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In the letter, a novel reconfigurable filter using movable transmission lines is proposed. The filter is based on substrate‐integrated‐suspended‐line structure with two inner layers, fabricated on low‐cost FR4 substrate. The suspension line and the cavity are completely covered by copper. The suspension line could be freely moved in the air cavity. In the novel structure, the coupled lines have a variable coupling coefficient. With the movements of two transmission lines, the filter has four operating modes and can be tuned, with low insertion loss of less than 0.45 dB, showing promising properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the letter, a wideband filtering power divider (FPD) with ultra‐large coupling coefficient using air‐dielectric broadside‐coupled lines is proposed. The broadside‐coupled line and single transmission line are alternately connected to construct three resonators, which can be used for large bandwidth and high selectivity filtering. An improved substrate‐integrated suspended line (SISL) structure with two inner layers is developed. In the structure, the broadside coupling occurs by the air. The overall structure is implemented based on the low‐cost FR4 dielectric material. The designed FPD is simulated and fabricated. The results demonstrate its excellent performance, with center frequency of 6 GHz, a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 80.8%, a maximum coupling coefficient of 0.84, an insertion loss of less than 0.29 dB, and an out‐of‐band rejection of more than 52 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improvement in thermal stability is especially important for the oxide/oxide composites, which are widely applied at high temperatures. Herein, the continuous alumina fiber reinforced alumina matrix (Al 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3) composites were fabricated at 1200–1400 °C using Al 2 O 3 powders with a mean size of 0.6 μm. The Al 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 composite fabricated at 1300 °C achieved a high flexural strength of 392.9 ± 20.1 MPa and a high interlaminar shear strength of 20.6 ± 1.0 MPa. After exposure at 1000 °C for 100 h and 1400 °C for 10 min, the 1300 °C fabricated Al 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 composite showed no significant reduction in mechanical properties. A slight decrease in mechanical properties was observed after aging at 1200 °C for 100 h. The high strength retention after the heat treatment benefited from the coarse Al 2 O 3 powders, which could not be easily sintered at high temperatures. This work can expand the selection of the Al 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 composites for potential applications at service temperatures as high as 1400 °C for a short term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), as the core storage unit of magneto resistive random-access memory, plays important role in the cutting-edge spintronics. In the MTJ devices, there are multiple internal magnetic/nonmagnetic heterojunction structures. The heterojunction always consists of magnetic metals and magnetic insulators or nonmagnetic metals. The interface of the heterojunction has certain physical effects that can affect the performance of MTJ devices. In the review, combined with the existing research results, the physical mechanism of magnetic/non-magnetic heterojunction interface coupling is discussed. The influence of the interface effect of the heterojunction on the performance of MTJ devices is studied. The optimization method is proposed specifically. This work systematically summarizes the interface effect of magnetic/non-magnetic heterojunction, which could be the critical aspect for the device's yield and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, two-dimensional van der Waals (2D vdWs) heterostructures have attracted great research interest due to their great potential in fundamental physics research and spintronic devices (such as MTJs). Due to its excellent scalability, controllable magnetism and out-of-plane anisotropy, the compact nonvolatile memory controller (NV-MC) based on spintronics is expected to solve the memory bottle-neck problem. At present, a series of in-depth studies have been conducted on advanced 2D vdWs materials, such as MoS2, WSe2, and Fe3GeTe2 (FGT). The results show that the 2D vdWs materials have great TMR value and high SOT switching efficiency, both theoretically reported and experimentally verified. In the paper, a novel MTJ device based on the FGT/WTe2 heterostructure is proposed. In the absence of an external magnetic field, the magnetization direction of the MTJ free layer can still be reversed with certainty when the unipolar write current reaches about 5 mA. Moreover, the DMI effect generated between 2-D material/FM interfaces is also considered, which can promote the performance of SOT-MTJ without the external field. The reading reliability of SOT-MRAM is improved in comparison with the traditional CoFeB-based MTJ device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a Dickson-based RF-DC (Radio frequency power to direct current power) rectifier for energy harvesting system is designed. Dickson double-voltage structure, voltage-dividing structure and switching transistors are integrated in the system to fulfil the synchronous rectifying function, which can upgrade PCE (Power Conversion Efficiency) value, reduce the threshold voltage and decrease the leakage current, etc.. The simulation is conducted on the designed synchronous rectifier for energy harvesting of 900 MHz signal. It shows that when the input voltage $${V_{IN}} = 1V$$ V IN = 1 V , the peak output DC voltage can be stabilised at 1.8 V with the assistance of LDO (Low dropout) regulator, while the reverse leakage current is below 20 µA and the PCE value reaches 58%. The designed rectifier is assembled and tested in the paper. Both the simulation and testing results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed synchronous rectifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inevitable process variations (PVT) brought by both the magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) and MOSFET based on the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology become a major obstacle for the mass production of spin transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM). The detriment of the process variations leads to a serious degradation in the fundamental yield with the shrinkage of the technology nodes. However, the conventional data-cell-variation-tolerant (DCVT) sense scheme cannot get the target read yield due to the limited sense margin (SM). To resolve this problem, a DCVT triple sampling non-destructive self-reference sensing scheme (TSNS) is proposed in the paper, which doubles the SM, with lower power consumption and better SM compared with the conventional DCVT sense scheme. Monte Carlo simulation with industry-compatible 65-nm model parameters results show that the proposed sensing scheme shows over 2.5 times higher SM and less power consumption compared to the previous self-reference circuit. The proposed sensing scheme can get the target read yield with lower power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of electronic technology, semiconductor memory is gradually shifting toward smaller area with less power consumption. SOT-MRAM is one of the competitive substitutes for DRAM and SRAM due to its superior endurance and switching speed. In contrast to STT-MRAM, the separation of read and write routes allows SOT-MRAM to have a lower error rate and higher lifetime, but this comes at the expense of the memory density. In recent years, vertical integrated circuits have relied on TSV to complete 3D stacking to ease the pressure of Moore's Law on scaling circuits. SOT-MRAM can take advantage of 3D stacking to reduce power and latency. More importantly, the density of SOT-MRAM can be improved at the same time. In the paper, simulation is conducted based on DESTINY, with the TSV model supplemented to NVSIM to evaluate the performance of MRAM 3D structures. The 3D SOT-MRAM structure in DESTINY can be implemented with a bus layer and interconnect structure between layers, which greatly reduces the expense of area. However, the 3D structure requires a more complex interconnect structure to truly meet the requirements of high density. For this reason, 3D model of unit interconnection using TSV is presented in the paper. Memory has several components, of which the memory array is the one with the largest area share. This paper explores the spatial structure of the array and proposes a new model which allows more complex interconnect structures to be accomplished on the same area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of portable computing devices and users' demand for high-quality graphics rendering, embedded Graphics Processing Units (GPU) systems for graphics processing are increasingly turning into a key component of computer architecture to enhance computability. The cache system based on traditional static random access memory (SRAM) plays a crucial role in GPUs. But high leakage, low lifetime and poor integration problems deeply plague the science and engineering field. In the paper, a novel magnetic random access memory (MRAM) based cache architecture of GPU systems is proposed for highly efficient graphics processing and computing accelerating, with the merits of high speed, long endurance, strong interference resistance, and ultra-low power consumption. Spin transfer torque-MRAM and spin orbit torque-MRAM are utilized in off-chip and on-chip caches, respectively. A controller design scheme with prefetching modules and optimized cache coherency protocols are adopted. After testing and evaluating with multiple loads, neural network models and datasets, the simulation results show that the proposed system can achieve up to 28%, 56%, and 66.45% optimizations mostly in terms of speed, energy and leakage power, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in recent years, the fields of computer, biology, medicine, and aerospace have demanded higher requirements for the processing and storage of information. In this paper, a novel Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) based Spin-Orbital Torque Magnetic Random Access Memory (SOT-MRAM) composed of Fe3GeTe2 (FGT) is employed as a storage medium in the computer architecture. On the basis of the analysis of the fundamentals, model configuration, characteristics and performance advantages of the FGT based SOT device, a hybrid storage (L1, L2, Last Level Cache) is constructed, with FGT-SOT-MRAM, conventional SOT-MRAM and STT-MRAM replacing the original static random access memory (SRAM) in the novel triple-level CPU cache architecture. This can override the increasing leakage problem of SRAM, while opening up the application of two-dimensional van der Waals ferromagnets in computer systems at the L1 cache level. Meanwhile, an innovative cache optimization scheme is put forward for magnetic memory to better match the performance of FGT-SOT-MRAM to CPU. The simulation results demonstrate that the FGT-based MRAM can achieve up to 38.03% IPC optimization and 53.41% power optimization in the CPU cache system in contrast to the conventional ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the magnetic immunity model of STT-MRAM is established. The influence of the external magnetic field on the effective energy barrier of STT-MRAM is investigated, which is the crucial issue to influence the reliability of STT-MRAM cells in the standby, active read and active write modes. The influence factors on the magnetic immunity of STT-MRAM array are also discussed in the paper, such as the electrode, package material, insert layer and array spacing, etc. Moreover, the magnetic shield models in the BGA and QFP packages are designed and analyzed for the enhancement of the magnetic immunity of STT-MRAM, whose shielding efficiency is up to 98.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrically driven magnetization switch has attracted much attention in the new spintronic memory, especially for spin–orbit torque (SOT)-based magnetic random access memory (MRAM). However, the published models are facing limitations with the continuous shrinkage of the feature size down to nanoscale. Also, the thermal effect caused by switching operation is non-negligible. Therefore, an effective model is needed to represent the switching dynamic of the device concerning the influences of the nanoscale and the thermal effect. In the paper, a compact model of three-terminal SOT-driven switching is established. The influence of the voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) and spin transfer torque (STT) effect induced by bias voltage on the field-free SOT-driven switching is considered by numerically solving the LLG equations. Furthermore, a 3D model of the SOT-MTJ device is established by finite element method to trace the thermoelectric behavior inside the device. The thermoelectric behavior is integrated into the compact model to show the influence of the temperature on the switching behavior, highlighting the importance of the thermal effect for the realistic modelling of SOT-driven switching. Finally, a novel voltage pulse scheme is proposed, which can effectively shorten the switching time and improve the reliability of the device. The established model could provide strategies and guidelines for next-generation memory design and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, novel multi-bit parallel pipeline circuit design of STT-MRAM is proposed to improve the read and write efficiency. The shift register is utilized to change the series data into the parallel ones. Combined with the corresponding sense amplifier (SA) circuit and the write drive circuit, 4-bit data can be read or written in parallel in single cycle. With the 32 Kbit data test, the efficiencies of the read and the write operations of the proposed pipeline circuit are increased by 72.3% and 74.4%, separately, with the comparison of the incumbent series operations. The proposed strategy has potential application in the embedded high speed STT-MRAM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal sludge is the main by-product in the process of sewage treatment, and the primary problem to be solved for its harmless disposal or energy utilization is its poor dehydration property. In this paper, biological conditioning technology was used to ferment municipal sludge with methanogens under different carbon to nitrogen ratios (C/N) through an anaerobic fermentation system. The mechanism of improving sludge dewatering performance under fermentation and the effect of C/N of sludge on its dehydration property were investigated. The results showed that the flocculent structure of the sludge was destroyed by the fermentation of methanogens, the sludge's inherent moisture was released, and the dehydration property was promoted. With the change of C/N from 8 to 20, the hydrophilic oxygen-containing functional group content of the sludge decreased first and then increased. When C/N was 16, the content of hydrophilic oxygen-containing functional groups diminished to the lowest level. Meanwhile, the surface of the sludge showed dense microscopic cavities and small holes, indicating that the sludge flocs had been cracked to a large extent, and thus the ability of the sludge to bind water was weakened. The bound water content of the fermented sludge from low to high was 48.9, 59.0, 64.3, and 71.7% respectively, with C/N of 16, 12, 20, and 8. Therefore, within the scope of this experiment, the optimal C/N for the sludge dehydration property could be identified as around 16, which could reduce the bound water content of the sludge from 87% to 48.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although the prevalence of gait disturbance is increasing with population aging, our understanding of its underlying neural basis is still limited. The precise brain regions linked to specific gait domains have not been well defined. In this study, we aim to investigate the associations of cortical thickness and different gait domains, and to explore whether these associations could be explained by cerebral small vessel disease. Methods: A total of 707 community‐dwelling participants from the Taizhou Imaging Study (mean age: 60.2 ± 3.0 years, 57.4% female) were involved. All participants underwent brain MRI and gait assessment. We obtained quantitative gait parameters using wearable devices and then summarized them into three independent gait domains through factor analysis. Cortical thickness was analyzed and visualized using FreeSurfer and Surfstat. Results: Three independent domains (pace, rhythm, and variability) were summarized from 12 gait parameters. Among gait domains, poorer pace was associated with the thinner cortical thickness of multiple regions, which included areas related with motor function (e.g., the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor area), sensory function (e.g., the postcentral gyrus and paracentral lobule), visuospatial attention (e.g., the lateral occipital cortex and lingual gyrus), and identification and cognition (e.g., the fusiform gyrus and entorhinal cortex). Such a relationship was only slightly attenuated after adjustment for cerebrovascular risk factors and cerebral small vessel disease. No statistically significant association was found between cortical thickness and the rhythm or variability domains. Conclusions: Poorer pace is independently associated with thinner cortical thickness in areas important for motor, sensory, cognitive function, and visuospatial attention. Our study emphasizes the importance of cortical thickness in gait control and adds value in investigating neural mechanisms of gait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spin-transfer-torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) based on magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) device has attracted significant attention from academics and industries. Nevertheless, the thermal effect under bias operation affects the overall performance and stability of a device. To evaluate the thermal phenomenon in MTJ devices accurately, the non-equilibrium effect between the electron and the phonon near the electrode-barrier interface cannot be ignored. The existence of the interface leads to additional thermal resistance hindering the heat conduction of tunnel junction. Therefore, an effective equivalent model concerning the interface effect is necessary to represent the heat transportation of the device. In this article, a nanoscale thermal transport model of the MTJ device is proposed. The influence of the thermal conductivity of the nano-oxide layer on the temperature distribution is discussed. The interface energy balance transport model is used to clarify the non-equilibrium relationship between the phonon and the electron at the CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB interfaces. A parameterization study is conducted to illustrate the temperature distribution in the nanoscale thermal transport model. Furthermore, the phonon-electron coupling distance ($\delta$) based on the thermal conductivity of the phonon ($\kappa _{p}$) and the electron ($\kappa _{e}$) of the device is implemented to construct the effective equivalent model using finite element modeling (FEM), which could realistically reflect the thermal transport under working conditions. The established equivalent model has a guiding role in exploring the thermal transportation in the nanoscale MTJ device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current-induced domain wall motion (CIDWM) shows promising prospects with low power, high density, high speed, and so on. Recent studies have demonstrated that magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) based on CIDWM has great potential in mimicking a non-volatile artificial neuron and synapse. By combining the effect of the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) to stabilize the Néel-type domain wall (DW) and the high-speed low-power advantages of spin orbit torque (SOT), the novel MTJ device is experimentally demonstrated with low threshold current and high propagation speed, which shows potential applications in the field of the artificial neuron and synapse. In this article, a compact model for CIDWM-MTJ based on SOT and DMI is presented. The model integrates the SOT mechanism for magnetization reversal and DW nucleation, CIDWM behaviors, and tunnel resistance theory of MTJ nanopillar. The micromagnetic simulation and the temporal evolution of the DW position are implemented by solving the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert (LLG) equation and the 1-D model. Based on the developed model, a hybrid CIDWM-MTJ/CMOS circuit is simulated for verification. The presented model combines the CIDWM dynamics and the MTJ magnetic dynamics, showing potential application for the simulation of all-spin artificial neural network (ANN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fast writing strategy of spin transfer torque (STT) magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) combined with pipeline architecture and early write termination (EWT) technology is proposed in this article. Both the writing speed and the writing power consumption of STT-MRAM are optimized. First, based on the proposed pipeline structure, the writing operation can be conducted within a single clock cycle, much decreasing the writing time. Second, the EWT technology is adopted in the writing operation. In the traditional operation of STT-MRAM, the same data are repeatedly written to the memory cell, which wastes the writing power consumption and the writing operation time. In this article, combined with the EWT technology and the pipeline architecture, the unnecessary writing power is reduced by 92.8%, while the necessary writing power is increased by 19.8%. Taking 32 kb data for the writing operation, the operation speed of the new writing strategy is increased by 67.4% compared with the incumbent writing technology. The proposed strategy has potential application in the embedded STT-MRAM acting as cache memory in the computer system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation and entrepreneurship as the core development mode is the only way to continue my country's economic development. Therefore, research on the synergistic impact of innovation on China's economic development is of great significance. With the continuous development of sharing economy, Internet finance, and other fields, the digital economy is reshaping the entire social ecology and becoming an important part of the national economy. Aiming at China's digital economy, this article takes the Shanghai Composite Index and three listed stocks in the stock market as examples, collects the closing data of the Shanghai Composite Index and the stock market prices of three listed companies as sample data, uses the BP neural network prediction model and the optimized particle swarm optimization-neural networks (PSO-BP) neural network model predicts the future trends of the Shanghai Composite Index and the three stocks, respectively. Compared with other models, PSO-BP requires fewer parameters and draws more accurate conclusions. It is a model that is very suitable for digital economic forecasting. The experimental results show that the prediction effect of the PSO-BP neural network is higher than that of the BP neural network prediction model obtained by the two prediction models in the prediction process of the Shanghai Composite Index; the error rate of the BP neural network prediction model in the three listed stocks 6.37%, 3.01%, 9.85%; PSO-BP neural network prediction model predicts the future trend of the three listed stocks with error rates of 3.21%, 0.37%, and 0.89%. After comparing and analyzing the results of the forecast error value, it is concluded that the PSO-BP neural network forecast model has a more accurate forecast of stock prices and smaller errors, and the forecast of future trends is also consistent with actual trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global urbanization process requires solving the issues of rural and poverty, and research on the coupling patterns and correlational effects of rurality and regional poverty governance change can provide references for promoting regional urban-rural integration and rural revitalization. Based on the analysis of the conceptual relationship and interaction mechanism between rurality and poverty, this paper revealed the spatio-temporal pattern evolution characteristics and correlational effects of the rurality index (RI) and poverty governance level (PGL) in 91 counties of the rocky desertification area of Yunnan-Guangxi-Guizhou (RDAYGG) in China from 2005 to 2020 by using the multi-index comprehensive evaluation, Person correlation coefficient, and fixed effects model. The results showed that (1) there are similarities and differences between rurality and poverty. The logic of rurality affecting poverty governance is that the dynamic trade-offs between the share of positive and negative rurality in a region will come to alter the local capacity for urban-rural coordinated development, and the ideal process is manifested in the weakening of negative rurality and the enhancement of positive rurality. (2) From 2005 to 2020, the RI of counties within the RDAYGG showed a pattern of continuous weakening, while the PGL showed a trend of gradual increase in the whole region, and both were holistically characterized by reverse dynamic change. (3) The regional PGL is closely related to the change of rurality. When other influencing factors remain unchanged, for every 10% reduction in the RI, the PGL will increase by about 0.4%. Future research needs to focus on crucial propositions such as the mixed turn of rurality in the new era, the construction of poverty theory in the latest stage, and the spatial-temporal coupling of rural development and poverty governance. • Governance of rurality and poverty is key to promoting global urban-rural integration and regional development. • Index systems for measuring rurality and regional poverty governance were constructed. • Spatio-temporal pattern and correlation effects of rurality and poverty governance change in the RDAYGG were investigated. • Rurality changes are negatively correlated with regional poverty governance. • Incorporating the perspective of rurality into formulating regional poverty reduction policies is a key breakthrough. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel CMOS hexaferrite circulator with a Y-junction structure is designed and fabricated, which is compatible with standard CMOS technology. The spin-coating approach is adopted during the fabrication, in which the photoresist is mixed with nano-hexaferrite powder for preparation of a magnetic thin film in the device. Compared with the traditional circulator with an external permanent magnet for operation, the novel circulator can utilize the spin-coating magnetic film and is compatible with CMOS technology. The remanent magnetization of the adopted hexaferrite thin film can provide the required magnetic field for reciprocity properties. The optimization of impedance matching and the improvements in the related parameters are demonstrated on the novel CMOS circulator. The CMOS circulator exhibits the merits of small volume and easy integration while keeping its promising non-reciprocity properties. The fabrication is conducted based on the standard 180-nm CMOS technology. S-parameter measurements on the circulator show that the device has an isolation of 20 dB over 520 MHz bandwidth at 26.2 GHz. The minimum insertion loss is 1.81 dB. The novel CMOS-compatible circulator has potential application in 5G wireless communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A predictive algorithm for accurately determining the crosstalk peaks caused by SiC MOSFETs is proposed in this article, which is very important to better design the drive and protect circuits of SiC MOSFETs. Compared to the conventional algorithm of crosstalk peaks, the nonlinearity of gate-drain capacitance (Cgd) is first considered in the proposed algorithm. In detail, the differential expression of the crosstalk peaks is deduced, in which, the main factors affecting crosstalk peaks are all included. Following, the execution flow of the predictive algorithm is provided according to the differential expression. To verify the accuracy of the proposed algorithm with considering the nonlinearity of Cgd, the simulation and experiment platforms are established and verified by using Kelvin packaged SiC MOSFET IMZ120R045M1 (1200 V/52 A). The calculation results of the proposed algorithm are compared with the conventional algorithm without considering the nonlinearity of Cgd under different working conditions of SiC MOSFET. Finally, the calculation results, the simulation, and experiment results show that the proposed algorithm is effective and has better accuracy. Therefore, the predictive algorithm proposed in this article provides a theoretical reference to better design the drive and protect circuits of SiC MOSFETs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence and growing maturity of spintronics present new ideas and methods for low-power integrated circuit design. Spin-transfer torque magnetic tunnel junction (STT-MTJ) device is one of the spintronic candidates for future promising non-volatile memory. In this paper, a compact model for the STT-MTJ device in nanoscale is presented. By analyzing the influence of the device scale on its properties, the scale effect of the MTJ device is included. The thermal stability factor is trimmed to reflect the error rate of the scale effect of the device. Based on the compact model, the simulation is conducted with different device sizes to present the influence of the scale effect on the device characteristics, including the resistance, the critical current, the switching time, the write error rate, and other characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate segmentation of choroidal thickness (CT) and vasculature is important to better analyze and understand the choroid-related ocular diseases. In this paper, we proposed and implemented a novel and practical method based on the deep learning algorithms, residual U-Net, to segment and quantify the CT and vasculature automatically. With limited training data and validation data, the residual U-Net was capable of identifying the choroidal boundaries as precise as the manual segmentation compared with an experienced operator. Then, the trained deep learning algorithms was applied to 217 images and six choroidal relevant parameters were extracted, we found high intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of more than 0.964 between manual and automatic segmentation methods. The automatic method also achieved great reproducibility with ICC greater than 0.913, indicating good consistency of the automatic segmentation method. Our results suggested the deep learning algorithms can accurately and efficiently segment choroid boundaries, which will be helpful to quantify the CT and vasculature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing evidence showing that the dynamic changes in the gut microbiota can alter brain physiology and behavior. Cognition was originally thought to be regulated only by the central nervous system. However, it is now becoming clear that many non-nervous system factors, including the gut-resident bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract, regulate and influence cognitive dysfunction as well as the process of neurodegeneration and cerebrovascular diseases. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors including dietary habits can regulate the composition of the microbiota. Microbes release metabolites and microbiota-derived molecules to further trigger host-derived cytokines and inflammation in the central nervous system, which contribute greatly to the pathogenesis of host brain disorders such as pain, depression, anxiety, autism, Alzheimer's diseases, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. Change of blood-brain barrier permeability, brain vascular physiology, and brain structure are among the most critical causes of the development of downstream neurological dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the following parts: Overview of technical approaches used in gut microbiome studiesMicrobiota and immunityGut microbiota and metabolitesMicrobiota-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunctionNeuropsychiatric diseases ■ Stress and depression■ Pain and migraine■ Autism spectrum disordersNeurodegenerative diseases ■ Parkinson's disease■ Alzheimer's disease■ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis■ Multiple sclerosisCerebrovascular disease ■ Atherosclerosis■ Stroke■ Arteriovenous malformationConclusions and perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro direct methanol fuel cells (μDMFCs) are a promising power source for microelectronic devices and systems. As the operating state and performance of a μDMFC is generally determined by both electrochemical polarization and methanol crossover, it is important to monitor the methanol concentration in μDMFCs. Here, we design and fabricate a microwave sensor and integrate it with a μDMFC for the online detection of methanol concentration in a nonintrusive way. The sensing area is set at the bottom of the anode chamber of a μDMFC which exhibits a maximum output power density of 28.8 mW cm−2 at 30 °C. With a square ring structure, the dual-mode microwave sensor shows a sensitivity of 9.5 MHz mol−1 L. Furthermore, the importance of methanol concentration monitoring is demonstrated in the long term. A relatively smooth methanol decline curve was obtained, which indicated a normal and stable operating status of the μDMFC. Derived from real-time recording data, fuel utilization was additionally calculated as 28.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We have investigated two solid-state phase transformations-nitriding of the ternary alloy FeCuB ribbons and martensitic phase transformation in the FeCuBN ribbons using x-ray diffraction, Auger Electron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. We also studied the diffusion kinetics of nitrogen in FeCuB ribbons and found the activation energy of N to diffuse in the FeCuB matrix and the diffusion coefficient of N at different temperatures. We investigated the evolution of the microstructure during nitriding process and found a layered growth of iron nitride in the FeCuB matrix. Finally, the martensitic phase transformation of the FeCuBN ribbons was also optimized, and the optimizing parameters for the martensitic phase transformation of FeCuB ribbons were reported. Graphical abstract Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) may cause cognitive decline. However, the association between total burden of CSVD and cognitive deterioration in the general population remains unclear. We aimed to determine whether total CSVD score is associated with cognitive performance change and incident dementia in the general population. In the longitudinal population-based Taizhou Imaging Study, 556 participants free of neurological disorders underwent brain MRI and neuropsychological testing at baseline. A total of 456 participants were followed up for cognitive performance for a mean (standard deviation) of 4.6 (0.6) years. Total CSVD score (range 0-4) was calculated by assigning 1 point for the presence of each of the following markers: lacune, white matter hyperintensity, cerebral microbleed, and perivascular space. Beta regression was used to evaluate the association between total CSVD burden and MMSE score change. The association of prevalent CSVD with incident dementia was studied using Fisher's exact test. CSVDs were present in 262 individuals (47.1%). The total CSVD score was significantly associated with MMSE score decline (p = 0.001). Compared to those with no CSVD, participants with 4 CSVD markers had a steeper decline in MMSE score (β: -0.53, 95% CI: -0.86 to -0.21; p = 0.001). A total of 15 participants developed dementia during follow-up. The presence of more than three CSVD markers at baseline was associated with a significantly higher risk of dementia (p = 0.020). Total CSVD burden appears to be associated with MMSE score decline and incident dementia in a general population in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Primary liver cancer incidence is still on the rise at the global level. • Pronounced increases in liver cancer incidence were mostly observed in countries with high socio-demographic indexes. • Liver cancer has been alleviated in some regions due to the control of HBV and HCV infections. • HCV-related liver cancer might be an important public health issue in the near future. Background & Aims Liver cancer is a common malignant neoplasm worldwide. The etiologies for liver cancer are diverse and the incidence trends of liver cancer caused by specific etiologies are rarely studied. We therefore aimed to determine the pattern of liver cancer incidence, as well as temporal trends. Methods We collected detailed information on liver cancer etiology between 1990–2016, derived from the Global Burden of Disease study in 2016. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) in liver cancer age standardized incidence rate (ASR), by sex, region, and etiology, were calculated to quantify the temporal trends in liver cancer ASR. Results Globally, incident cases of liver cancer increased 114.0% from 471,000 in 1990 to 1,007,800 in 2016. The overall ASR increased by an average 0.34% (95% CI 0.22%–0.45%) per year in this period. The ASR of liver cancer due to hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and other causes increased between 1990 and 2016. The corresponding EAPCs were 0.22 (95% CI 0.08–0.36), 0.57 (95% CI 0.48–0.66), and 0.51 (95% CI 0.41–0.62), respectively. The ASR of liver cancer due to reported alcohol use remained stable (EAPC = 0.10, 95% CI −0.06–0.25). This increasing pattern was heterogeneous across regions and countries. The most pronounced increases were generally observed in countries with a high socio-demographic index, including the Netherlands, the UK, and the USA. Conclusions Liver cancer remains a major public health concern globally, though control of hepatitis B and C virus infections has contributed to the decreasing incidence in some regions. We observed an unfavorable trend in countries with a high socio-demographic index, suggesting that current prevention strategies should be reoriented, and much more targeted and specific strategies should be established in some countries to forestall the increase in liver cancer. Lay summary Liver cancer is a common malignant neoplasm worldwide. The incidence patterns of liver cancer caused by different etiologies varied considerably across the world. In this study, we aim to determine the pattern of liver cancer incidence as well as the temporal trends, thereby facilitating the establishment of more tailored prevention strategies for liver cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel synthesis approach is developed to prepare nanocrystalline γ'-Fe4N in this paper. High energy cryomilling approach in liquid nitrogen is used to prepare the sample. A FexN amorphous state with a degree of metastable supersaturation of N into Fe is obtained. The crystalline size after higher energy cryomilling approach is characterized to be 40 ∼ 80 nm. A post-annealing among 200 ∼ 300 °C for 10 minutes results in phase transformation from α-iron into γ'-Fe4N. Its magnetic properties and structures are characterized, showing good soft magnetic material with ultralow coercivity (0.7 Oe). It shows high electrical resistivity (375 μΩ·m) at room temperature. The feasibility of the ball milling synthesis approach in liquid nitrogen is verified, suggesting a novel approach for the soft magnetic material preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Loss of bone mass may affect the progression of atherosclerosis. We investigated the relationship between low bone mineral density (BMD) and subclinical atherosclerosis in rural China. Methods: In total, 333 men and 421 postmenopausal women aged 55–65 years were enrolled. BMD was measured in the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Subclinical atherosclerosis was defined as increased carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT ≥0.9 mm), the presence of carotid plaques, high brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV ≥1,400 cm/s), and low ankle-brachial index (ABI ≤1). Binary logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the association between low BMD and subclinical atherosclerosis. Results: There was no significant difference in BMD between the normal group and the subclinical atherosclerosis group. After full adjustment for the relevant covariates, a boundary significant association was found between low BMD in the femoral neck and baPWV in postmenopausal women (odds ratio = 1.77, p = 0.049). After full adjustment, neither BMD nor low BMD were significantly associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in men or postmenopausal women. Conclusions: Low BMD is not associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in Chinese individuals aged 55–65 years resident in rural China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted wide attention because of their unique structure and properties. However, the prepared CNTs often present agglomeration state, which destroys the excellent properties of single carbon nanotubes and seriously affects the application of carbon nanotubes. How to effectively disperse carbon nanotubes has become an urgent problem to be solved. There are many factors affecting the dispersion of carbon nanotubes. In this paper, the effects of three aspects of surfactant, ultrasonic oscillation and centrifugation on the dispersion of carbon nanotubes and fiscal policies for the development of nano high-tech industry are mainly studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constructs an effective tax rate structure model for innovation-led economy and estimates the common factors affect TFP. The results show that the labor effective tax rate, the consumption effective tax rate and the capital effective tax rate can affect TFP. The key to building an innovative economy and improving TFP is to increase R&D investment and optimize tax structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the relationship between exposure to air pollutants and respiratory emergency room visits, a generalized additive model (GAM) was used to analyze the exposure-effect relationship between air pollutants and respiratory emergency room visits. The results showed that NO, SO, and PM have positive relationships with respiratory disease. Concentration increases of 10 μg/m in NO, SO, and PM corresponded to 3.90% (95%CI 3.56-4.25), 0.81% (95%CI −0.09-1.72), and 0.64% (95%CI 0.55-0.74) increases in respiratory emergency room visits. In addition, there is a strong synergic effect of PM and NO on respiratory diseases. The threshold values of the national standard grade II limits used in Beijing should be adjusted. An appropriate standard could effectively promote a significant decline in respiratory room visits and would eventually be beneficial to air quality management in residential areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method for visible-induced emulsion polymerization is successfully demonstrated. Photo­initiators are used upon irradiation with visible light to undergo sequential photodecomposition, demonstrating an effective way to generate radicals with octadecylamine ethoxylates N-oxide (AO-1805, EO = 5). AO-1805, acting both as a surfactant and mediator simultaneously, is proposed for free radical generation through synergistic effects with the photoinitiator, which differs greatly from organoboron compounds, especially in emulsions. Comparative experiments are carried out with nonylphenol ethoxylates (NP-10, EO = 5) upon irradiation with UV and visible light in order to examine the nature of the photoinitiated emulsion polymerization with AO-1805. The laser flash photolysis method is then used to study the interaction between AO-1805 and free radicals. The emulsion photopolymerization of styrene may be successfully mediated by AO-1805, with good control over molecular weight. A synergistic effect between radicals and AO-1805 is observed in the UV irradiation process that can further mediate radical polymerization. In visible light-induced emulsion polymerization, AO-1805 also has a novel stabilizing role because of the interaction between D1 and AO-1805. Moreover, it is hard to see such a trend with the NP-10/D1 combination, indicating that the functional group ( N-oxide) of AO-1805 plays an important role in photoinitiation and has an influence on the overall polymerization rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the emerging of Internet of Things (IoT) industry, applications like smart power plugs, security ID tags, home automation and wearable electronic devices all make the demand for low-power WiFi chips impendency. In this paper, a low-power 2.4 GHz 802.11b/g/n WiFi system-on-chip (SoC) is designed and implemented with 40-nm CMOS process, with area of 8.1 mm2. The low-power SoC integrates 32-bit microcontroller, 802.11b/g/n WiFi baseband, 2.4 GHz RF transceiver, ample memory space, ADC, 6-channel PWM, flexible I/O interfaces, multi-stage power management module, etc. It has several sleep modes with extremely low leakage current as 0.8 mA/12 µA in light/deep sleep mode and 0.4 µA in shutdown mode to reduce the power consumption. High performance is demonstrated, including Pout (−28 dB/-30 dB EVM) of 20.1 dBm/19.1 dBm and RX sensitivity of −76 dBm/-74 dBm meanwhile the total current of 148.5 mA/146.5 mA (TX) for 54 Mbps OFDM/HT20 MCS7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural issues, such as land fragmentation, eco-environment destruction, industrial lag and rural hollowing, can be seen as the external manifestation of the imbalance between the supply and demand of rural land use functions. Land consolidation, by virtue of its important role in regulating rural land use functions, has been proven to be multifunctional and endowed with the connotation of relieving rural issues and promoting rural development. This paper theoretically and practically explored the modes of rural development promoted by land consolidation from the perspective of land use multifunctionality for the first time and discussed its internal mechanisms. Results showed that by changing the type and intensity of rural land use functions, land consolidation can exert important influences on industrial structure, living conditions, ecological environment, and cultural construction, thereby contributing to rural development. Although the modes of rural vitalisation promoted by land consolidation from rural land use functions can be divided into intensity-adjustment mode and type-conversion mode, these two modes in practice often coexist or interconvert as the research scale changes. The intensity-adjustment mode in Jinzhuang Village that far from a megacity is largely influenced by the bottom-up forces and market demands, while the type-conversion mode in Dongheng Village that near to a megacity is largely the result of the joint effect of the position advantage, policy, and local industrial foundation. Lessons learned and policy recommendations were proposed in light of these two case studies. These findings will provide new insight into micro-level land use for other rural areas in China and even other developing countries to address rural issues and facilitate urban-rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation of the influence of the magnetic field induced by electrostatic discharge (ESD) current on magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) device is presented in the paper. The transient magnetic field generated by the ESD current is not considered in the traditional CMOS ESD protection strategy, which may be a reason of the degradation of the performance and the robustness of STT-MRAM. An ESD protection circuit of STT-MRAM is proposed in the paper, including the diode-based ESD devices, the filter circuit and the power clamp. Based on the waveform analysis of the three ESD standard test models, including HBM, MM and CDM, a filter circuit is added in the ESD device to decrease the influence of the high frequency components on the magnetic device. The diode-based ESD devices are integrated in the ESD structure, which is used for the ESD window of STT-MRAM for its low operating voltage. Based on the operation mechanism of the STT-MRAM, its ESD window allows a low operating voltage, thus the diode-based devices are chosen to be integrated in the ESD device. The distribution and magnitude of the magnetic field are studied in the paper. The results show that the ESD protection circuit of STT-MRAM can effectively suppress the magnetic field generated by the ESD current, hence increasing the stability of STT-MRAM. Under the influence of the HBM, MM and CDM events, the ESD disturbance probability of the MTJ device are 2.0 × 10−12, 5.8 × 10−9 and 1.1 × 10−12 respectively. The influence of the memory density and the distance between pads and memory array are also investigated in this paper. The ESD protection strategy proposed in the paper can be adopted for the future high performance STT-MRAM. • The data stored in the MTJs can be destroyed by the induced magnetic field of ESD. • The influence of different ESD standard test models on MTJs have been studied. • The magnetic field and duration time of ESD events cause the magnetic reversal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid growth of big data information and the continuous iteration progress of CPU architecture, the implementation of a new memory-based cache architecture is urgent and challenging. In the paper, a CPU cache architecture system based on MRAM is built. Firstly, the performance of SRAM, STT-MRAM and SOT-MRAM as caches from 8 kb to 32 Mb is evaluated. Secondly, by summarizing the performance of SRAM and MRAM in different cache levels, a new quad-core CPU cache architecture design scheme with SOT-MRAM as the first level of cache and STT-MRAM as the second level of cache is determined. Thirdly, the built cache system is simulated. A non-inclusive strategy is proposed to replace the inclusive strategy in order to solve the problem of high dynamic energy of STT-MRAM at the second level. The idea of having a quad-core CPU dynamically share the second-level cache is proposed in the paper. Finally, the caching system in the paper is compared with the other previous works, showing up to 60.78% energy consumption advantage and 33.22% leakage power advantage. The proposed MRAM-based CPU cache system and the corresponding cache strategy have potential application with the benefits of low power and less area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The rhenium (I) complex [Re(CH3CN)3Br2(NO)] catalyzes the homogeneous hydrosilylation of a variety of substituted acrylonitriles, which were converted into the corresponding silyl-substituted alkanes with high regioselectivity of up to 94%. The products were analyzed by 1H NMR and GC–MS. A rhenium specific mechanism is proposed for the hydrosilylation of olefins. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The 'catalytic nitrosyl effect' operating in reversible nitrosyl bending governs the performance of NO-functionalized chlororhenium derivatives as catalysts in 1-hexene hydrogenation reactions. Structural support for a Lewis acid (LA) induced bending at the NNO atom was provided by terminal attachment of a Lewis acid to one of the nitrosyl ligands in the [ReCl(PR3)2(NO)2] complexes ( 2: R = iPr a, R = Cy b) to give the products [ReCl(PR3)2(NO)(NO-LA)][Z] { 3: LA = B(C6F5)3; 4: LA = Et+; Z = [B(C6F5)4]-; 5a: LA = SiEt3+, Z = [HB(C6F5)3]-; R = iPr a, Cy b}. X-ray diffraction studies revealed a moderately bent nitrosyl ligand in the nonderivatized complex 2a [159.3(5)°] and fully bent NO-LA groups in 3a [131.4(3)°] and 4b [132.7(3)°]. The catalytic activities of the chloro dinitrosyl complexes in the hydrogenation of prototypical 1-hexene were investigated. The NO-LA bent complexes 3b and 4b furnished excellent TONs of up to 1.0 × 104 and high TOFs of up to 5.4 × 104 h-1 when the Lewis acids were present as co-catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A magnetic tunnel junction-based register with separate read and write paths is proposed in this paper. Analysis of the operation of the circuit is performed, and methods for determining the key parameters of the device are presented. The simulation of the circuit is performed in Verilog-A, and the simulation results demonstrate the operational characteristics of the circuit. This new spin-based flip flop offers a 23% reduction in the number of devices and a 23.6% reduction in its dissipated power when compared with a pure CMOS implementation with the added benefit of nonvolatility. A 4-b shifter based on the proposed spin register is presented, too. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Summary Lipid-soluble vitamin E (VE) and water-soluble vitamin B2 (VB2) can be encapsulated together in the same water-oil-water emulsion system. The ability of whey protein isolate (WPI)-polysaccharide complexes to synergistically control the release rates in such a system was investigated. The complexes studied were WPI-low methoxyl pectin (LMP) and WPI-κ-carrageenan (KCG). The encapsulation efficiency of VE and VB2 of the WPI system is 66% and 64% and increases by about 1.4- and 1.2-fold in the WPI-LMP and WPI-KCG complexes, respectively, which serve as selective non-pH-dependent barriers against enzyme attack. These complexes also greatly ameliorate the controlled release rates of both vitamins. The low-charge LMP, with its multiple protein- and oil-binding abilities, exhibits greater synergistic effects than the high-charge KCG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Composite films of whey protein isolate and TiO2 are formed through three simultaneous processes, i.e., the self-assembly of protein–protein, TiO2–TiO2, and the association of protein–TiO2. All the processes could be controlled by adjusting TiO2 concentration in the blended system. The self-assembly of protein–protein molecules constituted the main network of the composite film. A low TiO2 concentration (<0.25%) dispersed the TiO2 nanoparticles in the protein matrix, reinforced the association of protein–TiO2, reduced the ability of UVC absorption, and promoted the fluorescence and tensile strength of the composite films. In contrast, a high TiO2 concentration (>0.25%) enhanced the self-assembly of TiO2–TiO2 nanoparticles, brought fluorescent quenching, and produced a decline of the tensile strength and water vapor permeability. The transmittance of the visible, UVA, and UVB lights showed a first order exponential decay relative to the TiO2 concentration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

As a new clean renewable energy, Perovskite solar cells (PSC) has become a research hotspot. The multi-step diffusion method can effectively control the composition and proportion of the precursor liquid, regulate the crystallization process and the final morphology of the perovskite film, thereby obtaining a smooth and dense high-quality perovskite film; The introduction of micro-Mg element makes the Fermi energy level of TiO 2 electron transport layer move up, enhances conductivity, and reduces surface defect states. Correspondingly, after Mg doping, the series resistance of planar perovskite battery decreases, the electron transmission speed becomes faster, and the charge collection efficiency is improved under high bias voltage; In the process of deposition of perovskite film by one-step inverse solvent method, polystyrene (PS) is introduced to cover the surface of polycrystalline perovskite film and fill the grain boundary to form a protective layer covering single grain. On the one hand, PS coating can effectively inhibit the volatilization and phase separation of organic components in perovskite films at high temperature, and maintain the stability of film components and phase, on the other hand, PS coating can effectively prevent the corrosion of perovskite film by water, and improve the moisture stability and self-repair ability of the film. In addition, since the self-adhesive porous carbon has good flexibility, compressibility, and adhesion to the electrode, it can be applied to perovskite solar cells. After the pressure is transferred, the carbon counter electrode can form an excellent interface contact with the hole transport layer, which promote the interface charge extraction and solve the interface contact problem existing in carbon-based perovskite batteries for a long time. The purpose of the paper is to provide the basis for exploring the technology of PSCs preparation on a large scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile and efficient route has been reported to selectively prepare a series of unsymmetrical monoimidazole/polyamine amides without protection process of the polyamines. These amides are versatile building blocks for the synthesis of DNA sequence recognition ligands and other biologically functional molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current economic growth model has changed from efficiency development to innovation development. Ecological environment and other problems are still very prominent, the industry is lack of close integration, universities and scientific research institutions lack a sound science and technology service system. The purpose of this study is to explore the functions of eco-innovation ecosystem based on smart city blockchain, put forward relevant policy recommendations, and provide theoretical and practical guidance for the development of an innovation ecosystem. Through the methods of network survey, macro cluster analysis and typical case analysis, present study analyzes the development of derivative products and the research status of an innovation ecosystem. Blockchain can be regarded as a trusted distributed database. Four core mechanisms, namely P2P network communication mechanism, blockchain account book storage mechanism, password mechanism and consensus mechanismare used to ensure the distributed, tamper-proof and non-repudiation characteristics of the system, which makes the blockchain system "honest" and "transparent". It has the characteristics of a wide range, cross-subject, high efficiency and low cost in application. Taking the city as an example, this paper investigates the development of the green building industry and the relationship between the innovation ecosystem. The results showed that the α coefficient reliability index of all variables was above 0.8 in terms of ecological reliability and validity, which proved that all the scales in this study had good reliability, KM0 values were more than 0.7, and the degree of freedom was high, and all the scales had high convergence validity. Among the research objects associated with the ecosystem, "technological innovation" accounts for the largest proportion of 28% in the region, and the lowest proportion is 5% of high-tech enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With CMOS process developing, the Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) suffers unavoidable degradation in terms of read and write stabilities. To optimise the memory with conventional 6-T cell in 7-nm process technology, Response Surface Method (RSM) is adopted to get the optimised relationship among the noise margin, the operating temperature, the supply voltage, the unit ratio, the pull-up ratio and the pre-charged voltage, et al. It shows that RSM approach is an effective statistical method for the optimisation of the SRAM cell, especially in the nano-scale scheme. In order to prove the superiority of the RSM approach, the noise margin variation is investigated from 90 nm to 7 nm technology nodes based on the general butterfly curves approach for the comparison. It shows that the stability of the SNM of the 6-T cell tends to be degraded with the continuous shrinkage of the process nodes. The RSM approach is demonstrated to be an effective way for the optimisation of the SRAM cell in single-digit nanometre node. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An insole-like wearable gait tracking device was used for collecting quantitative gait features. • A supervised dimension reduction method was proposed for summarizing the quantitative gait pattern associated with cerebral small vessel disease. • People with the identified gait pattern had a 25 % higher risk of a high CSVD burden. • Our model provides insights into the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and can help to identify CSVD patients in older adults. Sensor-based wearable devices help to obtain a wide range of quantitative gait parameters, which provides sufficient data to investigate disease-specific gait patterns. Although cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) plays a significant role in gait impairment, the specific gait pattern associated with a high burden of CSVD remains to be explored. We analyzed the gait pattern related to high CSVD burden from 720 participants (aged 55–65 years, 42.5 % male) free of neurological disease in the Taizhou Imaging Study. All participants underwent detailed quantitative gait assessments (obtained from an insole-like wearable gait tracking device) and brain magnetic resonance imaging examinations. Thirty-three gait parameters were summarized into five gait domains. Sparse sliced inverse regression was developed to extract the gait pattern related to high CSVD burden. The specific gait pattern derived from several gait domains (i.e., angles, phases, variability, and spatio-temporal) was significantly associated with the CSVD burden (OR=1.250, 95 % CI: 1.011–1.546). The gait pattern indicates that people with a high CSVD burden were prone to have smaller gait angles, more stance time, more double support time, larger gait variability, and slower gait velocity. Furthermore, people with this gait pattern had a 25 % higher risk of a high CSVD burden. We established a more stable and disease-specific quantitative gait pattern related to high CSVD burden, which is prone to facilitate the identification of individuals with high CSVD burden among the community residents or the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adapting to climate change is critical to building sustainable and resilient agricultural systems. Understanding farmers' perceptions of climate change has become the key to the effective implementation of climate change adaptation policies. This research draws multidisciplinary attention to how farmers participate in decision-making on adaptation behaviors and provides useful insights for realizing synergies between environmental change and agricultural production. In this work, we conducted a meta-analysis of 63 quantitative studies on Chinese farmers' adaptation to climate change to assess the relationship between motivational factors and adaptation behavior. Our analysis highlights that farmers' perceptions of precipitation changes are often inaccurate; however, other psychological factors, such as perception, experience, and risk attitude, significantly positively impact their adaptation behavior. In addition, different climate regions are the main source of high heterogeneity in inter-study comparisons of climate change perception, and the effect of climate regions may therefore constitute a moderating factor that weakens the positive relationship between climate change perception and adaptive behavior. Furthermore, this study highlights the need to intervene at the household level to enhance farmers' adaptability to climate change, which includes providing support through income diversification, early warning information services, training, assistance, credit, subsidies, and other resources. In the future, research on how perception, experience, and risk interact to affect adaptive behavior should be strengthened. • Provides a quantitative summary of the literature on smallholders' climate change adaptation behavior. • Farmers' perceptions of precipitation changes were often inaccurate. • Paying attention to farmers' psychological characteristics is important to explain climate change adaptation behavior. • Both informal and formal institutional interventions can exert positive effects on smallholder adaptation to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]