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Although intestinal microbiota plays crucial roles in fish digestion and health, little is known about intestinal fungi in fishes. This study investigated the intestinal fungal diversity of three coral reef fishes (Lates calcarifer, Trachinotus blochii and Lutjanus argentimaculatus) from the South China Sea using a culturable method. A total of 387 isolates were recovered and identified by sequencing their internal transcribed spacer sequences, belonging to 29 known fungal species. The similarity of fungal community in intestines of the three fishes verified the fungal colonization may be influenced by their surrounding environments. Furthermore, the fungal communities in different intestines of some fishes were significantly different, and the number of yeasts in hindgut was less than that in fore- and mid-intestine, suggesting that the distribution of fungi in fishes intestines may be related to the physiological functions of various intestinal segment. In addition, 51.4% tested fungal isolates exhibited antimicrobial activity against at least one marine pathogenic microorganisms. Notably, isolate Aureobasidium pullulans SCAU243 exhibited a strong antifungal activity against Aspergillus versicolor, and isolate Schizophyllum commune SCAU255 displayed extensive antimicrobial activity against four marine pathogenic microorganisms. This study contributed to our understanding of intestinal fungi in coral reef fish and further increasing the library of fungi available for natural bioactive product screening.

The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily plays critical roles in tumor suppression, cell proliferation and differentiation, tissue morphogenesis, lineage determination, cell migration and apoptosis. Recently, TGF-β1, one important member of TGF-β superfamily, is suggested as an immune regulator in the teleost. In this study, we cloned the cDNAs of TGF-β1 and its receptors, TβR I and TβR II (including three isoforms) from tilapia (Genbank accession numbers: KP754231- KP754235). A tissue distribution profile analysis indicated that TGF-β1 was highly expressed in the head kidney, gill, spleen, kidney and PBLs (peripheral blood leukocytes); TβR I only showed considerable expression in the liver; and TβR II-2 was highly expressed in the kidney, gill, liver, head kidney and heart. We determined that the mRNA expressions of TGF-β and TβR I /TβR II-2 were significantly increased in tilapia head kidney and spleen leukocytes by the stimulation of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Poly I: C. We also examined their expressions in the spleen and head kidney of tilapia after IP injection of streptococcus agalactiae. The results showed that the mRNA expressions of these three genes all increased in the head kidney as early as 6 h post infection, and in the spleen 3 d post infection. In addition, the protein level of TGF-β1 was also up-regulated in the head kidney and the spleen after infection. Taken together, our data indicate that the TGF-β1-TβR I /TβR II-2 system functions potentially in tilapia immune system.

The corrosion behavior of A3 in sodium molybdate inhibitor solution was tested by the static coupon method and the electrochemical workstation method. The results at diffident temperatures and in different concentration inhibitor show that the temperature had a important influence on A3 corrosion when the addition concentration below 500mg/L. The corrosion rate of A3 change less when temperature change from 20.5°C to 61.5°C.

FasL is the most extensively studied apoptosis ligand. In 2000, tilapia FasL was identified using anti-human FasL monoclonal antibody by Evans’s research group. Recently, a tilapia FasL-like protein of smaller molecule weight was predicted in Genbank (XM_003445156.2). Based on several clues drawn from previous studies, we cast doubt on the authenticity of the formerly identified tilapia FasL. Conversely, using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the existence of the predicted FasL-like was verified at the mRNA level (The Genbank accession number of the FasL mRNA sequence we cloned is KM008610). Through multiple alignments, this FasL-like protein was found to be highly similar to the FasL of the Japanese flounder. Moreover, we artificially expressed the functional region of the predicted protein and later confirmed its apoptosis-inducing activity using a methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, Annexin-V/Propidium iodide (PI) double staining, and DNA fragment detection. Supported by these evidences, we suggest that the predicted protein is the authentic tilapia FasL. To advance this research further, tilapia FasL mRNA and its protein across different tissues were quantified. High expression levels were identified in the tilapia immune system and sites where active cell turnover conservatively occurs. In this regard, FasL may assume an active role in the immune system and cell homeostasis maintenance in tilapia, similar to that shown in other species. In addition, because the distribution pattern of FasL mRNA did not synchronize with that of the protein, post-transcriptional expression regulation is suggested. Such regulation may be dominated by potential adenylate- and uridylate-rich elements (AREs) featuring AUUUA repeats found in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of tilapia FasL mRNA.

A method was developed to control heterotrophic bacteria in cooling water by mixing non-oxidizing (Isothiazolinones）and oxidizing sterilization （Hydantoin）together. The result of disinfection test shows that the agent possesses a higher efficiency. At the same time the method introduced polyepoxysuccinic acid—1-Acrylanmido-2-methylpropanesul fonic acid（PESA-AMPS (10%)) in to the disinfection system. The rotary coupon test and aeration scale inhibition method show that the bactericidal agent also possesses higher anti-corrosion and inhibition rate. The concentration of heterotrophic bacteria can well be controlled below 105cfu/mL when the additional quantity of the agent changes from 100mg/L to 200mg/L.

A new non-phosphorus composite water treatment agent m (PASP) : m (PESA) : m (HPMA) : m (BTA) = 8:12:10:5 was developed from polyaspartic acid (PASP), polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA), hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA) and benzotriazole (BTA). The performance of corrosion and scale inhibition were evaluated by rotary hanging-piece, electrochemical and bubble experiments. The corrosion testing piece was characterized by SEM. The results show that the new environment-friendly composite water treatment agent has good performance of corrosion and scale inhibition. Further dynamic simulated test also indicates that the water treatment agent meet the use demand of circulating cooling water.

Objective: Through the test of air conditioning cooling water circulation system and the electrical conductivity of iron corrosion velocity, find out the method of corrosion control measures; Methods: Rotating hanging plate method and conductivity meter and other cooling water test air conditioning system in different conductivity of metal iron corrosion rate; Conductivity results: Air-conditioning cooling water circulation system of more than 1900 μs/cm, metal corrosion rate less than 0.05mm/a, shall meet the relevant standards. Conclusion: Through the addition of corrosion inhibitor, scientific emission and control of circulating cooling water pH, conductivity decreased circulating water cooling, can reduce the corrosion of iron, to ensure the safe and stable operation of cooling water pipe and equipment.

Boiler and pipeline that using steam condensation water will be eroded when the steam condensation water absorb dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in the production and recycling process. In order to solve this problem, a preferably management flow and process were developed to slow down the Boiler and pipeline corrosion process by analyzing the microstructure of corrosive Boiler and pipeline with a Electrochemical method. Firstly, rinse the Boiler and pipeline with 5% citric acid at about 90 oC, after that process adding 4~6mg/L anti-filthy corrosion inhibitor to the steam condensation water and adjusting pH at 8.0~9.5 by 30% sodium hydroxide or 50% sulfuric acid. At the same time maintenance water conductivity below 1200μs/cm by discharging condensation water. This method will play an import part in managing Circulating cooling water.

The pathogenesis of Streptococcus agalactiae infection in tilapia has not been fully described. To understand this, we investigated the clinic-pathological features of acute experimental septicemia in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after receiving an intra-peritoneal injection with S. agalactiae THN-1901GFP. Immunohistochemistry and sections of pathological tissues were used to estimate the level of damage in the head-kidney, liver, spleen and trunk-kidney. The expression of FasL was analyzed by western blotting in these samples based on their damage levels. Leucocytes were isolated from the head-kidney and incubated with S. agalactiae THN-1901GFP. Then, phagocytosis, programmed cell death and the expression of FasL were analyzed. The infected tissues showed varying degrees of necrosis and histolysis. The serous membrane of the intestine was dissolved by S. agalactiae THN-1901GFP. Antigens of S. agalactiae THN-1901GFP accumulated in different parts of the infected organs. In the head-kidney and spleen, the expression of FasL was up-regulated in parallel with increased tissue damage. After being incubated with S. agalactiae THN-1901GFP, the phagocytic capacity and ability were both very high and the expression of FasL remained high in leucocytes. S. agalactiae THN-1901GFP was able to survive for a long period of time after being engulfed by phagocytic cells. These findings offer insight into the pathogenesis of S. agalactiae infection in tilapia.

Background Hepatoprotective effects of Chinese herbal medicine Schisandra Chinensis (Schisandra) have been widely investigated. However, most studies were focused on its lignan extracts. We investigated the effects of Schisandra polysaccharide (SCP) in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and studied its effect on sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) and the related genes. Methods The mouse model of NAFLD was established by feeding mice with a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. Effect of SCP-treatment (100 mg/kg, once daily for 12 weeks) on biochemical parameters and liver histopathology was assessed. Relative levels of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) and their gene expressions were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western Blot. Results SCP significantly reduced the liver index by 12.0%. Serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were decreased by 31.3, 28.3, 42.8, 20.1 and 15.5%, respectively. Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased by 26.9%. Further, SCP lowered hepatic TC and TG content by 27.0% and 28.3%, respectively, and alleviated fatty degeneration and necrosis of liver cells. A significant downregulation of mRNA and protein expressions of hepatic lipogenesis genes, SREBP-1c, fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and the mRNA expression of liver X receptor α (LXRα) was observed in NAFLD mice treated with SCP. SCP also significantly reduced the hepatic expression of SREBP-2 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR). Conclusion These findings demonstrate the hepatoprotective effects of SCP in a mouse model of NAFLD; the effects may be mediated via downregulation of LXRα/SREBP-1c/FAS/ACC and SREBP-2/HMGCR signaling pathways in the liver.

The way of heterogeneous data synchronization based on WEB service mode used in the Internet of things is analyzed, the problem of synchronization mechanism of heterogeneous data based on internet web port is solved. Combined with the characteristics of SOA architecture, this paper proposes synchronization model WLDSS (Web-level Data Synchronization System) of distributed heterogeneous data, and gives the design principles and the key strategies of the model. Through the application of distributed solar water heating system of control system data synchronization, it verifies the stability of the WLDSS model.

War-fighting simulation becomes an efficient method to assess war-fighting efficiency and verify war-fighting theory. In this paper, a novel missile war-fighting scheme optimization method is proposed based on ordinal optimization theory. This new method sets up the crude evaluation model and verifies the efficiency of the model. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve suboptimal solution on the premises of efficiently reducing the computing budget.

T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 consists of two distinguished chains, termed α and β chains, and functions as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor by binding to MHC class I proteins. In this study we report the cloning and identification of both CD8α and CD8β genes from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). The predicted grouper CD8α and CD8β proteins were structurally similar to other fish especially to those of Pleuronectiformes. Real-time RT-PCR revealed that the CD8 mRNA was much higher in the thymus than in other immune organs, and the expression level were very low in stomach, liver, and brain. During embryonic development of the grouper, the highest CD8 transcripts were detected in the multi-cell stage, followed by muscle burl stage, which suggested that the multi-cell stage may be critical in CD8 transcript synthesis. Moreover, CD8 mRNA levels were examined in lymphocytes at different time treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (PolyI:C), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and concanavalin A (ConA). The result showed that the CD8 mRNA levels were significantly affected in time-dependent manner by PolyI:C, PHA, and ConA, but not by LPS.

Ubiquitination plays a crucial role in regulating protein turnover. Here we show that ubiquitination regulates the stability of the MDR1 gene product, P-glycoprotein, thereby affecting the functions of this membrane transporter that mediates multidrug resistance. We found that P-glycoprotein was constitutively ubiquitinated in drug-resistant cancer cells. Transfection of multidrug-resistant cells with wild-type ubiquitin or treatment with an N-glycosylation inhibitor increased the ubiquitination of P-glycoprotein and increased P-glycoprotein degradation. Carbobenzoxy-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal (MG-132), a proteasome inhibitor, induced accumulation of ubiquitinated P-glycoprotein, suggesting the involvement of the proteasome in the turnover of the transporter. Treatment of multidrug-resistant cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, a phorbol ester that increases the phosphorylation of P-glycoprotein through activation of protein kinase C, or substituting phosphorylation sites of P-glycoprotein by nonphosphorylatable residues did not affect the ubiquitination of the transporter. Enhanced ubiquitination of P-glycoprotein resulted in a decrease of the function of the transporter, as demonstrated by increased intracellular drug accumulation and increased cellular sensitivity to drugs transported by P-glycoprotein. Our results indicate that the stability and function of P-glycoprotein can be regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and suggest that modulating the ubiquitination of P-glycoprotein might be a novel approach to the reversal of drug resistance.

Sparse decomposition decompose signal over a family of elementary functions that are well adapted to the signal's local structures. The signal time-frequency distribution can be obtained by summing the weighted Wigner-Ville distribution of the best-matched elementary functions. This time-frequency distribution has well resolution by suppressing the cross-term among the elementary functions. When the frequencies of the elementary functions are nonlinear, much of cross-terms will undesirably appear in themselves and the final Wigner-Ville distribution. This paper proposes a method for calculating a nonnegative and cross-term free time-frequency distribution based on a special class of semi-affine transformation group. A nongetative cross-term free time-frequency distribution is devised for a special atom dictionary in which the element function has Gaussian-envelop and frequency varies with dispersion low. Theoretical predictions and numerical results indicate that the proposed method can result in the most visually appealing time-frequency distributions for highly nonstationary signals.

To study the effect and the mechanism of Xuesaitong drop pills (total saponins in Radix Notoginseng; XDP) on experimental thrombosis, thrombolysis and blood theology.First, the rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, XDP (90, 30, 10 mg x kg(-1)), Xuesaitong tablet (XP) 30 mg x kg(-1). Then the effect of the drugs on thrombus and thrombosis was studied after the ratsthrombosis was induced by the arteriovenous shunt. Second, the rats were randomly divided into seven groups: model, XDP (90, 30, 10 mg x kg(-1)), XT (90, 30 mg x kg(-1)), lumbrukinase capsule. Then the effect of the drugs on thrombus and thrombosis was studied after the rats'thrombosis was induced by the electrical stimulation of common carotid artery. Third, the rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, model, XDP (80, 40 mg x kg(-1)), XT (40, 20 mg x kg(-1)). Then the effect of the drugs on blood circulation promoting was observed after the rats'acute blood stasis induced by adrenalin and icy water.XDP 90, 30 mg x kg(-1) could notably lighten the wet-weight and dry-weight of thrombus in the arteriovenous shunt model in rats in a dose-dependent manner (P0.01). XDP 90 mg x kg(-1) with intragastric administration for 3 days had the satisfactory effect on thrombolysis after the rat's thrombosis was induced by the electrical stimulation of common carotid artery (P0.01). XDP 80, 40 , 20 mg x kg(-1) reduced significantly erythrocyte aggregation (P0.01) and decreased the whole blood viscosity at low shear rate (P0.05). XDP 80, 40 mg x kg(-1) reduced the whole blood viscosity at high shear rate and plasma viscosity (P0.05). XDP 80 mg x kg(-1) decreased the whole blood viscosity at high shear rate (P0.05).XDP can significantly inhibit the thrombosis and has the satisfactory effect on thrombolysis. One kind of the mechanism is related to the effect on blood rheology.

In the title compound, C14H13N3O3, the pyrazoline ring assumes an envelope conformation with the furanyl-bearing C atom at the flap position. The dihedral angle between the furan and nitrobenzene rings is 84.40 (9)°. Weak intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonding is present in the crystal structure.