDA and CS, CPM-12 achieved a dramatically reduced evaporation enthalpy of water from 2256 to 1617.18 J/g. Accordingly, this distinct feature resulted in an extraordinary solar-driven interfacial evaporation performance with a remarkable evaporation rate of 1.86 kg/m2/h and a high evaporation efficiency of 83.28 % under 1 sun illumination. Therefore, together with the terrific oil/water separation capability, these novel MXene-based aerogels hold a great potential for high-performance solar-driven interfacial evaporation and wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In an exposure and rest model, PM2.5 paradoxically alleviated the disease severity and airway inflammatory responses in COPD-like mice. • PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 induced inhibitory memory alveolar macrophages (AMs). • The induction of inhibitory trained AMs by PM2.5 was dependent on the IL-33 production from epithelial cells through the AhR/ARNT pathway. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations have decreased in the past decade. The adverse effects of acute PM2.5 exposure on respiratory diseases have been well recognized. To explore the long-term effects of PM2.5 exposure on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), mice were exposed to PM2.5 for 7 days and rest for 21 days, followed by challenges with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE). Unexpectedly, PM2.5 exposure and rest alleviated the disease severity and airway inflammatory responses in COPD-like mice. Although acute PM2.5 exposure increased airway inflammation, rest for 21 days reversed the airway inflammatory responses, which was associated with the induction of inhibitory memory alveolar macrophages (AMs). Similarly, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 exposure and rest decreased pulmonary inflammation, accompanied by inhibitory memory AMs. Once AMs were depleted, pulmonary inflammation was aggravated. PAHs in PM2.5 promoted the secretion of IL-33 from airway epithelial cells via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)/ARNT pathway. High-throughput mRNA sequencing revealed that PM2.5 exposure and rest drastically changed the mRNA profiles in AMs, which was largely rescued in IL-33−/− mice. Collectively, our results indicate that PM2.5 may mitigate pulmonary inflammation, which is mediated by inhibitory trained AMs via IL-33 production from epithelial cells through the AhR/ARNT pathway. We provide the rationale that PM2.5 plays complicated roles in respiratory disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Mn(Ⅱ) was effective at activating ClO 2 oxidation to promote PAHs degradation in real contaminated industrial soil. • With the increasing of Mn(Ⅱ) concentration, PAHs degradation efficiency first increased and then decreased. • The mechanism of PAHs degradation by Mn(Ⅱ) activated ClO 2 oxidation was ascribed to the HOCl and •OH. Chlorine dioxide (ClO 2) takes effect as a promising chemical oxidant to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from contaminated soil in situ. However, the conventional ClO 2 degradation procedure is limited by its reaction selectivity to organic pollutants, as well as its low economic efficiency with huge dosage. Systematical study of activated ClO 2 oxidation which is more efficient to remove PAHs in soil is still scarce. Herein, the impact of divalent manganese ion [Mn(Ⅱ)] on activating ClO 2 to oxidize PAHs in real contaminated soil was currently studied, including the kinetics, degradation products, mechanisms, and biological toxicity. The results revealed that the PAHs removal rate constants (k 1) had a quadratic relationship with Mn(II) concentrations (k 1 = -0.005 × [Mn(Ⅱ)]2 + 0.0033 × [Mn(Ⅱ)] + 0.0222, R2 = 0.9084, [Mn(Ⅱ)] = 0 ∼ 5 mM), the best degradation performance was obtained when the molar ratio of Mn(II)/ClO 2 was 1/20. Furthermore, the optimal initial ClO 2 concentration of 2500 mg/L could satisfy the comprehensive considerations of efficiency and economy. At the pH range of 3 ∼ 11, the removal efficiency decreased with increasing pH. Four representative PAH congeners (anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and fluoranthene) had been chlorine substituted and oxygenated, but benzene ring rupture was observed only in fluoranthene simultaneously. XPS spectra, EPR analysis, and quenching experiments indicated the mechanisms that HOCl and •OH were the principal active species in the oxidation reaction. The toxicity evaluation by earthworms Eisenia fetida resulted out that high toxic effect to organism still remained in remediated soil which should be paid attention to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring a more sustainable world requires leaders who are global citizens with sustainability mindsets. This is especially true in tourism as a global phenomenon with tremendous impacts on local communities and global society. This article presents the structure and preliminary outcomes of a pedagogical experiment aimed at creating global leaders with sustainability mindsets and aligns closely with approaches outlined for global citizenship education and sustainable tourism pedagogy. It describes the various components of the program and outlines the elaborate assessment framework developed and concludes with a discussion on how the model could be replicated in the tourism context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]