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Conventional upconversion thermometry strategy, based on the thermally coupled levels (TCL) of lanthanide ions, confronts a dilemma in simultaneously achieving high absolute/relative temperature (T) sensitivities (Sa and Sr) and good signal discriminability. Herein, a novel thermometry strategy by utilizing the synergistic effect of dual-wavelength lasers to manipulate electron thermal distribution is proposed to go beyond the limitation of the TCL-based strategy. In the case of NaGdF4: 20%Yb3+, 2%Er3+ nanoparticles upon 980 & 1530 nm dual-excitation, it is found that more efficient utilization of excited photons results in a higher electron concentration in ladder-like energy levels of Er3+, owing to the diverse pumping routes, which increases transition rate of the T-dependent phonon-assisted cross-relaxation process, and in turn establishes a thermally-sensitive electronic connection between Er3+: 2H11/2,4S3/2 and Er3+: 4F9/2. Remarkably, not only a highest record value of Sa (0.0365 K−1) for the Er3+ doped host materials in the physiological temperature range (303–343 K) is achieved, but also a high Sr (1.29% K-1) and an excellent signal discriminability (Δλ = 112 nm) are obtained. Combining a much intensified upconversion (UC) signal and a good size/shape homogeneity in nanometer scale, the investigated NaGdF4: 20%Yb3+, 2%Er3+ upon dual-wavelength excitation is potentially applicable in the intracellular thermal sensing and imaging. This work exploits an effective way to develop high-performance T-sensors, and the proposed thermometry strategy can be extended to surges of the other lanthanide ions doped systems pumped by multiple-wavelength lasers.

Additional file 9: Table S9. Classification of FLNC sequences with genome alignment.

Additional file 7: Table S7. Gene structure annotation

Additional file 2: Table S2. Effect of drought stress (SAWS=10%) on drought tolerant related traits in Z141 and NY-17

Additional file 5: Table S5. Sequence summary of PacBio subreads.

Additional file 6: Table S6. Full length evaluation

Additional file 4: Table S4. Sequence summary of PacBio SMRT Cells.

Additional file 8: Table S8. Illumina RNA-seq data of each stress.

Additional file 3: Table S3. Effect of drought stress on ALWC and RLWC in Z141 and NY-17.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Methodology for measuring the drought-tolerant related traits.

Background Oil flax (linseed, Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the most important oil crops., However, the increases in drought resulting from climate change have dramatically reduces linseed yield and quality, but very little is known about how linseed coordinates the expression of drought resistance gene in response to different level of drought stress (DS) on the genome-wide level. Results To explore the linseed transcriptional response of DS and repeated drought (RD) stress, we determined the drought tolerance of different linseed varieties. Then we performed full-length transcriptome sequencing of drought-resistant variety (Z141) and drought-sensitive variety (NY-17) under DS and RD stress at the seedling stage using single-molecule real-time sequencing and RNA-sequencing. Gene Ontology (GO) and reduce and visualize GO (REVIGO) enrichment analysis showed that upregulated genes of Z141 were enriched in more functional pathways related to plant drought tolerance than those of NY-17 were under DS. In addition, 4436 linseed transcription factors were identified, and 1190 were responsive to stress treatments. Moreover, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis showed that the proline biosynthesis pathway interacts with stress response genes through RAD50 (DNA repair protein 50) interacting protein 1 (RIN-1). Finally, proline biosynthesis and DNA repair structural gene expression patterns were verified by RT- PCR. Conclusions The drought tolerance of Z141 may be related to its upregulation of drought tolerance genes under DS. Proline may play an important role in linseed drought tolerance by maintaining cell osmotic and protecting DNA from ROS damage. In summary, this study provides a new perspective to understand the drought adaptability of linseed.

The strong demands for “high-power” w-LEDs stimulate development of the all-inorganic glass ceramic (GC) phosphors with admirable thermal/chemical reliabilities. Herein, an ultra-low melting Sn-P-F-O glass was successfully prepared, demonstrating as an appropriate host to accommodate yellow YAG:Ce3+ and red CASN:Eu2+ without degrading their original luminescent properties. The yellow and red GCs yield QE as high as 92.0% and 88.6%, respectively. Moreover, they exhibit excellent resistance to thermal quenching, i.e., only 9.5% and 3.0% decreases in luminescence intensity at 150 °C compared with that at room temperature. Remarkably, LED using the YAG:Ce3+/CASN:Eu2+ co-sintered GC as color converter yields bright warm white light with CCT of 3554 K, under 350 mA current, highlighting a new record in LE of 90.71 lm/W among the GC-based warm w-LEDs. Accelerated experiments demonstrate the presently studied GC also exhibits a superior thermal stability, therefore is capable for operating at high power condition for a long time.

In this paper, Fe3O4/Ag/RGO reusable ternary nanocomposites are explored via a facile one-pot solvothermal strategies, and the catalytic performance and antibacterial activity are investigated in detail. The catalytic performance of Fe3O4/Ag/RGO towards the reduction of 4-NP into 4-AP is evaluated, and the reaction rate constant (k) for Fe3O4/Ag/RGO is calculated to be 0.03086 s−1, which is higher than that of Fe3O4/Ag (0.01756 s−1), indicating the catalytic activity is improved after decorating Fe3O4/Ag onto the graphene sheet. The antibacterial experiment shows Fe3O4/Ag/RGO ternary nanocomposites present a wide range of antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. cereus) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa). The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for Fe3O4/Ag/RGO nanocomposites against four bacterial species are determined. Additionally, Fe3O4/Ag/RGO nanocomposites also present high reusability as catalyst and antibacterial agent. The results illustrated in this paper imply that the multifunctional performances such as efficient reduction of 4-NP followed by superior anti-reproduction of pathogenic bacteria make the Fe3O4/Ag/RGO ternary nanocomposites a promising catalyst for dye-polluted water and disinfectant agent for wastewater treatment and purification.

S-doped porous carbon (S/C) has been successfully fabricated from biomass waste (drug residue). The S/C not only has a unique porous structure and channel, but porous structures are interconnected to form a sponge-like structures. The unique structure not only increases the specific surface area and energy storage sites, but also shortens the path of ion transmission and charge transfer. When S/C-1 is used as lithium ion batteries (LIBs) anode, the capacity of 710 mAh g−1 can be achieved after 50 cycles at 0.1 A g−1. The capacity still has 364 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 for long-life-cycle. For sodium ion batteries (SIBs), a capacity of 518 mAh g−1 can be delivered at 0.1 A g−1 for 50 cycles, and a capacity of long-life-cycle at 5 A g−1 still maintains 230 mAh g−1. The improving rate capacities of S/C-1 can be attributed to the short diffusion lengths of Li+ and Na+ ions for uniform sponge-like structure, large specific surface area (SSA) and additional active sites. This work has an important opportunity to change the current energy situation.

Compared to the conventional opaque persistent luminescence (PersL) materials, transparent PersL glass and glass ceramic are highly desired for night-vision illumination and indication applications. Herein, we report a new transparent oxyfluoride glass and glass ceramic with multi-color persistent luminescence lasting for ∼1 h visible by the naked eye. By adjusting the crystallization duration, controlled growth of 5–20 nm α-Zn2SiO4 nanocrystals in a glass matrix is achieved. Evidently, the coordination environment of Mn2+ evolves from octahedra in the glass host to tetrahedra in the α-Zn2SiO4 nanophase, resulting in the PersL color changing from red to yellow, and then to green, as the crystallization of Mn2+:α-Zn2SiO4 proceeds. The trap statuses in the glass and glass ceramic are studied in detail aided by EPR and TL measurements, demonstrating that the trapped holes with a trap depth distribution of 0.099–0.789 eV for the glass, and 0.094–0.631 eV for the glass ceramic, determine the PersL behaviors. It is noteworthy that this is the first report that oxyfluoride glass and glass ceramic serve as efficient PersL hosts.

The development of a single-ion activated single-phased white-light phosphor is of great importance in the field of near ultraviolet based w-LED lighting. In this work, a Ba2Y3(SiO4)3F:Eu fluoride apatite, which shows a broad emission band covering the entire visible region with tunable color rendition, was successfully synthesized via a high-temperature solid-state route. The microstructure and composition of the phosphor were carefully examined with the aid of XRD Rietveld refinement, HRTEM and SEM analyses, as well as XPS measurement. Spectroscopic studies revealed the site occupancy conditions of Eu2+, i.e., the Eu2+(I) band centering at 470 nm originates from the [BaO9] 4f site, while the Eu2+(II) one peaking at 600 nm comes from the [BaO6F] 6h site. Interestingly, the obtained white light can be readily tuned from cool to warm just by varying the Eu doping content. The brightest luminescence was achieved when the Eu concentration reached 1 mol%, beyond which the d–d interaction-based energy transfer between Eu2+ ions would result in concentration quenching. The underlying mechanism of the incomplete conversion from Eu3+ to Eu2+ under a reducing atmosphere was explored, which was believed to be caused by the rigid framework of the crystal structure. After coupling Ba2Y3(SiO4)3F:Eu with a commercial 3W 370 nm UV chip, the constructed w-LED yielded warm white light with a CIE coordinate of (0.402, 0.371), CCT of 3530 K, and CRI of 83.5, upon being driven by a 350 mA forward-biased current.

Owing to the magnetic dipole nature, the zero phonon line (ZPL) of Mn4+:2E → 4A2 transition is weak unless Mn4+ is situated at a site deviating from the centrosymmetric nature. Herein, we report a brand-new oxyfluoride, Na2WO2F4:Mn4+(NWOF:Mn4+), which shows unprecedented intense red ZPL at ∼620 nm along with relatively weak vibronic transitions under blue light excitation. This peculiar spectral feature is demonstrated to be originated from the highly distorted octahedral coordination environment in the C2v group symmetry surrounding Mn4+. High-resolution spectroscopic studies at 10 K disclose the fine structured electronic/vibronic transitions of Mn4+:2E, 2T1 → 4A2 and the weak electron–phonon interaction (Huang–Rhys factor S < 1) on the Mn4+ emissive state. Benefiting from the intense ZPL, an ultra-high color rendering index with Ra = 92.7 and R9 = 90.0 is achieved in the w-LED using YAG:Ce3+and NWOF:Mn4+ as color converters, and a wide color gamut of 107.1% NTSC in the w-LED using CsPbBr3 quantum dots and NWOF:Mn4+ is obtained. Herein, we first demonstrate that Mn4+-activated oxyfluorides have great potential in w-LED lighting and display applications. Our study can also enlighten researchers to design highly distorted octahedral sites for Mn4+ doping to achieve an ultra-intense ZPL.

Persistent luminescence (PersL) has long commanded the curiosity of researchers owing to the complicated and profound physics behind it. In this work, the PersL mechanism in a new kind of persistent garnet phosphors, Lu2CaMg2(Si1−xGex)3O12:Ce3+, is studied from the new perspective of a “solid-solution” scheme. Different from the conventional study in pursuit of long PersL, we focus on manipulation of afterglow to the millisecond range and tentatively demonstrate its potential to compensate the flickering of the alternating current driven LED (AC-LED) in every AC cycle. Evidently, the tailored host bandgap favors efficient electron charging and facilitates electron detrapping, as well as redeploying trap distribution, which results in a blue light activated afterglow in the millisecond time range, and subsequently a reduced percent flicker of 64.1% for the AC-LED. This investigation is the first attempt to establish the design guidelines for new PersL materials with an adjustable millisecond ranged afterglow, and, hopefully, it paves a pathway to the development of burgeoning low-flickering AC-LED technology.

Uniform FeOOH nanotubes with different thicknesses have been synthesized on a large scale by a facile template method with MoO3 nanorod as the hard template. The hydrolysis kinetics of Fe3+ has a comprehensive and crucial influence on the formation of FeOOH nanotube. The controllable synthesis of nanotubes with different thickness and inner diameter can be achieved by tuning the molar ratio of Fe3+/MoO3 and hydrolysis temperature of Fe3+ at the same time. After calcination, FeOOH nanotubes transformed to corresponding α-Fe2O3 nanotubes in which wall thicknesses vary from 50 to 128 nm. It was also found that when the molar ratio of Fe3+/MoO3 and the hydrolysis temperature of Fe3+ were fixed to 2:1 and 70 °C, respectively, the BET surface area of the obtained α-Fe2O3 nanotube is as high as 149 m2/g. The activity on the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 is shape-dependent with nanotube showing a higher activity than nanoplate and nanoparticle.

Selenium has been successfully doped into graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) by a simple thermal condensation method through calcinating the mixture of dicyandiamide, cyanuric acid and selenium dioxide. The morphology and composition of thus-prepared selenium doped graphite phase carbon nitride (Se-g-C 3 N 4 ) nanosheets were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution TEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Characterization results revealed that the resultant products have typical ultrathin lamellar structure with the uniform lateral diameter of 20 nm. The amount of Se dopant is ca. 2.1 at% based on the XPS result. For the first time, ultrathin Se-g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets have been demonstrated to possess an intrinsic peroxidase activity by following the Michaelis–Menten kinetics and even have higher affinity to peroxidase substrates TMB and H 2 O 2 in comparison to that of HRP. Se-g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets is conducive to mediating electron transfer and thus to enhancing the catalytic oxidation of the substrate TMB in the presence of H 2 O 2 to produce a blue color change in aqueous solution. More importantly, a sensitive and selective method for xanthine detection was developed using xanthine oxidase and the as-prepared Se-g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets. On the basis of the high catalytic activity of Se-g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets, a rapid, sensitive, and convenient approach was developed for colorimetric detection of xanthine with detection limit 1.6 × 10 −8 mol L −1 . Taking the advantages of this, the novel Se-g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets represent a promising candidate as an enzyme mimic and may find a wide range of new applications in diagnostics and biotechnology fields.

Hydrogenation of CO 2 is challenging from both economic and environmental view points. In the present study, density functional theory (DFT) method was employed to investigate the reaction mechanism of methanol synthesis from CO 2 hydrogenation. Two possible reaction pathways were proposed, where hydrogenation of CO 2 led to intermediate HOCO free radical, followed by the formation of intermediate HCOOH or CO, finally resulting in the methanol formation. The results showed that the preferred pathway was CO 2 → CO → H 2 CO → CH 3 OH, whose enthalpy energy is −35.389788 kJ/mol. The calculated results of the configuration and the enthalpy energy of classic molecules were in good agreement with the values in literature, which indicated that the results should be reliable.

The advent of wide color-gamut LED backlight technology greatly improves the user experience in visions. The bottleneck restricting progress of this technology is to develop red phosphor with satisfactory spectral features and low cost. Herein, a novel non-rare-earth K2XF7:Mn4+ (X = Ta, Nb) was successfully designed and synthesized, exhibiting an admirable quantum efficiency of ∼93.5%, an extremely narrow FWHM of ∼2.3 nm, and a high color purity of ∼99.6%. Unlike the previously reported Mn4+ activated fluorides, Mn4+ in K2XF7 suffers highly distorted octahedral environment in C1 (or C2v) group symmetry, enabling the appearance of intense zero phonon line and distinctive vibronic transitions. Systematical high-resolution spectroscopic analyses down to 10 K disclose the influences of strong crystal field, weak nephelauxetic effect, and intermediate electron-phonon coupling are responsible for the peculiar spectral features of Mn4+ in K2XF7. Impressively, a wide color-gamut reaching up to 86.7% NTSC is realized, demonstrating great validity of K2XF7:Mn4+ for LCD backlights. The present study not only brings a brand-new kind of Mn4+ activated host to the sight of phosphor community (the host can be extended to surges of tantalum/niobium fluorides), but also may enlighten researchers to design highly distorted environment to achieve unique spectral properties of Mn4+.

In this work, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique was employed for fabricating the barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) films on the Si substrate modified with the ordered conducting polyaniline (PANI) layers. Firstly, surface polymerization of ordered conducting PANI layers on the Si substrate modified with the aniline-bearing silane self-assembled monolayer was performed by polymerization of aniline monomer in an acidic aqueous solution. Then, EPD of BaTiO 3 films was fulfilled using the conducting PANI layers coated Si wafer as the cathode. The analytical results demonstrate that the crack-free, relatively dense and smooth BaTiO 3 films have been accomplished on the PANI layers modified Si substrate with the appropriate suspension concentration and the deposited film thickness can be changed expediently by adjusting EPD process parameters. This method provides a potential route for fabricating ceramic films on the non-conductive Si or glass substrates using EPD technique.