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Corn rust disease can be classified into four types: common corn rust, southern corn rust, tropical corn rust and stem corn rust. In this paper, 270 samples of corn rust gathered from Yunnan province were identified by observation of symptom and pathogen morphology, detection of specific molecular markers between Puccinia sorghi Schw and Puccinia polysora Unedrw. The results showed that 180 samples of corn rust collected form Qujing, Zhaotong, Kunming, Honghe (Mile, Kaiyuan and Jianshui) were common corn rust caused by Puccinia sorghi Schw; and 90 samples of corn rust collected form Wenshan and Honghe (Pinbian) were southern corn rust. Morphology and aspect ratio compared Puccinia sorghi Schw with Puccinia polysora Unedrw. The uredospores of Puccinia polysora Unedrw were oval and the aspect ratio of 81.6% of all uredospores from Puccinia polysora Unedrw was greater than 1.2. The uredospores of Puccinia sorghi Schw were nearly round, and their aspect ratio was 1.0-1.3. In addition, the population genetic structure of all corn rust samples was analyzed by ISSR molecular marker. Concerning Puccinia polysora Unedrw, the genetic diversity was larger in Wenshan than in Honghe. In Puccinia sorghi Schw, the population genetic diversity was larger in Zhaotong and the lowest in Kunming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient phosphine-free direct C-H arylation of thiophenes at the α-position has been developed at low catalyst loading of bis(alkoxo)palladium complex (Cat.I, 0.1-0.2 mol %). The developed synthetic method can be applied to the synthesis of α-aryl/heteroaryl thiophenes from aryl or heteroaryl bromides in good to excellent yields and is compatible with the substrates bearing electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups. The reactivities of the 2- and 5-positions of thiophenes are equivalent and not dependent on steric hindrance under optimal conditions. This condition can also be applied to other heterocyclic moieties such as benzothiophene, benzofuran, and pyrrole with high conversion yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The study aimed to discuss the relationship of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases to meteorological conditions and forecast method in Nanjing City. [Method] Based on daily cases of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases from a hospital in Nanjing City as well as daily meteorological data from Nanjing Meteorological Station from January 2003 to July 2008, the monthly and seasonal variations in quantity of patients suffering from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Nanjing City were analyzed firstly, and then the relationship between meteorological elements and incidence of the diseases was discussed, finally the forecast model for the incidence of the diseases was established using the stepwise regression method. [Result] Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Nanjing City happened all the year round, and the incidence was high in the seasonal transition phase from autumn to winter. Daily incidence of the diseases in Nanjing City correlated negatively with daily maximum, minimum and average vapor pressure, daily minimum relative humidity and so forth, but their incidence had positive correlations with diurnal range of daily temperature, daily maximum, minimum and average pressure. Daily average number of patients suffering from the diseases obviously correlated with daily average temperature, daily maximum vapor pressure and daily average relative humidity. [Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for the prevention and forecast of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]