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Figure S4. The genomic and transcriptomic pattern of TH6 case. (A) The mutation heatmap. (B) The scatter plot shows the similarity of gene expression profiles between nodes (using 15,842 genes with at least > 5 reads) by measuring Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). (C) The density plot of cancer cell fraction (CCF) between the primary and the lymph node. (D) The gene expression pattern of genes belonging to SQCCs, PI(3)K/RTK/RAS signaling. Gene expression values in lymph nodes were mapped on the distribution of gene expression in TCGA SQCCs (n=495), represented by the boxplot. AKT2 and RASA1 show significant clinical outcome difference in the gene expression of TCGA SQCCs patients; *P < 0.05.

Table S5. Mapping statistics of sequencing reads of RNA sequencing

Figure S1, Figure S2, Figure S3, Figure S4, Figure S5

Tumor heterogeneity influences the clinical outcome of patients with cancer, and the diagnostic method to measure the tumor heterogeneity needs to be developed. We analyzed genomic features on pairs of primary and multiple metastatic lymph nodes from six patients with lung cancer using whole-exome sequencing and RNA sequencing. Although somatic single-nucleotide variants were shared in primary lung cancer and metastases, tumor evolution predicted by the pattern of genomic alterations was matched to anatomic location of the tumors. Four of six cases exhibited a branched clonal evolution pattern. Lymph nodes with acquired somatic variants demonstrated resistance to the cancer treatment. In this study, we demonstrated that multiple biopsies and sequencing strategies for different tumor regions are required for a comprehensive understanding of the landscape of genetic alteration and for guiding targeted therapy in advanced primary lung cancer. Cancer Res; 76(22); 6568–76. ©2016 AACR.

Purpose: Digital replantation has dramatically changed the fate of mutilated injuries of hand. But in case of severe crushing injury in Tamai zone I, it is a contraindication of replantation. This study aims to determine the replantation survival rate in cases with crushing injury.Methods: We retrospectively evaluated patients’ charts and photos from January 2015 to December 2019. There were 294 patients (331 fingers) with digital amputation who underwent surgery. Cases with crushing were divided into petechiae-in-skin group and red-line-sign group and compared with the group without crushing. The relationship of survival rate with factors was evaluated using chi-square analysis.Results: Of these, 199 fingers were defined as severe crushed, and 140 cases with petechiae in skin and 59 cases with red line sign. There was no statistically significant difference in survival rate compared with the group without crushing (p=0.227). Additional surgery was performed more in crushed injury. However, necrotized soft tissue was mainly on margin of amputation, not on crushed area.Conclusion: The presence of crushing did not affect survival rate in Tamai zone I replantation. However, as the degree of crushing was severe, the need for additional surgery increased. We found that the number of anastomosed arteries and veins influences the survival rate. According to our analysis, even if it’s difficult, finding and doing anastomosis as many vessels as possible can make good results.

Reconstruction of amputated fingertips is extremely challenging when the amputee is very small and severely crushed. Moreover, there are not many options if distal phalanx is exposed due to defects of soft tissue. We report a case of successful fingertip reconstruction in a 10-month-old girl using a subcutaneous island flap with a composite graft. Her fingertip of the right little finger was amputated stuck by the air purifier. Some soft tissue was lost from the stump and the bone was exposed. There was a very small amputee, and soft tissue was extremely little inside. Replantation was not possible because of the soft tissue defect. The composite graft was inadequate due to the exposure of distal phalanx and defect of soft tissue. Soft tissue island flap based terminal branch of the digital artery was transposed to cover the distal phalanx. After then, the amputee was grafted over the flap. After debridement, most of the soft tissue survived and 0.2×0.2 cm of skin defect was found, which was healed through secondary intention.

Fingertip injuries with nail bed defects have traditionally been covered with full- or split-thickness nail bed grafts. However, it was widely understood, without sufficient evidence, that graft take is difficult if the nail bed is grafted directly on the distal phalanx. This study reports two successful cases of nail bed graft on sterile matrix defects with exposed bare cortical bone. Two patients suffered a crush injury on their fingers. While there was no fracture, the distal phalanx was exposed with a nailbed defect. As the defect was too large for primary closure and too small for flap coverage, a sterile matrix nailbed graft was performed using the ipsilateral big toe. In both cases, damaged nails have grown fully, identical to the contralateral finger with smooth and flat regrowth of the nail and adherence of the growing nail. Both outcomes were graded as excellent according to Zook’s criteria. No major complication was found except for a minor ingrown nail on donor site in both cases. Even if there is a nail bed defect with exposure of cortical bone, successful nail reconstruction could be obtained through immediate nailbed graft on the exposed distal phalanx.

We consider a competing Kuramoto model (KM) with mixed signs of coupling constants that appear inside the sum, called passive interactions. It is known that the synchronization transition of this KM reduces to that of the ordinary KM with the mean of those coupling constants as a control parameter. In this type of KM, two order parameters can be introduced: the phase coherence R and the weighted phase coherence S . Here, we show that when the intrinsic frequency distribution g ( ω ) is unimodal, the order parameters R and S behave similarly with the same critical exponents β and β ′ in leading and sub-leading orders, respectively. However, when g ( ω ) is uniform, they behave differently, possibly because of the hybrid synchronization transition. The order parameter jumps at a transition point and then it exhibits a critical behavior.

Purpose The hand has unique skin characteristics. Intrinsic flap donors are limited due to functional specificity and compactly connected structures. The hypothenar area is a reliable option for the reconstruction of finger defects. We performed anatomic studies elucidating the blood supply of this area and hypothesized that the fourth common palmar digital artery perforator free flap can be used to reconstruct soft tissue defects in fingers with minimal donor site morbidity. Methods From November 2017 to February 2020, 30 procedures of fourth common digital artery perforator free flaps were performed to cover digital skin defects . A retrospective chart review was performed, and the cases were analyzed. Results The mean patient age was 42.4 years (range, 1–75 years; median age, 40 years). Defects were located at the fingertip (n = 12), the dorsum (n = 3), the palmar (n = 9) aspect of the finger, and both the dorsal and palmar aspects of the finger (n = 6). Indications included emergent coverage (n = 13), coverage after necrosis (n = 11), oncological resection (n = 1), and contracture release (n = 5). The defect size ranged from 1.5 × 0.8 cm (1.2 cm 2) to 6 × 2.5 cm (15 cm2 ). The perforator was located approximately 1 cm proximal to the distal palmar crease as it arose from the fourth common digital artery at a right angle. It continued to the ulnar border of the hand through the superficial fascia of the hypothenar muscles before running in a proximoulnar direction toward the dorsum of the hand. The diameter of the perforator was between 0.5 and 0.7 mm. All flaps survived. One case required a split-thickness skin graft for donor site closure, and all others could be closed primarily. Conclusions The fourth common digital artery perforator is a versatile flap and can be used for both palmar and dorsal defects, including for the fingertip. The location of the perforator used differs from previous descriptions but is routinely and reliably located. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.

In the light of recent trends toward introducing Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), intelligent virtual assistants (VA) driven by Natural Language Processing (NLP) receives ample attention in the manufacturing domain. However, most VAs either tightly bind with a specific robotic system or lack efficient human-robot communication. In this work, we implement a layer of interaction between the robotic system and the human operator. This interaction is achieved using a novel VA, called Max, as an intelligent and robust interface. We expand the research work in three directions. Firstly, we introduce a RESTful style Client-Server architecture for Max. Secondly, inspired by studies of human-human conversations, we embed conversation strategies into human-robot dialog policy generation to create a more natural and humanized conversation environment. Finally, we evaluate Max over multiple real-world scenarios from the exploration of an unknown environment to package delivery, with the means of an industrial robot.

Phase transitions (PTs) are generally classified into second-order and first-order transitions, each exhibiting different intrinsic properties. For instance, a first-order transition exhibits latent heat and hysteresis when a control parameter is increased and then decreased across a transition point, whereas a second-order transition does not. Recently, hybrid percolation transitions (HPTs) are issued in diverse complex systems, in which the features of first-order and second-order PTs occur at the same transition point. Thus, the question whether hysteresis appears in an HPT arises. Herein, we investigate this fundamental question with a so-called restricted Erd\H{o}s--R\'enyi random network model, in which a cluster fragmentation process is additionally proposed. The hysteresis curve of the order parameter was obtained. Depending on when the reverse process is initiated, the shapes of hysteresis curves change, and the critical behavior of the HPT is conserved throughout the forward and reverse processes.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:The overexpression of hypoxia induced factor 1a/2a in ccRCC leads to up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that results in increased angiogenesis, tu...

The Kuramoto model exhibits different types of synchronization transitions depending on the type of natural frequency distribution. To obtain these results, the Kuramoto self-consistency equation (SCE) approach has been used successfully. However, this approach affords only limited understanding of more detailed properties such as the stability and finite size effect. Here, we extend the SCE approach by introducing an effective potential, that is, an integral version of the SCE. We examine the landscape of this effective potential for second-order, first-order, and hybrid synchronization transitions in the thermodynamic limit. In particular, for the hybrid transition, we find that the minimum of effective potential displays a plateau across the region in which the order parameter jumps. This result suggests that the effective free energy can be used to determine a type of synchronization transition. For finite systems, the effective potential contains local minima at which the system can be trapped. Using numerical simulations, we determine the stability of the system as a function of system size and simulation time., 12 pages, 13 figures

The features of animal population dynamics, for instance, flocking and migration, are often synchronized for survival under large-scale climate change or perceived threats. These coherent phenomena have been explained using synchronization models. However, such models do not take into account asynchronous and adaptive updating of an individual's status at each time. Here, we modify the Kuramoto model slightly by classifying oscillators as leaders or followers, according to their angular velocity at each time, where individuals interact asymmetrically according to their leader/follower status. As the angular velocities of the oscillators are updated, the leader and follower status may also be reassigned. Owing to this adaptive dynamics, oscillators may cooperate by taking turns acting as a leader or follower. This may result in intriguing patterns of synchronization transitions, including hybrid phase transitions, and produce the leader-follower switching pattern observed in bird migration patterns.

The synchronization pattern of a fully connected competing Kuramoto model with a uniform intrinsic frequency distribution $g(\omega)$ was recently considered. This competing Kuramoto model assigns two coupling constants with opposite signs, $K_1 < 0$ and $K_2 > 0$, to the $1-p$ and $p$ fractions of nodes, respectively. This model has a rich phase diagram that includes incoherent, $\pi$, and traveling wave (TW) phases and a hybrid phase transition with abnormal properties that occurs through an intermediate metastable $\pi$ state. Here, we consider the competing Kuramoto model on Erd\H{o}s--R\'enyi (ER) random networks. Numerical simulations and the mean-field solution based on the annealed network approximation reveal that in this case, when the mean degree of the random networks is large, the features of the phase diagram and transition types are consistent overall with those on completely connected networks. However, when the mean degree is small, the mean-field solution is not consistent with the numerical simulation results; specifically, the TW state does not occur, and thus the phase diagram is changed, owing to the strong heterogeneity of the local environment. By contrast, for the original Kuramoto oscillators, the annealed mean-field solution is consistent with the numerical simulation result for ER networks.

Moving animal groups, such as flocks of birds or schools of fish, exhibit a varity of self-organized complex dynamical behaviors and shapes. This kind of flocking behavior has been studied using self-propelled particle models, in which the “particles” interact with their nearest neighbors through repulsion, attraction and alignment responses. In particular, it has been shown that models based on attraction alone can generate a range of dynamic groups in 2D, with periodic boundary conditions, and in the absence of repulsion. Here we investigate the effects of changing these conditions on the type of groups observed in the model. We show that replacing the periodic boundary conditions with a weak global attaction term in 2D, and extending the model to 3D does not significantly change the type of groups observed. We also provide a description of how attraction strength and blind angle determine the groups generated in the 3D version of the model. Finally, we show that adding repulsion do change the type of groups oberved, making them appear and behave more like real moving animal groups. Our results suggest that many biological instances of collective motion may be explained without assuming that animals explicitly align with each other. Instead, complex collective motion is explained by the interplay of attraction and repulsion forces.

The Kuramoto model with mixed signs of couplings is known to produce a traveling-wave synchronized state. Here, we consider an abrupt synchronization transition from the incoherent state to the traveling-wave state through a long-lasting metastable state with large fluctuations. Our explanation of the metastability is that the dynamic flow remains within a limited region of phase space and circulates through a few active states bounded by saddle and stable fixed points. This complex flow generates a long-lasting critical behavior, a signature of a hybrid phase transition. We show that the long-lasting period can be controlled by varying the density of inhibitory/excitatory interactions. We discuss a potential application of this transition behavior to the recovery process of human consciousness.

This paper investigates the cost behavior in the Korean defense industry. Managers in the defense industry tend to have motivation to manage earnings because the costs incurring in the production process of defense articles are reimbursed based on cost plus contracts. Results are as follows. First, in the sample of the defense sector, SG&A costs and total manufacturing costs exhibited anti-stickiness whereas labor costs exhibited cost stickiness. Other cost components displayed symmetric cost behavior. Next, in the commercial sector, material costs, direct material costs, total * This paper is partially drawn from Hong-Jung Yong’s dissertation at Seoul National University ** Defense Acquisition Program Administration, e-mail: afdragon@hanmail.net *** Business School, Seoul National University, e-mail: ahnts@snu.ac.kr **** Correspondent Author. School of Management, Kyung Hee University, e-mail: jhrjhr@khu.ac.kr ***** Department of Accounting, Soongsil University, e-mail: parkjh04@ssu.ac.kr 32 Seoul Journal of Business manufacturing costs, cost of goods sold, and total costs exhibited antistickiness. Labor costs showed cost stickiness whereas SG&A costs, overhead costs, and indirect production costs had symmetric cost behavior. Overall, the results reveals that the change rate of labor costs of the defense sector exhibits more cost stickiness to changes in sales than the commercial sector.

Understanding of a hybrid percolation transitions (HPTs) induced by cluster coalescence, exhibiting a jump in the giant cluster size and a critical behavior of finite clusters, is fundamental and intriguing. Here, we uncover the underlying mechanism using the so-called restricted-random network model, in which clusters are ranked by size and partitioned into small- and large-cluster sets. As clusters are merged and their rankings are updated, they may move back and forth across the set boundary. The intervals of these crossings exhibit a self-organized critical (SOC) behavior with two power-law exponents. During this process, a bump is formed and eliminated in the cluster size distribution, characterizing the criticality of the HPT. This SOC behavior is in contrast to the critical branching process, which governs the avalanche dynamics of the HPT in the pruning process. Finally, we find that a burst of such crossing events occurs and signals the upcoming abrupt transition.

Tumor heterogeneity influences the clinical outcome of patients with cancer, and the diagnostic method to measure the tumor heterogeneity needs to be developed. We analyzed genomic features on pairs of primary and multiple metastatic lymph nodes from six patients with lung cancer using whole-exome sequencing and RNA sequencing. Although somatic single-nucleotide variants were shared in primary lung cancer and metastases, tumor evolution predicted by the pattern of genomic alterations was matched to anatomic location of the tumors. Four of six cases exhibited a branched clonal evolution pattern. Lymph nodes with acquired somatic variants demonstrated resistance to the cancer treatment. In this study, we demonstrated that multiple biopsies and sequencing strategies for different tumor regions are required for a comprehensive understanding of the landscape of genetic alteration and for guiding targeted therapy in advanced primary lung cancer. Cancer Res; 76(22); 6568–76. ©2016 AACR.

Data collection tools-The Universal in UHC. Primary data collection tools. Informed consent form. Focus Group Discussion and Key Informant interview guides. (DOCX 136 kb)

The Hopfield model is a pioneering neural network model with associative memory retrieval. The analytical solution of the model in mean field limit revealed that memories can be retrieved without any error up to a finite storage capacity of $O(N)$, where $N$ is the system size. Beyond the threshold, they are completely lost. Since the introduction of the Hopfield model, the theory of neural networks has been further developed toward realistic neural networks using analog neurons, spiking neurons, etc. Nevertheless, those advances are based on fully connected networks, which are inconsistent with recent experimental discovery that the number of connections of each neuron seems to be heterogeneous, following a heavy-tailed distribution. Motivated by this observation, we consider the Hopfield model on scale-free networks and obtain a different pattern of associative memory retrieval from that obtained on the fully connected network: the storage capacity becomes tremendously enhanced but with some error in the memory retrieval, which appears as the heterogeneity of the connections is increased. Moreover, the error rates are also obtained on several real neural networks and are indeed similar to that on scale-free model networks.

Power consumption now becomes the most critical performance limiting factor to solid state disk (SSD) in embedded systems. It is imperative to devise design methods and architectures for power efficient SSD designs. In our work, we present the first step towards low power SSD design, i.e., power estimation of SSD. We present a practical approach of SSD power estimation which tries to keep the advantage of real measurement, i.e., accuracy, while overcoming its limitations, i.e., long execution time and lack of repeatability (and high cost) by a trace-based simulation. Since it is based on real measurements, it takes into account the power consumption of SSD controller as well as that of Flash memories. We show the effectiveness of the presented method in designing a dynamic power management policy for SSD.

Background: Cancers are composed of cells with distinct genetic and phenotypic characteristics. Tumor heterogeneity in each patient may influence on personalized medicine strategies that depend on results from single tumor-biopsy samples. However, tumor heterogeneity in advanced primary lung cancer has not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the tumor heterogeneity in advanced primary lung cancer. Methods: We sequenced fourteen regions from four patients who were suspicious for primary lung cancer with multiple lymph node metastasis. Tumor samples were obtained from primary tumor and metastatic lymph node(s) or distant metastasis using bronchoscopic forcep biopsy, endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration, and percutaneous needle biopsy. The profiles of somatic mutations, copy number alterations and gene expression were compared among primary tumor and metastatic sites in each patient. Clonal evolution was evaluated using the concept of cancer cell fraction by SciClone analysis. Results: We performed multiregion whole exome sequencing and RNA sequencing on three non-small cell lung cancers (2 adenocarcinomas [TH1 and TH4] and 1 squamous cell carcinoma [TH2]) and one small cell lung cancer (TH3). EML4-ALK fusion was noticed in TH1 and TH4. There was profound tumor heterogeneity in terms of somatic mutation, copy number alteration, or gene expression in each patient. The frequency of private somatic mutation from spatially distinct regions were 59% in TH1, 44% in TH2, 13% in TH3, and 30% in TH4. Known driver mutation was also heterogeneous in TH1 and TH2. Analysis of the clonal architecture confirmed the presence of clonal heterogeneity in each patient. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed the evidence of branched clonal evolution. Conclusions: Tumor heterogeneity was noticed from spatially distinct regions from advanced primary lung cancers. The single biopsy specimens may not represent the whole landscape of genetic alteration in advanced primary lung cancers. Citation Format: Sang-Won Um, Je-Gun Joung, Su Yeon Lee, Joon Seol Bae, Jinha Park, Woong-Yang Park. Tumor heterogeneity of advanced primary lung cancer evaluated by multiregion sequencing. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4815. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4815

Background Although a number of risk factors for fatal stroke are well established in Western populations, this is less true for Asian countries, many of which have stroke mortality rates that are historically high. In a prospective study in Shanghai, China, we determined whether the same factors predict risk for fatal stroke as in the West. We also studied a number of potential dietary associations, particularly those with dietary antioxidants because these have been suggested to reduce atherogenesis. Methods and Results Between 1986 and 1989, 18 244 men aged 45 to 64 years living in four geographically defined areas of Shanghai, China were recruited to participate in a prospective study of diet and cancer. All participants completed an in-person, structured interview and provided blood and urine samples. As of March 1994, fatal stroke accounted for 245 of the 980 observed deaths. The most important risk factor for stroke mortality was a history of hypertension (multivariate relative risk, 4.5; 95% confidence interval, 3.3, 6.2). Cigarette smoking was not strongly associated with risk, and alcohol consumption increased risk only in the extreme categories of lifetime consumption. Educational level was strongly, inversely associated with fatal stroke, and this could not be explained by adjustment for any other risk factors. No macronutrient was associated with risk, including total energy, fat consumption, or any component of fat. There also were no significant inverse associations for stroke mortality with several micronutrients of interest, including vitamin C, carotene, vitamin E, riboflavin, or calcium. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that hypertension is by far the most important contributor to stroke mortality in Shanghai and that among dietary factors, only alcohol consumption shows any evidence whatsoever of being a risk factor.