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The goal of this paper was to examine the way Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) advocated balance in the established relationship from the triad God-Human Being-Nature and the interdependence between them. The selected sources were: a) Explicación del Credo de San Atanasio, que dió Santa Hildegarda a su Congregación de Hermanas; b) Libro de las Causas y Remedios de las Enfermedades. This study was supported by bibliographic research in primary and secondary sources. The methodological basis used was Social History (Bloch, 2001; Braudel, 1965; 1978), in particular the concept of long duration. As major results, we emphasize the role of Hildegard as an intellectual, historian and researcher, who was concerned with registering her discoveries, as well as defending the balance in the triad God-Human Being-Nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an analysis of how university extension was presented in federal legislation from the Statute of Universities (1931) - which instituted the university regimen in Higher Education in Brazil - until the projection of extension actions to curricula, foreseen in the National Education Plans (2001-2010; 2014-2024), and regulated by CNE Resolution N°. 7/2018. This article is the result of documental and historiographical research, based on the assumptions of Social History, especially the concept of the long duration of history. For the analysis of the different types of regulations, the content analysis proposed by Bardin (2011) was used, in which the following keywords were listed in the reading of the documents: extension, extension-teaching, extension-research, teaching, research and teaching-researchextension. As main results, we highlight: a) the various extensions presented in the federal legislation; b) role of the Federal Constitution of 1988 in instituting extension as inseparable from teaching and research in universities; c) CNE Resolution No. 7/2018, as a framework for university extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The weekend ozone effect refers to changes in ground-level ozone concentrations on weekends resulting from anthropogenic emission changes from weekdays and weekends. This study applied a three-dimensional photochemical grid model for a three-month summer period to examine the weekend ozone effect in the Midwestern US (the north-central and north-eastern part of US) at both urban and regional scales. The model generally reproduced the observed daily maximum 1-h and 8-h ozone and also correctly predicted weekend changes in the VOC-to-NO x ratio. So-called dynamic evaluation of the modeled weekend ozone changes throughout the summer revealed that meteorology had a bigger impact on the summer 2005 weekend ozone effect than anthropogenic emission changes partly because meteorology strongly influences biogenic emissions. To avoid the confounding effect of meteorological changes, weekend ozone differences were determined by using a second simulation modeled with weekday emissions for all days of week. Ozone differences between the base case and the second simulation isolated the effect of weekday/weekend emission changes. To further distinguish local effects of weekend emission changes from transported regional ozone differences, a third simulation applied weekend emission changes only within two urban areas with all weekday emissions for the remaining areas. The ozone differences between the base case and the third simulations revealed that the effect of regional weekend emission differences is projected to be mostly lowered ozone on weekends. On the other hand, the difference between the second and third simulations revealed that weekend emission changes in two urban areas increased ozone locally in the urban centers and immediately downwind areas but lowered ozone further downwind. The sign-change in the weekend ozone effect from urban centers to downwind areas is explained by a matching change in sign of ozone sensitivity to NO x emissions which was confirmed by computing ozone sensitivities to domain-wide NO x and VOC emissions. The sensitivity analysis also showed that weekday/weekend ozone differences in the Midwestern US are due primarily to weekend reductions in NO x emissions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Policy Relevant Background (PRB) ozone, as defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), refers to ozone concentrations that would occur in the absence of all North American anthropogenic emissions. PRB enters into the calculation of health risk benefits, and as the US ozone standard approaches background levels, PRB is increasingly important in determining the feasibility and cost of compliance. As PRB is a hypothetical construct, modeling is a necessary tool. Since 2006 EPA has relied on global modeling to establish PRB for their regulatory analyses. Recent assessments with higher resolution global models exhibit improved agreement with remote observations and modest upward shifts in PRB estimates. This paper shifts the paradigm to a regional model (CAMx) run at 12km resolution, for which North American boundary conditions were provided by a low-resolution version of the GEOS-Chem global model. We conducted a comprehensive model inter-comparison, from which we elucidate differences in predictive performance against ozone observations and differences in temporal and spatial background variability over the US. In general, CAMx performed better in replicating observations at remote monitoring sites, and performance remained better at higher concentrations. While spring and summer mean PRB predicted by GEOS-Chem ranged 20–45ppb, CAMx predicted PRB ranged 25–50ppb and reached well over 60ppb in the west due to event-oriented phenomena such as stratospheric intrusion and wildfires. CAMx showed a higher correlation between modeled PRB and total observed ozone, which is significant for health risk assessments. A case study during April 2006 suggests that stratospheric exchange of ozone is underestimated in both models on an event basis. We conclude that wildfires, lightning NO x and stratospheric intrusions contribute a significant level of uncertainty in estimating PRB, and that PRB will require careful consideration in the ozone standard setting process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]