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Objectives: This study aims to investigate patterns of visual attention on a target object in VSDs (Visual Scene Displays) when they are designed with/without an action of usage of the object. We used eye-tracking technology to evaluate how the action of usage of an object in still photographs influenced the visual attention of adults without disabilities. We tried to examine visual attention on the contents of visual scene displays (VSDs).Methods: 25 college students participated in the study. Eye-tracking technology recorded point-of-gaze while participants viewed 20 photographs. Data from eye-tracking provided information on where participants were visually fixated and paid more attention on the presented VSDs including a target object.Results: Both total fixation duration and average fixation count were statistically significant. Participants visually fixated on the target object longer and more often when the object was being used in the presented VSDs. For AOI (Area Of Interest) time of the first fixation, after analyzing only a partial group that had the data match due to the difference in gaze pattern per subject, the average AOI time of the first fixation was shown to be faster when using an object in 6 out of 10 objects.Conclusion: This study supports the inclusion of an action of an object usage in VSDs suggesting that the act of object usage can partially influence the visual attention pattern of a user.

The low survival rates of in vitro-propagated plantlets under ex vitro conditions greatly inhibits the production of virus-free apple rootstock plantlets and necessitates tight control of ex vitro environments during plantlet acclimatization. Accordingly, this study investigated the effects of light intensity on the ex vitro acclimation of apple plantlets. In vitro-propagated ‘M9’ apple plantlets were acclimatized for 6 weeks under different light treatments: 60 μmol m−2 s−1 (L), 100 μmol m−2 s−1 (M), 140 μmol m−2 s−1 (H), 180 μmol m−2 s−1 (VH), 60 → 100 μmol m−2 s−1 at 2 weeks (L2M4) or 4 weeks (L4M2), 60 → 100 → 140 μmol m−2 s−1 (L2M2H2), and 60 → 140 μmol m−2 s−1 at 4 weeks (L4H2). Survival rate, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), growth-related parameters, and photosynthetic rate were measured. The H and VH treatments yielded the lowest survival rates (78 and 71%, respectively), whereas the M treatment yielded the highest (95%). Meanwhile, the Fv/Fm ratio at 6 weeks after transplanting decreased with increasing light intensity at 4 and 5 weeks, whereas photosynthetic rate at 5 weeks after transplanting and stem diameter at 6 weeks after transplanting increased with increasing light intensity. Furthermore, the M treatment yielded greater relative growth rates than the other treatments at 2–4 weeks, and both the M and L2M2H2 treatments yielded significantly greater relative growth rates at 4–6 weeks. These results suggest that the M and L2M2H2 treatments are appropriate for the acclimatization of in vitro-propagated ‘M9’ apple plantlets.

This study aimed to explore the suitable light quality condition for ex vitro acclimation of M9 apple plantlets. Light quality treatments were set as followed, monochromatic LEDs (red (R), green (G), blue (B)) and polychromatic LEDs (R:B = 7:3, 8:2 and 9:1, R:G:B = 6:1:3, 7:1:2 and 8:1:1). Plant height of R, R9B1, and R8G1B1 treatments were significantly higher than the other treatments. The number of leaves and SPAD value of B were significantly higher than the other treatments. Root fresh weights of R9B1 and R7G1B2 treatments showed an increase of at least 1.7-times compared to R, G and R8B2. R8G1B1 accumulated higher starch contents than the other treatments. Photosynthetic rate of R9B1 and R8B2 were significantly higher than the other treatments. In terms of stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, treatments with high blue ratio such as B, R7B3 had higher values. Rubisco concentration was high in R and B among monochromatic treatments. In conclusion, red light was effective to increase photosynthetic rate and biomass and blue light increased chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance. Therefore, for R9B1 and R8G1B1, a mixture of high ratio of red light with a little blue light would be proper for the acclimation of in vitro-propagated apple rootstock M9 plantlets to an ex vitro environment.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of controlling the relative humidity (RH) and water content of the root-zone on the survival rate and growth of in vitro-propagated virus-free M9 apple plantlets in closed-type plant production systems. In the first experiment, three RH regimes were applied to pre-acclimated (PA) and non-PA apple plantlets for 6 weeks after transplantation. In the second experiment, the apple plantlets were transplanted into several growth media, including a mixture of peat moss and perlite (PP), rock wool (RW), and urethane sponge (SP), and in a deep flow technique (DFT) system for controlled root zone water content under controlled RH. In the first experiment, pre-acclimation improved the survival rate by preventing the loss of leaf water potential and promoting antioxidant capacity during the acclimation period. However, no clear difference was found among the three RH regimes. The antioxidant capacity was increased at 2 weeks after transplantation, followed by root initiation. The leaf water potential, which decreased continuously until 3 weeks after transplanting, tended to remain constant after root initiation. These results suggested that pre-acclimation is necessary for the survival of in vitro-propagated apple plantlets, and that the underdeveloped roots of apple plantlets have restricted water absorption under controlled RH. In the second experiment, the survival rate of plantlets grown in PP at 6 weeks after transplantation was only 70% accompanied by an increase in antioxidant capacity, whereas the survival rates of plantlets grown in RW, SP, DFT, and DFT-PP (replanted to PP from DFT 4 weeks after transplantation) were 98, 96, 93.8, and 93.8%, respectively. Most of the growth parameters of the plantlets grown in DFT were the highest among the growth media at 6 weeks after transplantation. The results of the second experiment implied that the application of DFT for in vitro-propagated apple plantlets can reduce the problems caused by poor root architecture during acclimation.

This paper uses the South Korean case to directly identify the factors that affect local governments’ policy instrument choices for achieving the compact city concept and test whether these policy tools lead to low energy consumption and environmentally friendly urban areas. The results of binary logistic regressions show that local governments’ socio-economic characteristics and their locations influence the implementation of compact city-related urban policy instruments. The results of hierarchical linear models suggest that there are strong positive associations between greater urbanization and both transport-related energy consumption and transportation-sector greenhouse gas emissions. These results indicate that urban planning for optimal city size, significant compact city characteristics and effective policies with sufficient financing can help reduce transport-related energy consumption and air pollution. Therefore, we need innovative urban planning policies and policy implementation processes to achieve energy efficiency and air quality improvements in the urban context.

This study aimed to determine the effect of changes in light quality on the improvement of growth and bioactive compound synthesis in red-leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Sunmang’) grown in a plant factory with electrical lighting. Lettuce seedlings were subjected to 12 light treatments combining five lighting sources: red (R; 655 nm), blue (B; 456 nm), and different ratios of red and blue light combined with three light-emitting diodes [LEDs (R9B1, R8B2, and R6B4)]. Treatments were divided into control (continuous irradiation of each light source for 4 weeks), monochromatic (changing from R to B at 1, 2, or 3 weeks after the onset of the experiments), and combined (changing from R9B1 to R8B2 or R6B4 at 2 or 3 weeks after the onset of the experiments). Growth and photosynthetic rates of lettuce increased with increasing ratios of red light, whereas chlorophyll and antioxidant phenolic content decreased with increasing ratios of red light. Individual phenolic compounds, including chlorogenic, caffeic, chicoric, and ferulic acids, and kaempferol, showed a similar trend to that of total phenolics. Moreover, transcript levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS) genes were rapidly upregulated by changing light quality from red to blue. Although the concentration of bioactive compounds in lettuce leaves enhanced with blue light, their contents per lettuce plant were more directly affected by red light, suggesting that biomass as well as bioactive compounds’ accumulation should be considered to enhance phytochemical production. In addition, results suggested that growth and antioxidant phenolic compound synthesis were more sensitive to monochromatic light than to combined light variations. In conclusion, the adjustment of light quality at a specific growth stage should be considered as a strategic tool for improving crop yield, nutritional quality, or both in a plant factory with electrical lighting.

Short-term abiotic stress treatment before harvest can enhance the quality of horticultural crops cultivated in controlled environments. Here, we investigated the effects of combined chilling and UV-A treatment on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala). Five-week-old plants were subjected to combined treatments (10 &deg, C plus UV-A LED radiation at 30.3 W/m2) for 3-days, as well as single treatments (4 &deg, C, 10 &deg, C, or UV-A LED radiation). The growth parameters and photosynthetic rates of plants under the combined treatment were similar to those of the control, whereas UV-A treatment alone significantly increased these parameters. Maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) decreased and H2O2 increased in response to UV-A and combined treatments, implying that these treatments induced stress in kale. The total phenolic contents after 2- and 3-days of combined treatment and 1-day of recovery were 40%, 60%, and 50% higher than those of the control, respectively, and the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity also increased. Principal component analysis suggested that stress type and period determine the changes in secondary metabolites. Three days of combined stress treatment followed by 2-days of recovery increased the contents of quercetin derivatives. Therefore, combined chilling and UV-A treatment could improve the phenolic contents of leafy vegetables such as kale, without growth inhibition.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of short-term low temperature on the concentration of phenolic antioxidant compounds in kale. For the low-temperature treatment, two kale cultivars (‘Manchoo Collard’ and ‘TBC’) grown for 3 weeks in a growth chamber were subjected to 4°C for 3 days, and subsequently allowed to recover for 2 days under normal growth conditions (20°C). Fresh and dry shoot and root weights, chlorophyll fluorescence (potential quantum yield in dark-adapted conditions), reactive oxygen species (O2 ·- and H2O2), total phenolic concentration, antioxidant capacity, individual phenolics, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity were measured before and after treatment. No significant difference was observed between the control and low-temperature treatments in the fresh or dry shoot or root weights of either cultivar. The Fv/Fm decreased during the low-temperature treatment in both cultivars, and O2 ·- and H2O2 were generated in ‘Manchoo Collard’ leaves treated with low temperature but not in ‘TBC’ leaves. ‘Manchoo Collard’ had a 15% higher total phenolic concentration than the control after 2 days of recovery, whereas that of ‘TBC’ was 16% lower than that of the control. Individual phenolic compounds, such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and kaempferol, exhibited a similar trend to the total phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity. The increased PAL activity in ‘Manchoo Collard’ at low temperature was in accord with the total and individual phenolic content results. These results suggest that a short-term low temperature during cultivation of kale in a controlled environment is a potential strategy to increase the plant’s phenolic antioxidant compound content.

We investigate BER performance according to the order of spatial and frequency diversity combining in uplink SC-FDMA of SIMO systems. It is found that frequency diversity combining (FDC) after spatial diversity combining (SDC) is better than the reverse order combing in all SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) range. Also, it is shown that FDC after SDC requires less computational complexity than the reverse order combining. ※ 본 연구는 2014년도 정부(교육부)의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 기초연구사업 지원을 받아 수행된 것임 (2012R1A1A4A01015628) ※ 본 논문은 교육부 및 한국연구재단의 BK21 플러스 사업 (ICT기반 스마트기기 창의인재양성 사업팀)으로 지원된 연구임 (관리번호 214C000066) First Author : Yeungnam University Dept. of Information Communications Engineering, jinh37@ynu.ac.kr, 학생회원 ° Corresponding Author : Yeungnam University Dept. of Information Communications Engineering, gonew@ynu.ac.kr, 종신회원 논문번호:KICS2014-11-460, Received November 17, 2014; Revised January 28, 2015; Accepted March 9, 2015 I. 서 론 다중 수신안테나 시스템에 접목된 SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplexing Access)는 수신안테나에 의한 공간 다이버시티 이득 과 DFT, IDFT 연산에 의한 주파수 다이버시티 이득 을 가진다 . MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) 환경에서주파수 다이버시티를 활용하여 성능 을 분석한 연구가 있었으며 , 특히, 신호의 성능을 향 상시키기 위해 두 개 이상의 다이버시티 이득을 활용 한 연구들이 진행되어 왔다 . 참고문헌 [5]에서는 단계별 시스템의 공간 다이버 시티 컴바이닝 (Spatial Diversity Combining: SDC) 연산과 주파수 다이버시티 컴바이닝 (Frequency Diversity Combining: FDC) 연산에 각각 MRC 논문 / 상향링크 SIMO 시스템에서 공간 및 주파수 다이버시티 컴바이닝 순서에 따른 SC-FDMA 성능 분석 433 그림 1. 공간 다이버시티 컴바이닝과 주파수 다이버시티 컴바이닝이 존재할 때, 수신기 구조 Fig. 1. Receiver structure using spatial diversity combining and frequency diversity combining 그림 2. FDC 후 SDC를 수행한 수신기 구조 Fig. 2. Receiver structure performing SDC after FDC (Maximal Ratio Combining)와 MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error)를 적용했을 때 최대의 성능을 가 지는 것을 확인했으며, 수신안테나 개수가 대략 6개 이상이면, 모든 SNR 영역에서 FDC 연산을 ZF (Zero Forcing)으로 했을 때의 성능이 MMSE로 했을 때의 성능을 대체할 수 있음을 분석하였다. 하지만, 다중 다이버시티 컴바이닝이 존재하는 환경에서 SDC와 FDC의 순서에 따른 시스템의 BER 성능을 분석하고 있지 않다. 즉, SDC 선행 후 FDC 수행 시스템 에 적 용한 다이버시티 컴바이닝 순서가 BER 성능을 향상 시키기 위한 가장 최적의 방법인지 확신할 수 없다. 그렇기 때문에 참고문헌 [5]와 동일한 환경에서 시스 템의 다이버시티 컴바이닝 순서에 따른 성능도 함께 분석하여 어떤 다이버시티 컴바이닝 순서를 가지는 시스템이 가장 최고의 성능을 가지는지 확인해볼 필 요가 있다. 본 논문에서는 상향링크 SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output) 시스템에서 공간 다이버시티 이득과 주파수 다이버시티 이득이 동시에 존재할 때, 다이버 시티 컴바이닝 순서가 SDC 선행 후 FDC 수행 시스 템 의 다이버시티 컴바이닝 순서와 반대인 시스템의 신호 처리 과정을 수식화하고, 계산량을 최소로 하면 서 성능을 최대로 하는 다이버시티 컴바이닝 순서는 SDC 선행 후 FDC 수행 시스템의 다이버시티 컴바 이닝 순서임을 결과로 도출한다. 본 논문의 구성은 다음과 같다. II절에서는 SDC 선행 후 FDC 수행 시스템 에서 다이버시티 컴바이 닝 순서를 바꾼 시스템의 신호 모형화를 반영한다. III 절에서는 시스템 모형화 결과와 BER 실험결과를 통 해 다이버시티 컴바이닝 순서에 따른 BER 성능을 분 석하고, SDC 선행 후 FDC 수행 시스템 의 다이버시 티 컴바이닝 순서가 BER 성능을 최대화하는 다이버 시티 컴바이닝 순서임을 확인한다. II. FDC를 선행하고 SDC를 수행하는 단계별 시스템 모형화 참고문헌 [5]에서는 단계별 시스템의 다이버시티 컴바이닝을 그림 1과 같이 SDC, FDC 순으로 가정하 고 시스템 모형화를 수행하였다. 본 논문에서는 단계 별 시스템의 다이버시티 컴바이닝 순서에 따른 성능 비교를 하기 위해서 먼저, 다이버시티 컴바이닝 순서 를 그림 1의 다이버시티 컴바이닝 순서와 반대인 그 림 2와 같이 설정하고 시스템을 모형화한다. 본 논문 에서 그림 1과 같이 SDC 선행 후 FDC 수행 시스템 을 S/F 시스템으로 표기하고, 그림 2와 같은 FDC 선 The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences '15-03 Vol.40 No.03 434   

We investigate BER (Bit Error Ratio) performance according to the gain of spatial and frequency diversities in uplink SC-FDMA of SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output) systems. The main results of the analysis in this paper are as follows. First, we prove that performance of integrated system for considering spatial and frequency 논문 14-39A-09-07 The Journal of Korea Information and Communications Society '14-09 Vol.39A No.09 http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2014.39A.9.535 535 ※ 본 연구는 2014년도 정부(교육과학기술부)의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행되었습니다. (2012R1A1A4A01015628) ※ 본 논문은 교육부 및 한국연구재단의 BK21 플러스 사업 (ICT기반 스마트기기 창의인재양성 사업팀)의 지원을 받아 수행되었습니다. (22A20130012814) First Author : Yeungnam University Dept. of Information Communications Engineering, jinh37@ynu.ac.kr, 학생회원 ° Corresponding Author : Yeungnam University Dept. of Information Communications Engineering, gonew@ynu.ac.kr, 종신회원 논문번호:KICS2014-06-237, Received June 13, 2014; Revised August 4, 2014; Accepted August 27, 2014 The Journal of Korea Information and Communications Society '14-09 Vol.39A No.09 536 diversity combining in parallel is equivalent with the performance of sequential system for performing diversity combining in sequence. By signal modeling, it is demonstrated that the performances of both systems are the same when the frequency diversity combining technique of the sequential system is equal to diversity combining technique of the integrated system, and spatial diversity combining technique of the sequential system is performed as MRC in advance of frequency diversity combining. Secondly, it is found that effect on the BER performance is different according to the gain of spatial and frequency diversities, respectively. The frequency diversity gain increases by increasing the number of subcarrier. It might affect the performance improvement of high SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) while it maintains gap between performances of ZF(Zero Forcing) and MMSE(Minimum Mean Square Error) in frequency diversity combining schemes. Also, spatial diversity gain increases as the number of receiving antennas increases. It means that it can reduce performance gap between ZF and MMSE in frequency diversity combining schemes by increasing the number of receiving antennas. In addition, it might affect the performance improvement of the whole SNR. Finally, through the analysis of performance according to the spatial diversity gain, the performance of ZF in frequency diversity combining is equal to the MMSE if the number of receiving antennas is 6 or more.

In this paper, we investigate channel capacity of two kinds of uplink OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) schemes, i.e. ZCZ (Zero Correlation Zone) code time-spread OFDMA and sparse SC-FDMA 논문 14-39A-05-07 The Journal of Korea Information and Communications Society '14-05 Vol.39A No.05 http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2014.39A.5.258 258 ※ 본 연구는 2012년도 정부(교육과학기술부)의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행되었습니다.(2012R1A1A4A01015628) First Author : Yeungnam University Dept. of Information Communications Engineering, jinh37@ynu.ac.kr, 학생회원 ° Corresponding Author : Yeungnam University Dept. of Information Communications Engineering, gonew@ynu.ac.kr, 종신회원 * 영남대학교 정보통신공학과 무선통신실험실 , hishope21@ynu.ac.kr, 정회원 논문번호:KICS2014-03-077, Received March 5, 2014; Revised April 30, 2014; Accepted April 30, 2014 논문 / 사용자간 동기오차와 증폭기의 비선형 왜곡을 동시에 고려한 두 상향링크 OFDMA 기법의 채널용량 비교 분석 259 (Single Carrier Frequency Division Mmultiple Access) robust to access timing offset (TO) among multiple users. In order to reflect the practical condition, we consider not only access TO among multiple users but also peak to average power ratio (PAPR) which is one of hot issues of uplink OFDMA. In the case with access TO among multiple users, the amplified signal of users by power control might affect a severe interference to signals of other users. Meanwhile, amplified signal by considering distance between user and base station might be distorted due to the limit of amplifier and thus the performance might degrade. In order to achieve the maximum channel capacity, we investigate the combinations of transmit power so called ASF (adaptive scaling factor) by numerical simulations. We check that the channel capacity of the case with ASF increases compared to the case with considering only distance i.e. ASF=1. From the simulation results, In the case of high signal to noise ratio (SNR), ZCZ code time-spread OFDMA achieves higher channel capacity compared to sparse block SC-FDMA. On the other hand, in the case of low SNR, the sparse block SC-FDMA achieves better performance compared to ZCZ time-spread OFDMA.

This paper uses South Korean cases to develop an indicator-oriented approach for evaluating the outcome of urban regeneration projects, focusing on the difference between economy-based and community-based urban regeneration projects. By identifying differences in the assessment indicators and weights of two types of urban regeneration projects, we can more successfully recognize a sustainable way to implement economy-based urban regeneration projects. The results of hierarchical assessment models show the differences in critical indicators related to economy-based and community-based urban regeneration projects. Economy-based urban regeneration projects should not only aim to revitalize local economies but also be evaluated using employment- and economic-related indicators, which should receive more weight than indicators concerning community-based regeneration. In this sense, our results suggest that different evaluation and monitoring systems must be developed to separately assess these two types of urban regeneration projects, as approximately 500 urban regeneration new deal projects are being carried out in Korea.

논문투고일：2013년 04월 27일 논문수정완료일：2013년 05월 29일 논문게재확정일：2013년 06월 03일* 성균관대학교 경영전문대학원 박사과정** 성균관대학교 경영전문대학원 교수Due to the development of information technology, Convergence a nd Creative Economy became hot issues. For exa-mple, products become more intelligent and services are likely to be connected and integrated around core services or provided as bundle solution. Meanwhile products and services are integrated in the context of mutual supple-mentation, which leads to Servitization of Products and Product ization of Services in many industries. Previous studies have addressed Convergence with different terms and definitions such as Convergent, Multicategory ․Multifunctional․Product, Clouding Service, Bundle and so on from one perspectiv e such as consumers, suppliers or technology according to a wide range of academic approaches. Thus, this study attemp ted to suggest the most typical convergence products released in the convergence environment and categorize those pr oducts. Furthermore, this study has pointed out the problems in the New Product Development Framework discussed in the studies on marketing by taking the situation of the public sector into account and then suggested “New Servi ce Development Framework in the Public Sector” that are different from traditional e-Gov. approach basically and wi ll enable the government to create public information service and provide them to enterprises or citizens. It also em phasized the importance of Business Conceptualization Stage in the framework; argued that there is a necessity of an integrative study from the perspective of technology on the basis of the approach from the perspective of marketing and Policy such as a study of consumer behaviors, design and marketing channel and Policy Integration for the dev elopment and dissipation; and furthermore suggested the cases-the development/Diffusion of Transportation Card Serv ice in Seoul and CFC (Call for Collaboration) in Singapore-in order to verify the framework. There is a need to supplement New Service Development Framework so it is able to reflect the distinct characteristics of the publi c sector from the academic perspective and be used as practical guidelines for SI (System Integration) business to shift into IT Service business. Last but not the least, this study has suggested the limitations and the directions for the future studies.

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel which can be obtained from the transesterification of vegetable oils, animal fats and waste cooking oil. The objective of this study is to evaluate the properties of biodiesel obtained from different feedstocks (soybean, waste cooking, rapeseed, cottonseed and palm oils). The biodiesel derived from different feedstocks was analyzed for FAME (fatty acid methyl esther) content, kinematic viscosity, flash point, CFPP (cold filter plugging point) and glycerin content. The quality of biodiesel was tested according to the Korean and European standard (EN14214, requirements and test method for biodiesel fuel). The biodiesels derived from soybean, waste cooking, rapeseed and cottonseed oils contain high amount of unsaturated fatty acid, while palm biodiesel is dominated by saturated fatty acid. The fuel  주저자 (E-mail : jkkim@kpetro.or.kr) 2 김재곤.박조용.전철환.민경일.임의순.정충섭.이진휘 韓國油化學會誌 36 properties of biodiesel, such as low temperature performance, kinematic viscosity and oxidation stability are correlated with the FAME composition components in biodiesel.

This experiment was conducted to establish a system for detecting trace cobalt ions in water and plant tissues using a voltammetric in vivo sensor. Cyclic and stripping voltammetry was devised from hand-made, macro-type implantable three-electrode systems. The results reached micro and nano working ranges at 100 sec accumulation time. The statistical detection limit (S/N) was attained at 6.0 ng L–1. For the in vivo application, direct assay of cobalt ions was carried out in Eichhornia crassipes (EC) deep tissue in real time with a preconcentration time of 100 s. Interfaced techniques can be interlocked with other control systems.

This study analyzes the changes of lifestyle and urban spaces with the advent of U-City and tries to propose a direction of urban policies reflecting them. For this, it investigates lifestyle changes to predict the phase of urban spaces in the future. In a survey on urban functionalities with downtown as the main space of activities, it was expected that traffic for the use of these functionalities would be reduced. Traffic reduction was predicted to restrain downtown from growing and weaken the concentration of downtown activity. For the reorganization of existing spaces, in particular, public spaces would be changed to multi-purpose spaces in which various urban activities can be carried out using ubiquitous technologies. With the advent of U-City and the various changes of conditions, it is expected that the demand for land use and urban planning facilities would be altered by downtown and peripheries. A planning tool with a more concrete demand estimation of the future demand in individual areas of usage should be developed and it should be reflected in urban planning. Also, with the integration of functionalities so that more efficient land use will be possible, flexible designation of usage areas is necessary. Along with this, to prevent the decline of old downtown areas and provincial cities, the balanced installation of IT-related infrastructures will precede.

A voltametric diagnosis of trace lead was performed using macro type combination sensors of fluorine-doped graphite pencil electrodes (FPE). Two pencils were used as the reference and auxiliary instead of expensive Ag/AgCl standards and Pt counters. Under optimized conditions, a square wave (SW) stripping working curve was attained at 10–70 mg/L and a micro range of 10–70 μg/L. The developed sensor was not only inexpensive but also had a fast (90-s) accumulation time. An analytical detection limit of 10 μg/L was obtained. The results were applied to an ex vivo tissue and an artificial turf.

Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from various sources such as chemical process industry, manufacturing industry, and automobiles have been an environmental and health concern. With the eme...

The use of natural dyes has attracted increasing worldwide attention as the carcinogenicity and environmental pollution problem of synthetic pigments are becomes a great concern. A nontoxic natural dye was fabricated from an extract from Caesalpinia Sappan (sappan wood). Oily natural dye for industrial application was made from extracted sappan wood by using a micro-emulsion method. The absorbance of the dye extracted from sappan wood by distillation was measured with an Ultraviolet/Visible spectrometer. The highest absorbance was obtained from the mordant containing 2 wt% Al. The emulsification conditions were controlled by changing the mixing ratios of TEOS (tetraethyl ortho-silicate), DC3225C (cyclomethicone and dimethicon copolyol) and extracted dye. A W/O (water in oil) type dye was obtained with a TEOS concentration ranging from 19.9 to 50.0 wt% when the DC3225C concentration was fixed to 10 wt%. The W/O type emulsion was verified by optical microscopy. The fabricated dye was applied to colored paper. The applicability of the nontoxic natural dye was verified by analyzing the heavy metals and color fastness of the colored paper.

We investigate the channel capacity of two kinds of uplink OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) schemes, i.e., ZCZ (Zero Correlation Zone) code time-spread OFDMA and sparse SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) which are robust to access timing offset (TO) among users. For the practical condition, we consider not only the TO among users but also the PAPR (peak to average power ratio) which is a major issue of uplink OFDMA. In the case with TOs in arrival times among users, the amplified user's signal by power control affect the distortion of other user's signal. Meanwhile, amplified signal by simply considering distance between user and base station might be distorted due to the limit of amplifier and thus the performance might degrade. In order to achieve the maximum channel capacity, we investigate the combinations of optimized power control so called ASF (Adaptive Scaling Factor) by numerical simulations. We check that the channel capacity with optimized power control by ASF increases compared to the case without ASF i.e., ASF=1. From the simulation, in the case of high signal to noise ratio (SNR), ZCZ code time-spread OFDMA achieves higher channel capacity compared to sparse block SC-FDMA. On the other hand, in the case of low SNR, the sparse block SC-FDMA achieves better performance compared to ZCZ time-spread OFDMA.

Dengue virus (DENV) is one of the major infectious pathogens worldwide. DENV infection is a highly dynamic process. Currently, no antiviral drug is available for treating DENV-induced diseases since little is known regarding how the virus interacts with host cells during infection. Advanced molecular imaging technologies are powerful tools to understand the dynamics of intracellular interactions and molecular trafficking. This study exploited a single-virus particle tracking technology to address whether DENV interacts with autophagy machinery during the early stage of infection. Using confocal microscopy and three-dimensional image analysis, we showed that DENV triggered the formation of green fluorescence protein-fused microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (GFP-LC3) puncta, and DENV-induced autophagosomes engulfed DENV particles within 15-min postinfection. Moreover, single-virus particle tracking revealed that both DENV particles and autophagosomes traveled together during the viral infection. Finally, in the presence of autophagy suppressor 3-methyladenine, the replication of DENV was inhibited and the location of DENV particles spread in cytoplasma. In contrast, the numbers of newly synthesized DENV were elevated and the co-localization of DENV particles and autophagosomes was detected while the cells were treated with autophagy inducer rapamycin. Taken together, we propose that DENV particles interact with autophagosomes at the early stage of viral infection, which promotes the replication of DENV.

The creation of a novel biosensor consisting of a fluorine-doped carbon nanotube (FCN) was explored for use in cyclic voltammetric (CV) and square-wave stripping voltammetric (SW) glucose assay. In the experiment that was carried out in this study, analytical optimum conditions were attained at the low detection limit (S/N3) of 0.6 microg/L (3.3 x 10(-9) M). In the 0.1 mg/L spike, the relative standard deviation of 0.607 (n = 15) was obtained. This was used for the diagnosis of the urine of patients with diabetes. Moreover, the catheter-type electrode (CE) can be inserted into a rat bladder through the rat's organs. Thus, it can be connected with an electrochemical analyzer that can be fitted with an interface for the real-time in vivo analysis of metabolic glucose. The developed system can be used for organ treatment, biological analysis, and in vivo control.