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Microbial nitrogen (N) immobilization, which typically results in soil N retention but based on the balance of gross N immobilization over gross N production, affects the fate of the anthropogenic reactive N. However, global patterns and drivers of soil gross immobilization of ammonium (I

Acidic soils cover about 30% of the world's land. Liming is a management practice applied worldwide to reduce the negative effects of acidification on soil fertility and plant growth. Liming also affects the biotic and abiotic soil properties controlling the production and consumption of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). Although our understanding of how liming regulates net GHG emissions is increasing, the impact of liming on soil biological drivers of GHG emissions has not been quantitatively synthesized. Here we conducted a global meta-analysis using 1474 paired observations from 124 studies to explore the responses of GHG emissions to liming, with a focus on soil biological factors. We show that the N2O mitigation capacity of liming could be linked to (i) increases in bacterial abundance of N2O reductase genes (NosZ) and decreases in fungi:bacteria ratio, both contributing to a lower N2O:N2 product ratio of denitrification; and (ii) reductions in soil mineral nitrogen (N) via stimulation of plant N uptake. The limited evidence available indicates that liming reduced CH4 emissions and the abundance of methanogens, but it had no effect on CH4 uptake and abundance of methanotrophs. Liming-induced increases in soil CO2 emissions can be explained by higher heterotrophic and/or autotrophic respiration. The strong coupling between liming effects on GHG emissions and on soil microbial communities involved in GHG production and consumption can be used to identify strategies to reduce GHGs in response to liming, and to improve process-based models for better predictions of soil GHG emissions.

Glycogen is a predominant carbohydrate reserve in various organisms, which provides energy for different life activities. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a central player that catalyzes glucose and converts it into glycogen. In this study, a

Objective Several COVID-19 patients have overlapping comorbidities. The independent role of each component contributing to the risk of COVID-19 is unknown, and how some non-cardiometabolic comorbidities affect the risk of COVID-19 remains unclear. Methods A retrospective follow-up design was adopted. A total of 1,160 laboratory-confirmed patients were enrolled from nine provinces in China. Data on comorbidities were obtained from the patients’ medical records. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of the associations between comorbidities (cardiometabolic or non-cardiometabolic diseases), clinical severity, and treatment outcomes of COVID-19. Results Overall, 158 (13.6%) patients were diagnosed with severe illness and 32 (2.7%) had unfavorable outcomes. Hypertension (2.87, 1.30–6.32), type 2 diabetes (T2DM) (3.57, 2.32–5.49), cardiovascular disease (CVD) (3.78, 1.81–7.89), fatty liver disease (7.53, 1.96–28.96), hyperlipidemia (2.15, 1.26–3.67), other lung diseases (6.00, 3.01–11.96), and electrolyte imbalance (10.40, 3.00–26.10) were independently linked to increased odds of being severely ill. T2DM (6.07, 2.89–12.75), CVD (8.47, 6.03–11.89), and electrolyte imbalance (19.44, 11.47–32.96) were also strong predictors of unfavorable outcomes. Women with comorbidities were more likely to have severe disease on admission (5.46, 3.25–9.19), while men with comorbidities were more likely to have unfavorable treatment outcomes (6.58, 1.46–29.64) within two weeks. Conclusion Besides hypertension, diabetes, and CVD, fatty liver disease, hyperlipidemia, other lung diseases, and electrolyte imbalance were independent risk factors for COVID-19 severity and poor treatment outcome. Women with comorbidities were more likely to have severe disease, while men with comorbidities were more likely to have unfavorable treatment outcomes.

Sequential invasive-noninvasive ventilation (NIV) improves the outcomes of patients with respiratory failure caused by acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD); however, there is no clear consensus on the optimal timing of the switch to sequential invasive-NIV in these patients. In the present study, a potential role for the modified Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score to guide sequential weaning was investigated. Patients with AECOPD and respiratory failure were prospectively recruited from three study centers (Wenling Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University and Changsha Central Hospital) between January 1st 2016 and December 31st 2018. Patients were randomly assigned to group A and B, with the switching point for sequential weaning strategy in the two groups being a modified GCS score ≥13 and 10 points, respectively. Each group included 240 patients. Baseline demographic characteristics were comparable in the two groups. The duration of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in group A was significantly shorter than that in group B. However, there were no significant between-group differences with respect to the incidence of re-intubation, ventilator-associated pneumonia, in-hospital mortality or the length of hospital stay. Use of a modified GCS score ≥13 as the switching point for sequential invasive-NIV may help decrease the duration of IMV in patients with AECOPD and respiratory failure.

To compare the efficacy and feasibility of using a modified Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score of 13 or 15 as the criterion for switching chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with respiratory failure to sequential invasive-noninvasive ventilation.COPD patients with respiratory failure who had undergone endotracheal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) between June 2017 and June 2020 at 4 different hospitals in China were included. A total of 296 patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. In group A, the patients were extubated and immediately placed on noninvasive ventilation (NIV) when the modified GCS score reached 13. In group B, the same was done when the modified GCS score reached 15.No significant differences in the mean blood pressure, oxygenation index, arterial partial pressure of oxygen, and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide were seen between groups A and B before extubation and 3 hours after NIV. The re-intubation times were also similar in the 2 groups. Compared to group B, the length of hospital stay, incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia, and time of invasive ventilation were all significantly lower in group A (P = .041, .001,.001).Using a modified GCS score of 13 as the criterion for switching from IMV to NIV can significantly reduce the duration of IMV, length of hospital stay, and incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia in COPD patients with respiratory failure.

We utilize three parallel reservoir computers using semiconductor lasers with optical feedback and light injection to model radar probe signals with delays. Three radar probe signals are generated by driving lasers constructed by a three-element laser array with self-feedback. The response lasers are implemented also by a three-element lase array with both delay-time feedback and optical injection, which are utilized as nonlinear nodes to realize the reservoirs. We show that each delayed radar probe signal can be predicted well and to synchronize with its corresponding trained reservoir, even when parameter mismatches exist between the response laser array and the driving laser array. Based on this, the three synchronous probe signals are utilized for ranging to three targets, respectively, using Hilbert transform. It is demonstrated that the relative errors for ranging can be very small and less than 0.6%. Our findings show that optical reservoir computing provides an effective way for applications of target ranging.

Optical properties evolution of Bi1-xSex films with different compositions were investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). A significant dispersion of penetration depth of Bi0.38Se0.62 films was observed, which would lead to a varying carrier concentration with the different wavelength because of the topologically protected surface state. To describe the special properties of topological insulators, dispersive plasma energy was introduced into traditional dielectric function model. Optical properties of Bi0.38Se0.62 film were acquired by this modified model and the topologically protected surface state could be represented from the dispersion properties of free carrier concentration with the smaller plasma energy versus the deeper penetration depth. We demonstrated that SE is a useful tool for characterizing the properties of the topological insulators.

Soil enzymes participate in numerous complex biochemical processes that take place in the soil and play an important role in the material circulation of terrestrial ecosystems. To explore the response of soil enzyme activities and chemical properties to nitrogen deposition in temperate forests, this study analyzed four soil enzyme activities based on the nitrogen addition experiment plot of Korean pine (

PRRT2 mutations are the major causative agent of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with infantile convulsion (PKD/IC). The study is aimed at screening PRRT2 gene mutations in patients who suffered from PKD/IC in Chinese population. Thirteen Chinese patients with PKD/IC were screened randomly for coding exons of the PRRT2 gene mutation along with 50 ethnically coordinated control people. Nine (2 unaffected) and 4 of the patients showed familial PKD/IC and apparently sporadic cases, respectively. We identified 5 different PRRT2 mutations in 10 individuals, including 8 familial and 2 apparently sporadic cases. However, no mutations were found in the 50 ethnically matched controls. Unknown (novel) NM_145239.2:c.686G>A and previously reported NM_145239.2:c.743G>C variants were identified in two familial and sporadic patients. All affected members of family A showed mutation NM_145239.2:c.650_670delinsCAATGGTGCCACCACTGGGTTA. The previously identified NM_145239.2:c.412 C>G and NM_145239.2:c.709G>A variants are seen in two individuals assessed in family B. Other than the previously identified variants, some of the patients with PRRT2-PKD/IC showed a new PRRT2 substitution variant. Thus, the spectrum of PRRT2 variants is expanded. The possible role and probability of PRRT2 variants involved in PKD/IC are highlighted.

Optical properties of bismuth (Bi) film in function of temperature have been investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The solid-liquid phase transition point of Bi thin film is found to be ∼262 °C, lower than that of bulk Bi (271.3 °C). The interband transitions of solid Bi occur at 1.82, 3.02 and 4.00 eV, respectively, obtained from imaginary part of dielectric functions and absorption coefficient, which are also consistent with the fitting ellipsometric parameters of the oscillator center energies. A conspicuous difference of optical properties is revealed between solid and liquid Bi, whose characters are semimetal-like and metal-like, respectively. The free electron density of liquid Bi is 10 4 times higher than that of solid Bi. The optical properties of liquid Bi film are mainly influenced by free electrons instead of bound ones. However, with the temperature rising, the increase of both direct and indirect band gaps accords with the characteristics of semiconductor, which can be ascribed to the topological properties of Bi film. This work shows the unique advantage of SE on characterizing the optical properties of topological insulators.

// Hui Wang 1 , Yun Ti 1 , Jin-Bo Zhang 2 , Jie Peng 3 , Hui-Min Zhou 1 , Ming Zhong 1 , Yan-Qiu Xing 3 , Yun Zhang 1 , Wei Zhang 1 , Zhi-Hao Wang 3 1 The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China 2 Weihai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Weihai, Shandong, 264200, P.R. China 3 Department of Geriatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China Correspondence to: Zhi-Hao Wang, email: wangzhihaosdu@126.com Keywords: metabolic syndrome, single nucleotide polymorphisms, risk factor, pharmacogenomics, drug treatment Received: September 07, 2016 Accepted: February 27, 2017 Published: March 10, 2017 ABSTRACT The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms rs1053239 and rs2479 of cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector c with the risk of metabolic syndrome and its components, and with the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs was investigated. Totally 1064 subjects with metabolic syndrome and 1099 controls of Chinese Han nationality were recruited. Clinical assessment was conducted with medication records collected at baseline and during 5-year follow-up. Carriers of rs2479 A allele were at higher risk to develop elevated fasting glucose than non-carriers ( P = 0.004). A allele at rs2479 were associated with a 5-year aggravation of blood triglyceride ( P < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure ( P = 0.003), and C allele at rs1053239 with the exacerbation of systolic ( P < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure ( P = 0.001). Moreover, efficacy and cost-effectiveness of angiotensin II-targeted drugs were higher in subjects with rs2479 A allele or rs1053239 C allele. These findings suggest that carriers of rs2479 A allele are predisposed to the development of increased fasting glucose, and the progressive elevation of blood triglyceride. Individuals with A allele at rs2479 or C allele at rs1053239 are more susceptible to a rapid progression of blood pressure, and benefit more from angiotensin II-targeted therapy.

To investigate the nitrogen deposition status in Heilongjiang Liangshui National Nature Reserve, a G78 nitrogen deposition collector was used to monitor dry particulate nitrogen deposition and wet nitrogen deposition during the growing season in 2015, and a bucket was used to monitor bulk nitrogen deposition during non-growing season. The results showed that:①Total nitrogen deposition (wet nitrogen deposition+dry particulate nitrogen deposition during the growing season and bulk deposition during the non-growing season) was 12.93 kg·(hm

Size-dependent melting properties of nanometer-sized Indium particles with size ranging from 25.5 to 68.1 nm were studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry, and a critical size is found between 42.4 and 44.9 nm. The melting points of nanometer-sized Indium particles with size larger than critical size are almost the same as that of bulk indium, while no clear melting point was found for indium particles with size smaller than the critical size. A knee point defined as the average melting point was introduced to characterize the melting of these smaller size particles, and it depresses with decreasing size. The mechanism for size dependent melting of indium particles was discussed. This work shows that spectroscopic ellipsometry is an effective optical tool for characterizing the melting of nanometer-sized metal particles.

In this paper, based on the numerical investigation of singular integrals over narrow strip boundary elements stemming from BEM analysis of thin and slender structures with different numbers of Gauss points, an efficient method is proposed for evaluating the narrow strip singular boundary integrals using an adaptive unequal interval element-subdivision method in the intrinsic parameter plane. In this method, the size of the sub-element closest to the singular point is determined first in terms of the orders of the shape functions along two intrinsic coordinate directions. Then, the sizes of other sub-elements are computed by employing a criterion proposed by Gao and Davies [1] , [2] for evaluating nearly singular integrals in terms of an allowed number of Gauss points and the distance from the source point to the sub-element. The features of the proposed method are that the computational accuracy of various orders of singular integrals is controlled by the upper bound of the error of Gauss quadrature, rather than through artificially giving the size of the sub-elements and number of Gauss points, and because of using the unequal interval element-subdivision method, the number of required sub-elements is not large even for an element with high aspect ratio, usually less than 10 for a plate with aspect ratio of 100:1. A number of numerical examples for plates and shells with different aspect ratios are analyzed for various orders of integrals to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.

In1–xSnx (x = 0.06–0.51) alloy films were deposited on Si substrates by electron beam evaporation and characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. The dielectric functions of the In1–xSnx alloy films were obtained in the energy range from 1.55 to 4.13 eV based on the spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements, and it is believed that a solid–solid phase transitions led to changes in e. The phase diagram of nanometer-sized particles is different from that of the bulk material, and this phenomenon can be explained by the surface stress of the particles. The effects of alloying on the electronic band structure were studied from the perspective of first-principles calculations.

G78 nitrogen deposition collector was used to investigate the background value of local nitrogen deposition flux in Daiyun Mountain National Nature Reserve of Fujian province. The results showed that dry and wet nitrogen deposition of Daiyun Mountain National Nature Reserve was 2.30 kg·hm

Excessive fertilization easily leads to the degradation of greenhouse vegetable fields, therefore rational fertilizations are important to maintain the production and sustainable development of vegetable. In this study, two fertilization treatments (optimized fertilization and conventional fertilization, noted as OF and CF, respectively) under continuous tomato-pepper cropping were arranged to investigate soil physicochemical properties, abundance and trophic groups of nematode and vegetable yield. The results showed that OF could maintain soil pH at the relatively higher level and increase the yield of tomato and pepper by 9.0% and 6.9% compared to CF treatment. In contrast to CF, OF increased nematode quantity and the relative abundance of bacterivores, but decreased the relative abundance of fungivores and plant-parasites, more obviously in the growth season of tomato. No obvious differences in plant parasite index, diversity, and richness were observed between CF and OF treatments across all sampling stages of tomato and pepper. Nematode channel ratio ranged from 0.39 to 0.64 in CF treatment, which was significantly lower than that in OF treatment (0.67-0.84), suggesting that the decomposition of food network was dominated by fungi in CF treatment but by bacteria in OF treatment. Based on soil physicochemical properties, nematode groups and vegetable yield, we concluded that optimized fertilization could not only increase vegetable growth but also improve soil ecological environment.高强度利用下设施蔬菜地的施肥过量问题导致了土壤质量的严重退化,合理施肥是维持蔬菜地生产力和可持续发展的重要措施.本研究比较了常规施肥和优化施肥两种施肥方式下连续种植番茄和辣椒后土壤理化性质、线虫群落及蔬菜产量的差异.结果表明: 优化施肥处理土壤pH显著高于常规施肥处理,且番茄和辣椒产量分别提高了9.0%和6.9%.与常规施肥相比,优化施肥提高了土壤线虫数量和食细菌线虫的相对多度,但降低了食真菌线虫和植食性线虫的相对多度.两季蔬菜种植过程中,不同施肥处理土壤寄生线虫成熟指数、多样性指数和丰富度指数无显著差异.优化施肥土壤线虫通路比值(0.67～0.84)显著高于常规施肥(0.39～0.64),前者土壤食物网的分解途径以细菌为主,而后者则为真菌控制.综合土壤理化性质、线虫数量和群落及蔬菜产量指标,优化施肥措施能够在促进蔬菜生长的同时,显著改善土壤生态环境.

In the present study, the effects of tubeimoside I (TBMS1) on particulate matter

Banana Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC) is a worldwide soil-borne disease that causes serious economic losses every year. Effective ways of preventing the disease are still not available. In this study, biological soil disinfestation (BSD) with incorporation of various organic matters under flooding conditions combined with plastic mulching was applied to suppress FOC and prevent banana Fusarium wilt disease. The biological properties of the soil during the BSD process were investigated using quantitative real-time PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The results showed that the values of soil redox potential significantly decreased by >800 mV in the treatments that incorporated rice straw and bagasse under flooding conditions compared with untreated soil. The lowest soil pH (5.36) and a significant decline in the FOC population to 2.79 % of untreated soil were obtained in flooded soil with the highest amount of rice straw. Incorporation of bagasse, pig manure, and lime also significantly decreased the populations of FOC, but were less effective than rice straw. Application of rice straw under flooding conditions significantly increased soil bacterial diversity, and the increased bacteria were considered to have an antagonistic effect on FOC. In 2013 field experiment, a wilt disease control efficiency of 82.3 % was obtained in flooded soil incorporated with 0.5 % (w/w) rice straw compared with untreated soil, and the control efficiency of BSD was further confirmed in 2014 field experiment. These results indicated that BSD can reduce FOC populations in soil, ameliorate soil microbial communities, and reduce the occurrence of banana Fusarium wilt disease.

In order to make on-line monitoring on the temperature of high voltage switch circuit breakerand find outthermal fault in time. This paper puts forward a new method with radio frequency and magnetic saturation power supply technology to make on-line monitoring on the temperature of high voltage switch circuit breaker, it designs the high voltage switch circuit breaker contact temperature online monitoring device. The device mainly includes monolithic temperature collector and data receiver, they transmit data wirelessly, and this makes high temperature monitoring terminal and the data receiving terminal completely electrical isolated. Integrated temperature collector doesn’t need external power supply, it uses small CT saturation technology for continuous power. The experiment shows that the temperature error is ±2°C, it can meet online temperature monitoring requirements of high voltage switch circuit breaker contact.

Amphiphilic graft copolymers were prepared from β-conglycinin-dextran conjugates hydrolyzed by trypsin at a degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 2.2%. Nanoparticles were prepared from β-conglycinin, β-conglycinin-dextran conjugates (CDC), and amphiphilic hydrolysates of β-conglycinin-dextran conjugates at DH 2.2% (CDCH) by a desolvation method. All of the nanoparticle samples exhibited spherical structures, as evidenced by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering. The nanoparticles prepared from amphiphilic hydrolysates of β-conglycinin-dextran conjugates at DH 2.2% (CDCHN) exhibited higher interfacial pressure and dilatational modulus after long-term absorption at the oil-water interface compared with nanoparticles prepared from β-conglycinin (CN) and β-conglycinin-dextran conjugates (CDCN). This might be mainly associated with the higher surface hydrophobicity of CDCHN, which enhanced adsorption and intermolecular interactions of nanoparticles in the adsorbed layer.

A novel soy protein isolate (SPI) designed to be used in infant formulas was created using alcohol-bleached soy protein concentrate (SPC). This base was processed using jet cooking (JC) and enzyme-assisted ultrafiltration (UF) to improve the quality and safety of the protein. The results indicate that the nitrogen solubility index of the SPC can be greatly improved using a JC treatment at 130 °C, which increased from 8.8% to 85.4%. This process also increased the molecular weight of the SPC and improved the soluble aggregate protein yield. Enzyme-assisted ultrafiltration reduced the phytic acid content of the products from 20.59 mg/g (SPC) to 10.11 mg/g using only the phytase and to 5.80 mg/g using a composite treatment of phytase and acid phosphatase. The results indicate using a UF membrane with the MWCO of 80 kDa improved separation efficiency and reduced membrane fouling, which produced a product that was more suitable for use in infant formulas. Furthermore, the total isoflavones in the soy protein product were decreased to 70.0 mg/kg. The SPI product obtained from this process has potential application in infant formulas due to its improved solubility and the lower content of anti-nutritional factors.

With more and more electronic products used in daily life, as well as people attach great importance to our survival environment, people are more and more concerned about electromagnetic leakage pollution generated from electronic products. So the study of electromagnetic leakage detector that can rapidly and accurately detect the electromagnetic leakage in electronic products is significant. In this paper, we design a fast and effective 3-D electromagnetic leakage detector, which using three hollow induction coils which are mutually vertical between each other to obtain the intensity of electromagnetic field. With this instrument, the intensity in three directions can be tested at the same time. Tests revealed that electromagnetic leakage detector can easily measure the 3-D intensity of electromagnetic leakage generated from low frequency electronic products. It provides an important basis for inspection department to detect electromagnetic leakage in electronic products.

The Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) signal is widely used because of its good concealment and anti-jamming performance. The Compressive Sensing (CS) theory reduced the sampling rate of the DSSS signal effectively compared with the traditional Nyquist-rate sampling theory. While in the process of CS sampling the sensing matrix and the sparse basis generally have a strong correlation when the DSSS signal is decomposed with a complete dictionary. This paper presents a novel orthogonal pretreatment method with which the incoherence between sensing matrix and sparse basis can be improved. As a result, the reconstructed signal is more accurate. Simulation results demonstrate that this method is effective and efficient.

Five new sesquiterpenoids Nardosinanone A–E (1–5), were isolated from the extract of Nardostachys chinensis, and their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis. Compound 1 featured a nardosinane sesquiterpenoid with an unusual tricyclic skeleton. Compounds 2–4 were new nardosinane sesquiterpenoids bearing a rare 10,11-epoxy group. The absolute configurations were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, ECD calculation method, the CD analysis of the in situ formed [Rh2(OCOCF3)4] complex, and the CD data analysis based on the octane rule of cyclohexanone.

Summary The effects of pepsin hydrolysis on the β-conglycinin aggregates formed by heat treatment at different pH were investigated. Results showed that fibrils were still observed, whereas the random aggregates were easily to be digested in the simulated gastric fluid. Electrophoresis and molecular weight analysis indicated that large aggregates still existed after pepsin treatment for fibrils. Hydrolysis resulted in changes in the apparent viscosity (ηapp) of 6% fibril solutions. The ηapp at the shear rate range (0–30 s−1) increased in the order of fibrils

In the present study, the effects of tubeimoside I (TBMS1) on particulate matter

Summary This work focused on the effect of glycosylation on the gelation ability of β-conglycinin induced by microbial transglutaminase (MTGase). Rheological results indicated that the gels of β-conglycinin-dextran conjugate products exhibited higher G′ value (172.2 ± 8.6 Pa) compared with those of dry-heated β-conglycinin (75.2 ± 5.1 Pa), β-conglycinin (53.3 ± 4.0 Pa) and β-conglycinin-dextran mixture (38.6 ± 2.6 Pa) after 4 h incubation with MTGase. The gels prepared from β-conglycinin-dextran conjugate products had higher hardness, fracturability, springiness and cohesiveness values determined by textural profile analysis. The turbidity of β-conglycinin-dextran conjugate products solution incubated with MTGase increased faster than those of the other three protein samples. The conjugated dextran in β-conglycinin-dextran conjugate products could inhibit extensive protein–protein interactions which might result in the formation of more ordered and stronger gel network structures during MTGase cross-linking process. A compact and homogeneous gel networks in β-conglycinin-dextran conjugate products gels were also observed by scanning electron microscopy.

Subsoiling, as an important mode of conservation tillage, can break plowpan and increase permeability and water retention ability of soil which increase the crop yield. Subsoiler, as a key component of subsoiling, significantly effects on the tillage resistance. Reduction of working resistance of subsoiler can decrease output power of tractor and then further reduce the cost of subsoiling operation. The existing subsoilers have problem of overlarge subsoiling resistance. The conventional methods to resolve such problem include optimal design of the structural parameters of subsoiler and application of oscillation subsoiling device, but those methods not only make the structure of subsoiler more complex, but also increase the cost of agricultural production. Based on biomimetics principles, the upper surface outline of the claw of the house mouse (mus musculus), which has exponential function curve feature, was applied to the structural design of cutting soil edge of subsoiler shaft. Accordingly, the bionic subsoiler which has exponential function curve feature was designed and manufactured. The comparative experiments were conducted using the two types of subsoilers which have exponential function curve shape and parabola type in tillage depth at 300mm and 350mm with the forward velocitys of 0.5m/s and 1.0m/s in the indoor soil bin. The horizontal tillage resistances of the two types of subsoilers were measured using remote-measuring system of agricultural machinery dynamic parameters under different experimental conditions. The results showed that the horizontal tillage resistances increased with the increase of tillage depth and forward velocity. The horizontal tillage resistances of bionic anti-drag subsoiler (BAS) were obviously less than those of parabola type subsoiler (PTS) under same experimental conditions and the reduction was in the range of 8.5-38.2%. It indicated that the cutting soil edge of shaft with exponential function curve structure has remarkable anti-drag property. The simulations of tillage processes of the two types of subsoilers were conducted using discrete element method (DEM), the stress fields and velocity fields were obtained under different simulation conditions. The results showed that the directions of stress fields and velocity fields of the two types of subsoilers have forward and upward variation trend, but the directionality of contact stress of PTS was nonuniform compared with BAS, and such results lead to an increase in soil disturbance. The intensities of stress field and velocity field of BAS were obviously less than those of PTS under same experimental conditions, The results of simulation were consistent with the results of tillage experiments, indicating that the bionic subsoiler with exponential function curve feature has significant anti-drag property. The exponential function curve can be applied to the structural design of cutting soil edge of subsoiler aiming to reduce tillage resistance.

Summary Soy protein isolate (SPI)–maltodextrin (MD) conjugates were synthesised using Maillard reaction under high-temperature (90, 115 and 140 °C), short-time (2 h) dry-heating conditions. The loss of free amino groups in proteins and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) profile confirmed that SPI-MD conjugates were formed and higher dry-heated temperatures could increase the glycosylation degree. The emulsifying properties of SPI and SPI-MD conjugates were evaluated in oil-in-water emulsions. The emulsions stabilised with SPI-MD conjugates synthesised at 140 °C exhibited higher emulsifying stability and excellent storage stability against pH, ionic strength and thermal treatment compared with those synthesised at 90 °C, 115 °C and SPI stabilised emulsions. This might be due to a greater proportion of conjugated MD in SPI-MD conjugates synthesised at 140 °C because of the higher glycosylation degree, and more conjugated MD on the droplet surface could provide steric effect and enhance the stability of the droplets in the emulsions.

Seven new sesquiterpenes (1–7) as well as two known sesquiterpenes (8–9) were isolated from the underground parts of Nardostachys chinensis. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data (NMR, MS) analyses. The absolute configurations were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, the modified Mosher's method, Snatzke's method, and the CD analysis of the in situ formed [Rh2(OCOCF3)4] complex.

With the rapid development of computer science, image processing, and pattern recognition, people are paying more and more attention on research and application of machine vision, which has resulted in excellent results in many fields. Depending on the features of untouched, fast-speed, real-time, proper precision, anti-interference, the inspection technology based on machine vision has been researched deeply and comprehensive applied aboard. Recently, the size measurement technology based on machine vision has been applied in the size measurement of the machine processing parts. A case study of typical regular mechanical parts, algorithm of position and size measurement of line, circle center and radius are researched, and good results are got, which established an academic foundation for further measurement of complex parts.

In order to measure the magnetic field around electronic products, household appliances and industrial electrical equipment, this paper puts forward a new method which makes use of electromagnetic coupling design based on three-axis electromagnetic leakage. This method can overcome the disadvantage of traditional single-axis measurement which needs to get the total magnetic field after several times’ measurement. This paper designs three-axis electromagnetic leakage detector for circuit measurement, which is proved to be correct after circuit measurement experiment. It can easily detect 30-2K Hz leakage magnetic field of low frequency generated from electrical appliances products.Introduction.

A novel emulsifier was prepared by conjugating soy β-conglycinin and dextran (MW 67 kDa) under dry-heated Maillard reaction followed by trypsin hydrolysis with the degree of hydrolysis (DH) at 2.2% and 6.5%. The emulsifying properties of β-conglycinin, β-conglycinin–dextran conjugates and hydrolysates of β-conglycinin–dextran conjugates (DH 2.2% and DH 6.5%) were investigated using zeta-potential, droplet size and creaming index of the emulsions. The results showed that hydrolysates of β-conglycinin–dextran conjugates (DH 2.2%) were capable of forming a fine emulsion (d43 = 0.62 ± 0.04 μm, pH 7.0) which remained stable during 4 weeks of storage. A variety of physicochemical and interfacial properties of β-conglycinin, β-conglycinin–dextran conjugates and hydrolysates of β-conglycinin–dextran conjugates were investigated. Hydrolysates of β-conglycinin–dextran conjugates (DH 2.2%) had a much higher fraction of protein adsorption (Fads) and a significantly lower saturation surface load (Γsat) compared with β-conglycinin, β-conglycinin–dextran conjugates and hydrolysates of β-conglycinin–dextran conjugates (DH 6.5%). This might be due to its higher molecular flexibility, which benefited the adsorption and unfolding of peptide molecules at the droplet interface. These might explain its markedly improved emulsifying capability. The conjugation of β-conglycinin and dextran effectively enhanced the hydrophilicity of the oil droplets surfaces and improved the steric repulsion between the oil droplets. Therefore the emulsions were still stable after 4 weeks of storage against pH, ionic strength and thermal treatment. This study demonstrated that controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of protein–polysaccharide conjugates could be an effective method for preparing favourable emulsifiers.

Soybean oil bodies and oleosins are known to be useful in foods and other emulsion systems. The influence of NaCl addition (0–500 mM), thermal processing (30, 60, 90 and 120 °C, 30 min), and freeze-thaw cycling (−20 °C, 24 h/30 °C, 2 h) on the stability of uncoated and ι-carrageenan coated soybean oil body emulsions at pH 3 and 7 was analyzed using particle electrical charge, particle size distribution, creaming stability and confocal laser scanning microscopy measurements. The stability of the uncoated emulsions to NaCl addition depended on pH, which was attributed to electrostatic screening effects. For NaCl, the uncoated emulsions were relatively stable from 0 to 150 mM at pH 3, but aggregated at ≥ 50 mM at pH 7; however, the ι-carrageenan coated emulsions at pH 3 and 7 were stable at all NaCl concentrations. The thermal stability of uncoated and ι-carrageenan coated emulsions may be relative to pH and holding temperature. Both uncoated and ι-carrageenan coated emulsions were stable at pH 7, whereas the uncoated emulsions at pH 3 became unstable when heated above 90 °C, but the ι-carrageenan coated emulsion droplets at pH 3 only extensively coalesced at 120 °C. The ι-carrageenan coated emulsions at pH 3 and 7 exhibited little droplet aggregation after three freeze-thaw cycles in the presence of sucrose. These results suggest that ι-carrageenan coated soybean oil body emulsions have similar or improved stability compared to uncoated emulsions and may be utilized as functional soy products in the food and other industries.