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Soil moisture is essential for plant growth in terrestrial ecosystems. This study investigated the visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR) spectra of three subgroups of purple soils (calcareous, neutral, and acidic) from western Chongqing, China, containing different water contents. The relationship between soil moisture and spectral reflectivity (R) was analyzed using four spectral transformations, and estimation models were established for estimating the soil moisture content (SMC) of purple soil based on stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR). We found that soil spectra were similar for different moisture contents, with reflectivity decreasing with increasing moisture content and following the order neutral > calcareous > acidic purple soil (at constant moisture content). Three of the four spectral transformations can highlight spectral sensitivity to SMC and significantly improve the correlation between the reflectance spectra and SMC. SMLR and PLSR methods provide similar prediction accuracy. The PLSR-based model using a first-order reflectivity differential (R’) is more effective for estimating the SMC, and gave coefficient of determination root mean square errors of validation (RMSEV), and ratio of performance to inter-quartile distance (RPIQ) values of 0.946, 1.347, and 6.328, respectively, for the calcareous purple soil, and 0.944, 1.818, and 6.569, respectively, for the acidic purple soil. For neutral purple soil, the best prediction was obtained using the SMLR method with R’ transformation, yielding R2v, RMSEV and RPIQ values of 0.973, 0.888 and 8.791, respectively. In general, PLSR is more suitable than SMLR for estimating the SMC of purple soil.

This study aimed to evaluate the antiglycation ability of Elaeagnus angustifolia flower extract and to elucidate the mechanism with its major compound. The results indicated that E. angustifolia flower extract and its major compound tiliroside (24.2 mg/g of extract) exhibited excellent antiglycation ability with inhibition rates of 92.1 and 78.9% at 37.5 μg/mL, which are much higher than that of aminoguanidine (55.3% at 37.5 μg/mL). The stable tiliroside-ovalbumin (OVA) complexes were formed through a spontaneous exothermic progress in an equimolar manner, and hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bond, and van der Waals forces were the major driving forces. Tiliroside could significantly ameliorate the conformation changes of OVA induced by the glycation reaction, quench its fluorescence by a static mechanism, and change the microenvironment adjacent to tryptophan and tyrosine. Molecular docking revealed that tiliroside inserted into the OVA hydrophobic pocket resulted in the formation of five hydrogen bonds. Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry showed that tiliroside significantly suppressed the glycation of OVA, and the number of glycation sites was reduced from 9 to 5 after tiliroside was added. The above results indicated that E. angustifolia flowers and tiliroside have a good antiglycation effect and can be used as food additives to suppress the undesired glycation reaction during food processing.

A series of Fe/MgO catalysts with well-defined exposed crystal planes were synthesized by impregnation, deposition-precipitation and ultrasonic impregnation methods. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, CO2 temperature-programmed desorption, H2 temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray spectroscopy and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. The characterization results indicate that the basicity of MgO supports strongly affect the catalytic performance of iron-based catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. It is found that the strong basicity sites of MgO supports remain during the ultrasonic impregnation process. The intrinsic basicity of Fe/MgO catalysts enhances dissociative CO adsorption and promotes the olefin selectivity. In addition, the catalyst of iron particles on the (111) crystal planes of MgO nanosheets presents higher TOF value and olefins selectivity than that of the catalyst using the (100) crystal planes of MgO nanocubes as a support. The effect of basic properties of MgO nanocrystals facilitates CO chemisorption, suppressing H2 adsorption and olefin desorption on the corresponding Fe/MgO catalysts.

Parvalbumin (PV) is one of the major allergens in fish. The aim of our present work was to research the influence mechanism of glycation with different reducing sugars (glucose, fructose, ribose, lactose, and galactose) on the immunoglobulin E (IgE) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding capacity and structure changes of PV in Alaska Pollock. PV glycated with glucose or fructose (PV-Glu/ PV-Fru) exhibited the higher IgE/IgG binding capacities than that of ribose, galactose, or lactose. During glycation, the lysine (Lyr), tyrosine (Tyr), and phenylalanine (Phe) of PV were gradually embed into core area of three-dimensional structure of protein, which reflected in the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum and fluorescence spectra. Moreover, the increase of surface hydrophobicity had confirmed the conformation alteration of glycated PV. These results suggest that there is a specific association among the change of PV in glycation and in potential allergenicity. The types and conformation of reducing sugar greatly influenced the IgE/IgG binding capacity of PV, and glycation with ribose and galactose was a promising approach for reducing the IgE/IgG binding capacity of PV from Alaska Pollock. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Parvalbumin (PV), the major allergen of fish, it can not only maintain the physiological activity of cells, but also cross react with human amyloid protein to alleviate Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's syndrome. This study revealed that the IgE/IgG binding capacity and structural changes of PV from Alaska Pollock modified by glycation with different reducing sugars. This will help us to understand the sensitization and structural change of the glycated products after the reaction of PV with different reducing sugars. It provides an effective carbonyl source for the preparation of low antigenicity PV based on glycation and lays a foundation for glycation modification of other food allergens.

This study aimed to evaluate the antiglycation ability of

Uniform ZSM-5 nanoparticles (around 180 nm) were synthesized by steam assisted crystallization method (SAC), which have a hierarchically porous structure, composed of abundant open mesopores from the stacking of ZSM-5 particles and micropores in the ZSM-5 crystallites. The hierarchical ZSM-5 supported cobalt catalyst, with a cobalt loading of 15%, was then prepared through incipient impregnation and used in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS). The hierarchical ZSM-5 support and Co-based catalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and N 2 sorption. The results indicate that the hierarchical ZSM-5 supported cobalt catalyst performs excellently in FTS, since the mesoporous structure in the hierarchical ZSM-5 support can enhance the mass transfer of the reaction products and the acid sites on the microporous ZSM-5 framework can promote the hydrocracking of long chain hydrocarbon products. In comparison with the cobalt catalysts supported on bulk ZSM-5 and commercial ZSM-5, the hierarchical ZSM-5 supported cobalt catalyst exhibits much higher activity in FTS, lower selectivity to CH 4 , and higher selectivity to C 5–20 hydrocarbons (68.9%).

SBA-16 molecular sieve was synthesized by soft template method and modified with ammonia under high temperature to obtain the nitrogen-incorporated SBA-16 (SBA-16-N); with SBA-16 and SBA-16-N as the supports, nickel based catalysts (Ni/SBA-16 and Ni/SBA-16-N) were prepared by the incipient impregnation method. The related supports and Ni-based catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nitrogen physisorption, carbon dioxide temperature programmed desorption, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis; the catalytic performance of Ni/SBA-16 and Ni/SBA-16-N in the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide was comparatively investigated under 500–800°C. The results indicate that after the nitriding modification, the Ni/SBA-16-N catalyst exhibits much higher activity in methane reforming with CO2 and higher selectivity to syngas than the Ni/SBA-16 catalyst without nitridation treatment. During the nitriding modification at high temperature, O atoms in the SBA-16 skeleton are partially replaced by N atoms, which can strengthen the support basicity and the interaction between the support and the nickel nanoparticles. All these may promote the dispersion of nickel nanoparticles on SBA-16-N and the adsorption of CO2 on Ni/SBA-16-N, leading to the improvement of the activity and stability of the Ni/SBA-16-N catalysts in methane reforming with carbon dioxide.

Chitosan-stabilised metallic Pd (CTS-Pd) and Pt (CTS-Pt) nanoparticles were synthesised and used for the hydrogenation of palm oil. With the goal of preparing hydrogenated oil with low trans fatty acid (TFA) content under ambient conditions, Fe anion was added as the secondary metallic precursor to synthesise chitosan-stabilised bimetallic Pd–Fe (CTS-Pd–Fe) and Pt–Fe (CTS-Pt–Fe) nanoparticles. The catalytic hydrogenations with newly prepared nanoparticles were performed in aqueous solution under ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. The addition of Fe was found to improve the catalytic activity and decrease the selectivity for TFA. Hydrogenation with CTS-Pt–Fe affords the optimal results, producing 3.8% TFA at 92.1% conversion of C18:2 and no TFA was formed until the content of C18:2 was lower than 1.7%. Based on the analyses, it can be demonstrated that the preferential conversion of C18:2 to cis C18:1 and cis C18:1 to C18:0 leads to the low formation of TFA.

Ginger and garlic have long been used in Asian countries to enhance the flavor and to neutralize any unpleasant odors present in fish soup. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change in the amount of volatile components present in fish soup compared to boiled water solutions of ginger and garlic. The fish soup was prepared by boiling oil-fried grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) with or without ginger and/or garlic. Generally, boiling garlic and ginger in water led to a decrease in the amount of the principal volatile constituents of these spices, together with the formation of some new volatiles such as pentanal, hexanal, and nonanal. The results showed that 16 terpenes present in raw ginger, predominantly camphene, β-phellandrene, β-citral, α-zingiberene, and (E)-neral, were detected in fish soup with added ginger and thus remained in the solution even after boiling. Similarly, 2-propen-1-ol and three sulfur compounds (allyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, and diallyl trisulfide) present in raw garlic, were present in trace amounts in the boiled garlic solution, but were present in considerably larger amounts in the boiled fish solution with garlic or garlic plus ginger. In conclusion, the effect of adding spices on the volatile profile of grass carp soup can be attributed to the dissolution of flavor volatiles mainly derived from raw spices into the solution, with few additional volatiles being formed during boiling. In addition, boiling previously fried grass carp with spices led to enhanced volatile levels compared to boiled spice solutions.

Dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) pretreatment and glycation with lactose were employed to modify α-Lactalbumin (α-LA) with respect to the IgE/IgG binding capacities. No significant difference on incorporation ratio value of glycated α-LA was observed with and without DHPM pretreatment. However, IgE/IgG binding capacities of α-LA were decreased after glycation and DHPM pretreatment promoted the reduction. The lowest IgE/IgG binding capacities of glycated α-LA were obtained by DHPM pretreatment at 110 MPa. Native α-LA was mainly glycated at K62, K94, K98, whereas glycation sites and degree of substitution per peptide (DSP) were added after DHPM treatment. Therefore, the reduced IgE/IgG binding capacities of α-LA was attributed to the characteristics of glycated sites, including the amount, location, and DSP values. Interestingly, K98 played the most important role in decreasing IgE/IgG binding capacities of α-LA. The study revealed that glycation combined with DHPM was a promising way to decrease the allergenicity of proteins.

Utilization of nonprecious transition metals for high alcohols synthesis is of a great importance in heterogeneous catalysis. We synthesized successfully cobalt metal-carbide (Co–Co2C) catalysts, which present remarkable activity and selectivity for high alpha-alcohols via the Fischer–Tropsch reaction. The formation of the stable cobalt carbide and the Co–Co2C interface are found to be essential for the observed reactivity. Density functional theory calculations show that Co2C is highly efficient for CO nondissociative adsorption, behaving as noble-metal-like, whereas the Co metal is highly active for CO dissociative adsorption and the subsequent carbon-chain growth. The interface between the cobalt metal and its carbide phase, as well as the dual sites available at the interface for facile CO insertion to hydrocarbon, could be used to rationalize the design of the nonprecious transition metal catalysts for the oxygenates in syngas conversion.

A leaching experiment was launched on silver ore whose silver content is 101.6g/t in Yunnan province, China. Technological mineralogy research of the ore indicates that the content of carbon which is bad for leaching is 2.23%. Leachable silver minerals mainly are oxidized silver, elemental silver and silver sulfide. And the theory leaching ratio of the silver ore is 67.43%. When the content of-74um is 75%; dosage of sodium cyanide is 4.5kg/t; dosage of lime is 0.5kg/t; velocity of agitation is 400r/min; leaching time is 24h, a best indicator which leaching ratio is 70.47% can be obtained. Meanwhile, silver in lixivium is 20.42mg/L.

This paper discusses the progress of lead-zinc mineral processing technology and flotation reagents of China, and proposes that optimize technological process and develop new reagents are the main directions.

The catalytic properties of MgO(111) nanosheet-supported Ni were investigated for the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide with the emphasis on the effect of nickel loadings. The catalytic activity and stability increased with increasing Ni loadings from 2% to 10%, while a further increase in the Ni loading from 10% to 20% led to a negative result. The TEM, XRD, H2-TPD, TG and Raman characterization results show that the deactivation behavior of Ni/MgO(111) depends on the amount of Ni, while the Ni particle size increased with increasing Ni loadings. The deactivation of the sample with 2% of Ni was probably caused by the Ni oxidation, whereas that of the catalyst with higher content of Ni was due to the deposition of carbonaceous materials.

In order to provide essential information for enterprises to exploit the iron ore of Yunnan province in China, properties of the ore were analyzed. Experiments of the best grinding fineness analysis and magnetic separation current were conducted. The result show that the ore is martite; when the grinding fineness content below 74um is 95%, and magnetic separation current is 10A (0.8T), iron concentrate with a grade of 65.40% and a recovery of 90.49% can be obtained. Sulfur and phosphorus content in the iron concentrate is 0.057% and 0.011%, respectively.

Beijing is now facing the intense water shortage problem. Evaluation of regional water resources capacity provides a scientific basis for further water resources utilization and social economic sustainable development. This study mainly focused on assessing the water resource carrying capacity in Beijing during the period from 1980 to 2011. The results indicated that the domestic and environmental water resource ecological footprint showed increasing trend, whereas agricultural and industrial water resource ecological footprint showed decreasing trend. The total water resource ecological footprint increased from 6.5×106 hm2 in 2011 to 6.8×106 hm2 in 2015 and 9.1×106 hm2 in 2020, respectively. Even taking the South-to North water transfer project, the water supply still not meet the serious water demand in Beijing with 10×108 hm3 of water shortage in 2020. Moreover, policies for reducing the water resource ecological footprint and increasing the water resource carrying capacity were put forward.

China has been experienced rapid economic growth and population rate, leading to increasing water demands. Water resource is one of the most important factors limiting economic growth, which has been a hot topic among governments and international organizations. This study took Beijing city of China for an example to assess water carrying capacity (WRCC) based on the historical data from 2001 to 2010. Population size, economic scale and ecological environment were selected as main indices; the water carrying index, current WRCC in Beijing city and its dynamic tendency were evaluated. The results showed that the utilization of domestic water and ecological water accounted for the larger proportion. In addition water resources previously used for agriculture and industry systems tended to transfer to urban system due to rapid urbanization. This paper indicated that rational policies and measures should be established and implemented to make sure efficient water utilization in Beijing city.

Hantaan viruses cause two severe diseases lacking efficient treatment, yet no effective prophylactic vaccines are available. Continued exploration of alternative antiviral agents to treat hantavirus-related syndromes remains compulsory. The fluorescence-based quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) has become the touchstone for target gene quantification. In the present study, standard curves for Hantaan virus (HTNV), mouse, and human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were generated by serial 10-fold dilutions of the constructed recombinant plasmid pGEM-T/HTNV, pGEM-T/mouse-GAPDH, and pGEM-T/human-GAPDH, respectively. Comparisons between the indirect immunofluorescence assay and qPCR assay in the detection of HTNV-infected Vero E6 cells showed improved detection limit and sensitivity of latter method. To characterize the inhibitory effect of several conventional antivirals (arbidol and ribavirin) and unconventional antivirals (indomethacin and curcumin) on HTNV, the levels of viral RNAs were measured for 4 days post-treatment of HTNV-infected Vero E6 cells and 18 days post-inoculation of HTNV-infected suckling mice. Our results validated that HTNV was sensitive to ribavirin and arbidol treatment, while indomethacin and curcumin may also be therapeutically effective in treating HTNV infection. As a result, the establishment and application of qPCR may be a useful tool for the evaluation of potential antivirals for Hantaan virus infection in vitro and in vivo.

To study whether epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea-derived polyphenol, exerted anti-influenza A virus activity in vitro and in vivo.Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were tested. The antiviral activity of EGCG in the cells was determined using hemagglutination assay and qPCR. Time of addition assay was performed to determine the kinetics of inhibition of influenza A by EGCG. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined with confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. BALB/c mice were treated with EGCG (10, 20 or 40 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), po) for 5 d. On the 3rd d of the treatment, the mice were infected with influenza A virus. Histopathological changes, lung index and virus titers in the lungs were determined.Treatment of influenza A-infected MDCK cells with EGCG (1.25-100 nmol/L) inhibited influenza A replication in a concentration-dependent manner (the ED(50) value was 8.71±1.11 nmol/L). Treatment with EGCG (20 nmol/L) significantly suppressed the increased ROS level in MDCK cells following influenza A infection. In BALB/c mice infected with influenza virus, oral administration of EGCG (40 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) dramatically improved the survival rate, decreased the mean virus yields and mitigated viral pneumonia in the lungs, which was equivalent to oral administration of oseltamivir (40 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)), a positive control drug.The results provide a molecular basis for development of EGCG as a novel and safe chemopreventive agent for influenza A infection.

To characterize hantaviruses currently circulating in the hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) epidemic area of Hubei Province, rodents were captured and serum samples were collected from several HFRS patients. The partial S segment of the hantaviruses amplified from two serum samples had a high degree of sequence identity to the corresponding hantavirus strain isolated from Apodemus agrarius (designated as HV004). The complete S, M, and L segment sequences of HV004 were determined. The sequence identities between strain HV004 and other Hantaan viruses (HTNVs) were 83 %-90 % at the nucleotide level and 95 %-99 % at the amino acid level. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HV004 belonged to a new HTNV lineage. These data suggest the presence of a new HTNV subtype, which probably caused the HFRS cases in the endemic area of Hubei Province.

Hantaan virus (HTNV) and Seoul virus (SEOV) are two major zoonotic pathogens of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Asia. Hubei province, which is located in the central-south China, had been one of the most severe epidemic areas of HFRS. To investigate phylogenetic relationships, genetic diversity and geographic distribution of HTNV and SEOV in their reservoir hosts, a total of 687 rodents were trapped in this area between 2000 and 2009. Sequences of partial S- and M-segments of hantaviruses and mitochondrial D-loop gene from 30 positive samples were determined. Our data indicated that SEOV and HTNV were co-circulating in Hubei. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial S- and M-segment sequences revealed two and three previously undefined lineages of SEOV, and a novel genetic lineage of HTNV, respectively. Four inter-lineage reassortment SEOVs carried by Rattus norvegicus and Apodemus agrarius were observed. It suggests that SEOV may cause spillover infections to A. agrarius naturally. The abundance of the phylogenetic lineages of SEOV suggested that central-south China was a radiation center for SEOVs.

Nickel nanoparticles were synthesized from liquid precursor via H-plasma reduction route. XRD patterns revealed that pure metallic nickel powders could be obtained when nickel ammine complex aqueous solution was used as precursor. FESEM showed that the products are composed of well-dispersed nanospheres with an average diameter less than 100 nm. The tap density is about 3.85g/cm3, and the sheet resistance of the conductive film prepared using the nickel particles is about 58mΩ.

Silica nanotubes (SNTs) were synthesized with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the template and used as the support to prepare ruthenium-based catalyst by slurry impregnation method. The catalyst was characterized by N2 physisorption, XRD, H2-TPR and TEM; its performance in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor at 503 K and 1.0 MPa and compared with that of SiO2-supported ruthenium catalyst (Ru/SiO2). The results indicated that ruthenium oxides can be completely reduced at 623 K by H2. For the SNT-supported ruthenium catalyst (Ru/SNT), the ruthenium particles are mainly located inside the nanotubes and are still well dispersed on SNTs after H2 reduction. Compared with Ru/SiO2, the Ru/SNT catalyst exhibits higher activity in FTS because of the higher dispersion of ruthenium particles in SNTs.

Objectives: Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by premature platelet destruction induced by autoantibodies directed against platelet glycoproteins (GPs). Despite being a clinically important disorder, ITP lacks a feasible diagnostic assay for routine clinical use. This study was meant to evaluate a newly developed flow cytometric immunobead assay for determination of platelet-bound GP-specific autoantibodies in comparison with indirect monoclonal antibody-specific immobilization of platelet antigen (MAIPA) in the diagnosis of ITP. Methods: Platelet-bound and plasma GPIIb/IIIa and GPIb/IX autoantibodies were determined by flow cytometric immunobead assay and indirect modified MAIPA, respectively. The average fluorescence level for platelet-bound, GP-specific autoantibodies was given as a ratio to three normal controls tested simultaneously. Results: The median value of platelet-bound GPIIb/IIIa and GPIb/IX autoantibodies in ITP group were 3.09 (range 0.78, 30.2) and 3.09 (range 0.72, 19.2), respectively, which were significantly higher than non-ITP group [1.01 (0.67, 5.59) and 1.01 (0.79, 5.56), respectively, P

Mesoporous (MSU) Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 mixed oxide with a high specific surface area has been synthesized under weak acidic condition in the presence of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate. The effect of the pH value on the formation of mesostructure and the thermal stability of the material has been evaluated. The products were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements. The results showed that the as-prepared Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 mixed oxide possessed a specific surface area of 163.3 m2·g−1, which had a cubic fluorite-type structure and possessed specific surface areas of 148.4 and 62.4 m2·g−1 after calcination at 500 and 800 °C for 2 h, respectively. The material showed excellent thermal stability.

GPS Time Transfer is a perfect combination of the advantages of GPS atomic clock group and the receiver crystal oscillator. But is now mostly just used code pseudorange observation equation solving user clock offset in GPS timing receiver, while ignoring the impact of the receiver clock drift. In order to improve the GPS receiver Timing precision, the single satellite timing method is discussed, and the extended Kalman filter algorithm is used to estimate and predict the clock offset and clock drift. The receiver clock model is constructed by the clock offset and clock drift. The clock offset and clock drift have integral relationship, and often used as Kalman filter state variables. The white noise spectral amplitudes of clock offset noise and clock drift noise can be related to the classical Allan variance parameters Based on relationship between Allan Variances and Power spectral density Parameters. The pseudorange-rate equation is derived according to pseudorange observation equation. The error source is analyzed and quantified with respect to the pseudorange and the pseudorange-rate. The EKF method is tested and verified based on IGS data, and the timing precision of the GPS single satellite can be improved through this method.

The effect of frying on fatty acid profile, free amino acids and volatile compounds of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fillets was investigated by comparing two frying time points (2 and 4 min). Although frying decreased overall fatty acid content with different degree of degradation between the two frying time points, the content of C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 was significantly increased (P

Fish has long been considered as an available source of high-quality protein in human diet. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) soup, produced with a traditional Chinese method, is one of the most favorite Chinese foods due to its pleasant smell and favorable test. Volatiles in grass carp soup produced with the method were investigated in this study. The volatiles were extracted with simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) and analyzed by GC–MS. SDE was more efficient than SPME in extracting volatiles from grass carp soup. Combination the two methods, a total of 113 compounds, including 20 aldehydes, 8 ketones, 30 terpenes, 2 pyrazines, 6 sulfur compounds, 4 acids, 4 esters and 15 other compounds, were identified. Terpenes and aldehydes were the main volatile compounds in grass carp soup. Terpenes and aldehydes together with other kind of volatiles endow the grass carp soup with the favorite flavor. Practical Applications Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), one of the “four major Chinese carps,” is one of the most important freshwater fish species in China and the world. Boiling with water, garlic and ginger after pan frying with oil is the most common traditional Chinese method to process grass carp. This study first revealed the volatile compounds in grass carp soup prepared by this method with GC–MS combined with AMDIS and LRT. The results are useful to help to understand the flavor smell of fish products, develop fish products and food additives with the traditional Chinese cooking method and promote the application of grass carp even freshwater fish in food industry.

To investigate the infection and genotype of hantaviruses in rodents from Wuhan area, Hubei province.Rodents were trapped in fields and residential areas of Xinzhou and Jiangxia districts of Wuhan in autumn and winter seasons, from 2000 to 2003 and from 2009 to 2011. Trapped rodents were identified, and hantavirus antigens were detected in the lung tissues with indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Partial S segment sequences were amplified with RT-PCR in hantavirus antigen positive samples and then sequenced. Phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze the genetic characteristics of hantaviruses.From 2000 to 2003, 437 rodents were trapped, with 24 (5.49%) lung tissues showed hantavirus antigen positive. From 2009 to 2011, 173 rodents were trapped and 7 (4.05%) were hantavirus antigen positive. Rattus norvegicus were the dominant species of rodents. Partial S segment sequences were amplified from 22 samples with Hantaan and Seoul viruses specific primers and sequenced. Partial S segments of Seoul viruses (nucleotide 588 - 1147) were amplified from 17 rodents (13 R. norvegicus and 4 Apodemus agrarius). Seven of these sequences belonged to 3 genetic lineage, while two novel genetic lineages were formed by 9 and 1 sequences, respectively. Partial S segments of Hantaan viruses (nucleotide 615 - 1141) were amplified from 5 A. agrarius. One of these sequences belonged to 7 genetic lineages, and 4 sequences formed one novel genetic subtype.Hantaan and Seoul viruses co-circulated in Wuhan area, Hubei province. Novel genetic lineages were identified in this study and Seoul virus might have caused spillover infection in A. agrarius.

Objective: Hantaan virus (HTNV) is one of the main etiologic agents for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China. However, it is very difficult to isolate the virus from its original host, which hampers the viral characterization. This study describes an efficient method for isolating HTNV in suckling mice. Methods: Hantavirus-infected Apodemus agrarius were screened by quantitative real-time PCR. The homogenates of one positive rodent lung tissue were inoculated into suckling mice for virus propagation through serial passages. Results: During the three passages in suckling mice, the number of viral RNA copies/nanogram of GAPDH mRNA increased significantly ranging from 477 to 7,278 and 46 to 4,898 in the tissues of brain and lung, respectively. Hantaviral antigens could be detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay and around 100-nm virion-like structures were also observed in brain tissue by transmission electron microscopy. No nucleotide exchange was found except for one in the 3′-non-coding domain of S segment when comparing the complete genome sequences from hantavirus in the first and the third passages. Conclusion: These results suggest inoculation of suckling mice with suspected hantavirus-infected rodent samples is an efficient method for isolation and maintenance of HTNV.

Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by premature platelet destruction induced by autoantibodies directed against platelet glycoproteins (GPs). Despite being a clinically important disorder, ITP lacks a feasible diagnostic assay for routine clinical use. This study was meant to evaluate a newly developed flow cytometric immunobead assay for determination of platelet-bound GP-specific autoantibodies in comparison with indirect monoclonal antibody-specific immobilization of platelet antigen (MAIPA) in the diagnosis of ITP.Platelet-bound and plasma GPIIb/IIIa and GPIb/IX autoantibodies were determined by flow cytometric immunobead assay and indirect modified MAIPA, respectively. The average fluorescence level for platelet-bound, GP-specific autoantibodies was given as a ratio to three normal controls tested simultaneously.The median value of platelet-bound GPIIb/IIIa and GPIb/IX autoantibodies in ITP group were 3.09 (range 0.78, 30.2) and 3.09 (range 0.72, 19.2), respectively, which were significantly higher than non-ITP group [1.01 (0.67, 5.59) and 1.01 (0.79, 5.56), respectively, P0.001] and normal controls [1.02 (0.72, 1.76) and 1.03 (0.79, 1.73), respectively, P0.001]. The receiver-operating characteristics curve analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.895 for GPIIb/IIIa autoantibody and 0.859 for GPIb/IX autoantibody, respectively. Combined detection of GPIIb/IIIa or GPIb/IX autoantibodies by flow cytometric immunobead assay showed a sensitivity of 82.11% for ITP diagnosis.This study demonstrated that determination of platelet-bound, GP-specific autoantibodies by flow cytometric immunobead assay was a convenient, sensitive, and specific test for the differential diagnosis of thrombocytopenic patients.

The application of Normal Inverse Gaussian (NIG) distribution to the oil price return distribution fitting is explored. The statistical properties of oil price return were studied and the normality test was performed. The result shows that the return distribution is characterized by asymmetry, leptokurtosis and heavy tails. The NIG distribution was introduced to calibrate the return dataset to find the fitness of NIG model. NIG distribution, which is able to capture the skewness and excess kurtosis, provides not only an excellent fit in the center of the return distribution, but also in the tails.

International construction projects are typical cases of researches in the field of risk management. The factors of human and nature which influence the success of construction are more uncertain and complex. This paper discusses some representative points in risk identification and classification of international construction projects. Risk allocation as a powerful methodology which improves the quality of risk management is presented. The importance and advantages of risk allocation is introduced. A framework of risk allocation for international construction projects is proposed.

To investigate dynamic changes of intracerebral focus on cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL).Using the modified Scheltens scale, the magnetic resonance (MR) changes of lesion distribution, size and shape in 7 patients from a CADASIL family were retrospectively analyzed during 3 years observed.In 6 of 7 patients, the number and volume of lesion areas in the white matter were increased (parietal lobe, n = 6; temporal lobe, n = 5; frontal lobe, n = 3; occipital lobe, n = 2) and some areas even became confluent as a mass or chain. New lacunar infarcts (n = 1 - 5) appeared in 5 patients and the arcuate fiber were involved in 1 patients. Slight enlargement could be seen in lateral ventricle (n = 1) or lateral ventricle with third ventricle (n = 1).MR imaging can help us to reveal dynamic changes of brain lesions and prognosis in patients with CADASIL.

To discuss the application of MRI in indirect temporomandibular joint injury without condylar fracture.MRI examination on temporomandibular joint was conducted in 28 patients with indirect injury to temporomandibular joint without condylar fracture. The scanning sequence included T(1)WI, PDWI on oblique sagittal section at both open and closed mouth positions, and T(1)WI, T(2)WI on oblique coronal section. The MRI appearance was analyzed by 2 senior radiologists.Among the 56 temporomandibular joints of 28 patients, 35 joints exhibited pathological changes on MRI, in which there were 9 bone injuries, 21 articular disc dislocation, 24 intracapsular hematocele and hydrops.MRI can clearly reveal bone injury, articular disc dislocation as well as articular capsule abnormality in the indirect injury of temporomandibular joint without condylar fracture. It is highly advocated in clinical use.