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Carex via-aquae Jim.Mejías, Lois, Acedo & Reznicek, sp. nov. (Figs. 9–11) = Carex lehmanniana var. simplex Kük. in H.G.A. Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., 38 Heft, IV (20): 405 (1909). Lectotype (here designated): COSTA RICA, Province of Alajuela, Volcán Poás, 31 August 1890, Pittier 2981 (BR-849880 photo!) Fig. 12. Diagnosis: —This new species is similar to Carex lehmanniana Boott (1845: 256), in which it was included as a variety to date. Carex viaaquae differs from C. lehmanniana by stem length, 15–30 cm long in C. via-aquae vs. 45–110 cm long in C. lehmanniana, number of spikes of the inflorescence, 5–12 in C. via-aquae vs 20–45 in C. lehmanniana, inflorescence length, 4–10 cm long in C. via-aquae vs 17–25 cm long in C. lehmanniana, female glume size, 3.0–4.1 × 0.7–1.1 mm in C. via-aquae vs. 4.6–5.5 × 1.1–1.3 mm in C. lehmanniana, and utricle size, 2.1–2.5 × 0.9–1.2 mm in C. via-aquae vs. 2.6–3.4 × 0.9–1.3 mm in C. lehmanniana. Type:— COSTA RICA: Province of San José, northern slopes of Cerro Buena Vista to south of Interamerican Highway crossing, Cerro de la Muerte, 9°34’N 83°45’W, paramo vegetation, 3250–3450 m, 12 July 1994, W.J. Kress & N.W. Sawyer 94-4963 (Holotype: US 3318982!). Rhizome short, glabrous. Stems 15–30 cm tall, 0.1–0.2 mm wide at the middle, smooth, trigonous, sides concave below the inflorescence, brownish at the base. Leaves with well-developed blades, the largest ones 26–53 cm × 2.0– 5.8 mm, shorter than the stems, linear, subcoriaceous, brownish at the base, W-folded, margin slightly revolute. Inflorescence racemose, dense, 4–10 cm long, with 5–12 androgynous spikes, spreading or dropping; lowermost bract 13.6–20.6 cm × 3.1–3.7 mm, subequal to the inflorescence, linear, subcoriaceous, W-folded, sheathless or with a short sheath Habitat and distribution: —This species is distributed in Cordillera de Talamanca, mainly in Costa Rica and marginally in Panamá. It occurs in páramo vegetation on mountains, at altitudes above 3000 m. Phenology: —Flowers and fruits were collected in July and early August. Etymology:— This new species is named in honor of Prof. Marcia Waterway, who worked as curator at the McGill University Herbarium and is one of the most relevant researchers on the genus Carex. She has made tremendous contributions towards the current understanding of the systematics and evolution of the genus. The Latin words viaaquae literally translate as “way of water”, playing with the meaning of Marcia Waterway’s last name and the habitat of these plants. Observations:— Previously considered conspecific to the northern South American Carex lehmanniana, C. via-aquae is a distinct and allopatric taxon endemic from southern Central America. Boott (1845: 256) described C. lehmanniana based on a few specimens collected in Ecuador (see typification below). Other specimens of C. lehmanniana that we have studied from South America (Ecuador and Colombia) fit well to the characteristics in Boott’s description of C. lehmanniana. Carex lehmanniana and C. lehmanniana var. simplex Kükenthal (1909: 405) are lectotypified below. The name Carex lehmanniana var. simplex was designed by Kükenthal as a new variety of C. lehmanniana Boott, differing from C. lehmanniana by shorter stems “Culmus nonnisi 45 cm altus gracilior”, by stems shorter than the leaves “Folia culmo breviora”, by fewer and shorter spikes “Spiculae 6–7 simplices 4–6 cm ”, and by narrower utricles “Utriculi paullo angustiores”. The characteristics and morphology of C. lehmanniana var. simplex matches with our description of the new species C. via-aquae. Also,both original collections of C. lehmanniana var. simplex were made in Costa Rica, matching part of the distribution of C. via-aquae. Because of that, we treated the name C. lehmanniana var. simplex as a synonym of C. via-aquae, following the ICN Art. 11.2 (Turland et al., 2018) that asserts that a name has no priority outside the rank at which it is published. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — COSTA RICA: San José Province, Cerro de Buena Vista, frés du sommet, 3100 m, 19 January 1891, H . Pittier 3381 (BR-857814 photo! BR-857847 photo!, CAS-0001348 photo!); San José Province, northern slopes of Cerro Buena Vista, to South of Interamerican Highway crossing Cerro de la Muerte, 9°34’08’’N 83°45’09’’W, 3300 m, 9 July 1994, W. J . Kress & L. M. Kennedy 94-4346 (US-3311657!); Limón Province, Center of Truchicultura, Ojo de Agua, 2990 m, 18 July 1996, M . Kappelle (US-3623016!); Cartago Province, upper cinder cone of Volcán Irazú, 9°58’N 83°51’W, 3200 m, 1 August 1968 G . Davidse & R. W. Pohl 1166 (US-3028936!); Cartago Province, Steep raw roadcut 1 km SE of La Asunción of the Carretera Interamericana, 3300 m, 25 July 1976, R. L . Wilbur 21212 (DUKE-251796!); Cartago Province, large Páramo area near km 78 on the Carretera Interamericana in the Vicinity of Dos Amigos, 3000 m, 31 July 1981, R. L . Wilbur 32445 (DUKE-284089!); Cartago Province, large Páramo area near km 78 on the Carretera Interamericana in the Vicinity of Dos Amigos, 3000 m, 31 July 1981, R. L . Wilbur 32447 (DUKE-284091!); Cartago Province, partially devastated, ash-covered upper slope of Volcán Irazú, 3250 m, 7 August 1966, G . Davidse 847 (NY!); San José Province, Cerro de la Muerta, Talamanca Range, high point along Pan American Highway, 3400 m, 8 August 1972, J . Taylor & C. Taylor 11723 (NY!); PANAMÁ: Chiriqui Province, Boquete District, Chiriqui volcano, Potrero Muleto, 3170 m, 18 July 1938, M. E . Davidson 1044 (US-1820851!); Chiriqui Province, Volcán Barú, in bottom of 1st (highest crater), 2100–2200 m, 16 August 1983, R. J . Schmalzel et al. 1717 (MO-3320522!); Bocas del Toro Province, in area called Valle de Silencia, 2500 m, 8 August 1979, T . Antonio 1551 (MO-3030570!); Chiriqui Province, E side of Volcán Barú, on road from Boquete to near summit, Potrero Muletto, 3000 m, 24 July 1975, S . Mori & A. Bolten 7426, (NY!).

Carex siguanabae Jim.Mejías, Acedo, Reznicek & Lois, sp. nov. (Figs. 5–8) Diagnosis: —This new species is similar to Carex chordalis Liebm. (1850: 269) and to C. donnell-smithii L.H. Bailey (1889: 56). Carex siguanabae is easily distinguished from C. chordalis by its glume color (purplish-black in C. siguanabae vs hyaline to light brown in C. chordalis), and by its utricle enervation (nerves not evident in C. siguanabae vs clearly visible in C. chordalis). In addition, C. siguanabae can be distinguished from C. donnell-smithii (under Chater’s (1994) concept) by its glume length (3.9–7.0 mm in C. siguanabae vs 3.1–3.4 mm in C. donnell-smithii) and by the awned tip (1.0–2.0 mm in C. siguanabae vs 0.3–1.0(1.3) mm in C. donnell-smithii). Type: — EL SALVADOR: Department of Chalatenango: El Pital: Road between Río Chiquito and El Pital, cloud forest with Pinus spp., wet road banks, 14.38146 N 89.129035 W, 2630 m, 29 September 2019, P . Jiménez-Mejías & G. E. Rodríguez Palacios 7ES-PJM19 (Holotype: UPOS! (Figs. 5–7); isotype: MA!). Cespitose, rhizome covered with short yellowish to stramineous hairs. Stems 100–120 cm tall, 0.2–0.3 mm wide at the middle, smooth, trigonous, sides concave below the inflorescence, reddish to brown at the base. Leaves with well-developed blades, the largest ones ± 135 cm × 6.6–7.3 mm, equaling or exceeding the stems, linear, light reddishbrown at the base, W-folded, sheaths orangey-brownish. Inflorescence racemose, usually lax, 18–30 cm long, with 25–60 androgynous spikes, spreading; lowermost bract 15–20 cm × 4.9–7.9 mm, shorter than the inflorescence, soft, green to dark green, W-folded, sheathless or with a short sheath Habitat and distribution: —This species is distributed in the Central America Cordillera at the border between El Salvador and Honduras, although it may possibly inhabit Guatemala too. It occurs in montane forests, on river shores and open places (forest clearings or roadsides) between 1500 to 2500 m altitude. Phenology: —Flowers and fruits were collected between the end of February and May. Etymology: —The name Carex siguanabae refers to a local mythological creature well-known in Salvadoran folklore, “La Siguanaba”. It is represented as a long-haired woman with a terrifying face. The legend says that Siguanaba waits for men next to rivers and roads (both places where C. siguanabae grows), and then scares them to madness. Observations:— Carex siguanabae can be easily identified by the morphology of its glumes. It has one of the longest glumes in the section Fecundae, up to 7 mm long. It is also different from all the other species of the section by its extremely long and ciliated awns. Additional specimens examined (paratypes):— EL SALVADOR: Department of Santa Ana, National Park of Montecristo, La Cima de Miramundo, 14°24’N 89°21’W, 2420 m, 25 February, 2003 R.A. Carballo (MO-5898663!); Department of Chalatenango: Carretera de Río Chiquito a El Pital, 14.38146 N 89.129035 W, 2630 m, 29 September 2019, P. Jiménez-Mejías & G.E. Rodríguez-Palacios 3aES-PJM19 (UPOS!); Department of Santa Ana: San José Ingenio, National Park of Montecristo, close to Miramundo summit, 14°25’N 89°21’W, primary forest, 2300 m, 23 April 2001, W. Berendsohn 1691 (MO-5896064!); HONDURAS: Sumpul river, waterfall El Salto, 14°21’N 89°5’W, gallery forest, river bank, 1910 m, 27 May 2008, D. Rodríquez, J. Monterrosa & S. Ventura 1274 (MO-6105790!); Jocotán, El Salto, 14.353710 N 89.080637 W, 1780 m, 29 September 2019, P. Jiménez-Mejías & G.E. RodríguezPalacios 3bES-PJM19 (UPOS!)., Published as part of Lois, Raúl, Acedo, Carmen, Reznicek, Anton A. & Jiménez-Mejías, Pedro, 2023, Three newly described species of Carex sect. Fecundae (Cyperaceae) from Central America and typification of two related names, pp. 71-86 in Phytotaxa 579 (2) on pages 75-78, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.579.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7543084, {"references":["Bailey, L. H. (1889) Studies of the Types of various Species of the Genus Carex. Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 1: 56 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 97370","Chater, A. O. (1994) Carex L. In: Davidse, G., Sousa, M. & Chater, A. O. (Eds.) Flora Mesoamericana. Volumen 6. Alismataceae a Cyperaceae. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia, Missouri Botanical Garden, Natural History Museum, London, pp. 464 - 473."]}

Carex orothanatica Lois, Acedo, Reznicek & Jim.Mejías, sp. nov. (Figs. 2–4) Diagnosis:— The Costa Rican Carex orothanatica is similar to the Guatemalan endemic C. tojquianensis Standley & Steyermark (1953: 64). Both taxa clearly differ in the morphology of the utricle beak, bifid in C. orothanatica vs. truncate in C. tojquianensis, and by the color of its glumes, purplish-black in C. orothanatica vs. dark brown in C. tojquianensis. This new species is also similar to the much larger Carex cortesii Liebmann (1850: 268), endemic from Mexico. Both species clearly differ by leaf dimension, 30–40 cm × 4–5 mm in C. orothanatica vs often longer than 100 cm long and 7–8 mm wide in C. cortesii, the number of spikes of the inflorescence, lower than 10 in C. orothanatica vs higher than 20 in C. cortesii, wider and longer utricles in C. orothanatica, 3.3–3.5 × 1.8–2.0 mm than in C. cortesii, 2.2–2.5 × 1.1–1.3 mm. Type:— COSTA RICA: Province of Cartago: Cordillera de Talamanca: Cerro de la Muerte, Pan-American Highway, 5 km above Villa Mills (about 8 km above Nivel) 9°34’N 83°45’W, crevices in rock ledges and on Paramo, 3400–3500 m, 25 July 1949, R. W . Holm & H. H. Iltis 563 (Holotype: A! (Figs. 2–4); isotype: P!). Cespitose, rhizomes densely covered with short yellowish to stramineous hairs. Stems 25–40 cm tall, ± 0.15 mm wide at the middle, smooth, trigonous, sides concave below the inflorescence, reddish-brown at the base. Leaves with welldeveloped blades, largest ones 30–40 cm × 4–5 mm, usually shorter than the stems, linear, subcoriaceous, reddishbrown at the base, W-folded, margin slightly revolute; ligule 0.3–0.4 mm long, acute, orangey-brownish; sheaths orangey-brownish. Inflorescence racemose, 5.0–7.0 cm long, with 7–9 androgynous spikes, spreading or dropping; lowermost bract 5.5–7.5 cm × 2–3 mm, slightly longer than the inflorescence, subcoriaceous, W-folded, sheathless or with a short sheath Habitat and distribution: —Known only from two collections and one recent iNaturalist observation that confirms the presence of the species (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/111517173) at Cerro de la Muerte, on the western slopes of Cordillera de Talamanca, growing at an altitude of 3400–3500 m in páramo vegetation. Phenology:— Flowers and fruits were collected at the end of July. Etymology: —The epithet “ orothanatica ” is formed by the ancient Greek “ oros ”, mountain, and “ thanatica ”, in reference to “ Thanatos ”, the Death. It refers to the toponym of “Cerro de la Muerte”, which means Mountain of Death, where the type material was collected. Paratype:— COSTA RICA: Province of San José: Direct line from Hotel La Georgina to Cerro Frío of the Cerro Buenavista complex (Cerro de la Muerte), area with television and radio towers, 9°33’- 34’ N 83 °43’- 46’W, rocky, grassy slope, 3100–3400 m, 20 September 1983, G . Davidse 25041 (MICH!).

Typification of Carex lehmanniana Boott Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1: 256 (1845) The taxonomy and nomenclature of Carex sect. Fecundae is difficult and still remains uncertain. During the revision of this section we found out that the name Carex lehmanniana Boott has not been typified yet. Therefore, a lectotype is designated below. Carex lehmanniana Boott [‘ lemanniana ’], Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1: 256 (1845) Ind. loc.: “in locis humidis Montis ignivomi Cotopaxi Columbiae [Hartweg’s collection] […]; Columbia [Ecuador] [Jameson’s collection; no further indication provided]”. Lectotype (here designated): — ECUADOR, Province of Cotopaxi. Volcán Cotopaxi “ Hartweg 1446 ” (K-000584603 photo! Fig. 13; isolectotypes P!, E-00502225, photo!; NY-00011464, photo!). Observations:— The name was originally published as “ Carex lemanniana ” that Boott (1845: 256) dedicated to C.M. Lehmann, in whose personal herbarium he studied the specimens quoted in the protologue. Boott wrote the name as “Lemann”. After that, the name and description of the species was transcribed again by Boott (1846: 121). The name was later corrected as “ Carex lehmanniana ” (Walpers 1849: 910). This is a case of an orthographic correction following ICN Art. 60.1 (ICN; Turland et al., 2018), not a publication of the name nor description as appeared in some databases such as tropicos.org (2021) and International Plant Names Index (IPNI, 2021). Although the indications of Boott’s in the protologue and the manuscript in the sheet, located the specimens in Colombia (Columbiae), actually the volcano Cotopaxi (Montis ignivomi Cotopaxi) belongs to Ecuador. It must take into account the situation of Ecuador as a department of Great Colombia until 1831, even though the original description is dated in 1845., Published as part of Lois, Raúl, Acedo, Carmen, Reznicek, Anton A. & Jiménez-Mejías, Pedro, 2023, Three newly described species of Carex sect. Fecundae (Cyperaceae) from Central America and typification of two related names, pp. 71-86 in Phytotaxa 579 (2) on page 85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.579.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7543084, {"references":["Boott, F. M. D. (1845) Caricis species novae, vel minus cognitae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 1: 254 - 258. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / bibliography / 8250]","Boott, F. M. D. (1846) Caricis species novae, vel minus cognitae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 20: 115 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1846. tb 00413. x","Walpers, W. G. (1849) Annales botanices systematicae I. Leipzig, Germany, 910 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7556","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","IPNI (2021) International Plant Names Index. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U. K. Available from: http: // www. ipni. org (Accessed 16 February 2022)"]}