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Recently, the musculoskeletal model (MM) has been widely studied for decoding movement intent from electromyography (EMG) signals. However, the decoding performance of the MM is impaired for the coordinated movements of multiple degrees of freedom (DoFs) due to the crosstalk between signals of multiple muscles. To address this problem, this study proposed an enhanced MM for 3-DoF motion prediction by taking the “divide and conquer” (DC) strategy and integrating the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm, which is named as DC-NMF-MM. The control signals of wrist flexion/extension and MCP flexion/extension were obtained from four independent muscles, and the control signals of wrist pronation/supination were obtained from eight-channel surface EMG signals. Eight non-disabled subjects were recruited for offline and online experiment. For offline experiment, another two MMs were established and taken as the control groups for validation of the proposed DC-NMF-MM, including the MM totally taking the NMF algorithm (T-NMF-MM) and that partly taking the NMF algorithm (P-NMF-MM) for predicting the wrist pronation/supination only. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the normalized root mean square error were employed to compare the prediction performance of three models. The results showed that the proposed method performs better than the other two models. Moreover, artificial neural network and linear regression model were established to compare with the proposed model and the results showed that DC-NMF-MM is more accurate in predicting joint Angle. For online experiment, a general 3-DOF musculoskeletal model based on DC-NMF-MM was established and the completion time, the number of overshoots, and the path efficiency were taken as evaluation indexes. The results further demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed method to achieve 3-DoF motion control. The proposed enhanced MM provides a prerequisite for the realization of clinical hand myoelectric control.

Abstract Flexible perovskite solar cells (F-PSCs) are appealing for their flexibility and high power-to-weight ratios. However, the fragile grain boundaries (GBs) in perovskite films can lead to stress and strain cracks under bending conditions, limiting the performance and stability of F-PSCs. Herein, we show that the perovskite film can facilely achieve in situ bifacial capping via introducing 4-(methoxy)benzylamine hydrobromide (MeOBABr) as the precursor additive. The spontaneously formed MeOBABr capping layers flatten the grain boundary grooves (GBGs), enable the release of the mechanical stress at the GBs during bending, rendering enhanced film robustness. They also contribute to the reduction of the residual strain and the passivation of the surface defects of the perovskite film. Besides, the molecular polarity of MeOBABr can result in surface band bending of the perovskite that favors the interfacial charge extraction. The corresponding inverted F-PSCs based on nickel oxide (NiOx)/poly(triaryl amine) (PTAA) hole transport bilayer reach a 23.7% power conversion efficiency (PCE) (22.9% certified) under AM 1.5 G illumination and a 42.46% PCE under 1000 lux indoor light illumination. Meanwhile, a robust bending durability of the device is also achieved.

Microproteomics, the profiling of protein expressions in small cell populations or individual cells, is essential for understanding complex biological systems. However, sample loss and insufficient sensitivity of analytical techniques pose severe challenges to this field. Microfluidics, particularly droplet-based microfluidics, provides an ideal approach by enabling miniaturized and integrated workflows to process samples and offers several advantages, including reduced sample loss, low reagent consumption, faster reaction times, and improved throughput. Droplet-based microfluidics manipulates droplets of fluids to function as discrete reaction units, enabling complex chemical reactions and biological workflows in a miniaturized setting. This article discusses a variety of on-chip functions of droplet-based microfluidics, including cell sorting, cell culture, and sample processing. We then highlight recent advances in the mass spectrometry (MS)-based analysis of single cells using droplet-based microfluidic platforms, including digital microfluidics (DMF). Finally, we review the integrated DMF–MS systems that enable automated and parallel proteomic profiling of single cells with high sensitivity and discuss the applications of the technology and its future perspectives.

Branched fluorinated surfactants with creatively introduced acrylate in the hydrophilic group were designed and prepared by adopting perfluoro-2-methyl-2-pentene as the raw substrate. These new compounds showed excellent surface properties, and the surface tension of their aqueous solution at 25 °C could be below 20.00 mN/m at the critical micelle concentration. Compared with similar structures we have synthesized previously, these synthesized compounds exhibit a great improvement with regard to their molecular arrangement at the gas–liquid interface, their polymerizability, and the antibacterial properties of their polymer form, which can provide new ideas in the work to replace perfluorooctane sulfonate/perfluorooctanoic acid.

Two-dimensional materials used for gas-sensing can be classified as donors or acceptors based on the different directions of electronic transfer. Meanwhile, external strain, by disrupting the balance of forces between the electrons, significantly impacts the electron transfer process between the material and gas molecules, thereby altering the gas-sensing properties. In this paper, single-layer As6/Sb6 lateral heterojunctions (LHSs) with armchair or zigzag (ZZ) interfaces have been constructed. The NO2 molecule and NH3 molecule are adsorbed on these LHSs, making LHSs act as donors or acceptors, respectively. The adsorption properties before and after applying different types of strain are calculated by first principles. Notably, the compressive strain exacerbates the structural deformation of all LHSs. In addition, the compressive strain promotes the charge transfer for NO2 sensing but hinders the charge transfer for NH3 sensing. The adsorption energy and charge transfer of NO2 adsorbed on As6/Sb6 ZZ-LHSs with compression strain are the largest, indicating the great potential for NO2 sensing. This work lays the foundation for designing and predicting high gas-sensitivity gas sensing materials.

In conjunction with the accelerated evolution of robotics, the advancement of robot-assisted minimally invasive surgical systems is occurring at a similarly accelerated pace, and is becoming increasingly accepted. It is employed in numerous surgical specialties, including orthopedics, and has significantly transformed traditional surgical techniques. Among these applications, knee arthroplasty represents one of the most prevalent and efficacious procedures within the domain of robot-assisted orthopedic surgery. The implementation of surgical robotic systems has the potential to enhance the precision and accuracy of surgical outcomes, facilitate reproducibility, reduce technical variability, mitigate patient discomfort, and accelerate recovery. In this paper, a literature review of the Web of Science and PubMed databases was conducted to search for all articles on orthopedic surgical robotics through November 2024. It mainly summarizes the most commonly used and widely accepted robotic systems in the field of orthopedic surgery, with a particular focus on their application in knee arthroplasty procedures. Orthopedic robotic systems can be classified into three principal categories: autonomous robotic systems, semi-autonomous robotic systems, and teleoperated robotic systems. In the context of knee arthroplasty, the characteristics of different robotic systems are examined in relation to three types of Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA), Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty (UKA) and Patellofemoral Arthroplasty (PFA). In conclusion, the current state of orthopedic surgical robotics is reviewed, and future development prospects and challenges are proposed.

IAA is a by-product of the water disinfection process and has been found to be neurotoxic. However, the role and mechanism of IAA neurotoxicity remain unclear. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the neurotoxic effects and mechanisms of IAA from the molecular level, cellular level and neurological manifestations. At the molecular level, IAA causes neurotoxicity by reducing mitochondrial membrane potential, aggravating oxidative stress and DNA damage. At the cellular level, IAA causes neurotoxicity by inducing BBB disruption, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis. In neurological manifestations, IAA can lead to neurotransmitter disorders, neurodevelopment dysfunction, and even neurodegenerative diseases. Taken together, our review provides insights into the mechanisms of IAA neurotoxicity that will contribute to future studies of IAA neurotoxicity and its protective strategies.

Abstract Enhancing drought tolerance in crops and understanding the underlying mechanisms have been subject of intense research. The precise function and molecular mechanisms of B-box zinc finger proteins (BBX) remain elusive. Here, we report a natural allele of BBX18 (BBX18 TT ) that encodes a C-terminal truncated protein. While most wild tomato germplasms contain the BBX18 CC allele and show more drought tolerant, modern cultivated tomatoes mostly carry BBX18 TT allele and are more drought sensitive. Knockout of BBX18 leads to improved drought tolerance in transgenic plants of cultivated tomato. Ascorbate peroxidase 1 (APX1) is identified as a BBX18-interacting protein that acts as a positive regulator of drought resistance in tomato. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analyses reveal that BBX18 binds to a unique cis-acting element of the APX1 promoter and represses its gene expression. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanism underlying drought resistance mediated by the BBX18-APX1 module in plants.

Abstract Extreme global warming can produce hydroclimate changes that remain poorly understood for sub-tropical latitudes. Late Palaeocene-early Eocene (LPEE; ~58-52 Ma) proto-Mediterranean zones of the western Tethys offer opportunities to assess hydroclimate responses to massive carbon cycle perturbations. Here, we reconstruct LPEE hydroclimate conditions of these regions and find that carbon cycle perturbations exerted controls on orbitally forced hydroclimate variability. Long-term (~6 Myr) carbon cycle changes induced a gradual precipitation/moisture reduction, which was exacerbated by some short-lived (

Abstract To explore the related factors of turnover intention in clinical research coordinators (CRCs) and assess the mediating effects of professional identity on the association between job burnout and turnover intention. In China, CRC has become increasingly common among clinical trial teams in recent years. However, limited published research focused on the status of turnover intention in CRCs. We invited all the 220 CRCs currently working at Hunan Cancer Hospital located in Changsha city in the central south of China from March to June 2018. Participants were asked to complete structured questionnaires regarding basic demographic information, job burnout, professional identity and turnover intention. A total of 202 participants were included in this study, with a response rate of 91.82%. The main reason for turnover intention among CRCs was human resources, followed by communications, management and material resources (per item score in each dimension: 2.14 vs. 2.43 vs. 2.65 vs. 2.83). All the correlations among job burnout, professional identity and turnover intention were statistically significant, with coefficients ranging from −0.197 to 0.615. Multiple liner regression analysis showed that older age, longer workhours per week, and lower level of professional identity were associated with the prevalence of turnover intention among CRCs. Besides, the association between job burnout and turnover intention was fully mediated by professional identity. This study revealed the status and causes of turnover intention among Chinese CRCs. Effective measures on decreasing working time and improving professional identity should be taken in order to reduce CRCs’ turnover intention.

In this work, a series of BiFeO3/ZnO composites with varying molar ratio of BiFeO3 to ZnO (Bi:Zn = 2.5:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1) have been synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method and evaluated for their efficiency in rhodamine B (RhB) degradation performance. The morphology results reveal that the microsphere-shaped ZnO is dispersed on the surface of the blocky-like BiFeO3, with intimate contact between the two phases. It has been found that the maximum piezocatalytic activity could be achieved at BiFeO3/ZnO molar ratio of 5:1, with a degradation rate up to 92% for RhB. Compared with pure BiFeO3 and ZnO, the composites have superior piezocatalytic degradation performance. The reason for the enhanced piezocatalytic dye degradation rate may be that the BiFeO3/ZnO composites effectively separate the positive and negative charges to reduce the recombination of positive and negative charges. These active species, such as superoxide radicals ([Formula: see text]) in the process of piezocatalytic, are proved on the active species capture experiments. The BiFeO3/ZnO composites have good piezocatalytic degradation performance, which provides an option for collecting vibration energy to degradation dye wastewater in the future.

New genotypes of hybrid from the Aigeiros and Tacamahaca sections, which encompass economically important species of Populus L., have great potential to significantly enhance genetic gain from selection. Growth and its functional and structural determinants exhibiting a high level of variability are not only controlled by genetics, but also affected by environment, as well as genotype and environment interaction (G×E). The preceding research on the intersectional progenies derived from eight families (P. simonii × P. nigra) and their respective parents has indicated that leaf traits exhibiting robust genetic control were employed for selection of hybrid genotypes displaying multiple traits. The goals of this research with the progenies 3 families across two spacing trials were to (1) assess the GEI in progeny genotypes for multiple traits, (2) estimate the genetic parameters for important traits, (3) identify the genotypes with superior productive performance, adaptability, and genotypic stability using the MGIDI index, (4) select genotypes that exhibit high performance and genotypic stability across multiple traits using the MGIDI index. We found that the progeny genotypes showed considerable variation in growth and leaf morphology response to the spacings and genotype interaction effects were significant (P ≤ 0.001) for most of the traits studied in the progeny of each family and the joint family. The highest broad-sense heritability was observed for petiole length, while the lowest heritability values were recorded for stomatal length among the eight traits studied in both each family and the joint family. The MGIDI, assuming selection intensity of 15%, identified 26, 25, 35, and 86 genotypes in the three families and the joint family, respectively. The selected hybrids of each family and the joint family exhibited the desired genetic gains, including positive gains for leaf area (6.87%-11.2%), petiole length (3.81%-13.7%) and plant height (1.30%-10.4%). The interpretation of strengths and weaknesses as illustrated by the MGIDI provides guidance for the breeders to develop poplar hybrids performed well in desired traits, such as growth and other yield contributors i.e. leaf traits. The tested progeny genotypes of three families provided a valuable addition to the hybrid selection for rapid juvenile growth.

Vascular tissue engineering faces significant challenges in creating in vitro vascular disease models, implantable vascular grafts, and vascularized tissue/organ constructs due to limitations in manufacturing precision, structural complexity, replicating the composited architecture, and mimicking the mechanical properties of natural vessels. Light-based 3D bioprinting, leveraging the unique advantages of light including high resolution, rapid curing, multi-material adaptability, and tunable photochemistry, offers transformative solutions to these obstacles. With the emergence of diverse light-based 3D bioprinting techniques and innovative strategies, the advances in vascular tissue engineering have been significantly accelerated. This review provides an overview of the human vascular system and its physiological functions, followed by an in-depth discussion of advancements in light-based 3D bioprinting, including light-dominated and light-assisted techniques. We explore the application of these technologies in vascular tissue engineering for creating in vitro vascular disease models recapitulating key pathological features, implantable blood vessel grafts, and tissue analogs with the integration of capillary-like vasculatures. Finally, we provide readers with insights into the future perspectives of light-based 3D bioprinting to revolutionize vascular tissue engineering.

In three studies, we investigated how League of Legends (LOL) game experience and game skill relate to players' performance in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), and Probability Discounting Task (PDT). Additionally, the present study examined the relationship between players' in-game risk preferences and their performance in three types of decision-making tasks. To achieve this, we utilized a self-developed League of Legends Risk Propensity Scale (LRPS) to characterize LOL players' in-game risk preferences. The LRPS demonstrated appropriate reliability and validity in this study. Overall, our results indicated that the differences between LOL players' and non-players' decision-making performance were significant only in the PDT. Moreover, among LOL players, the relationship between game skill and decision-making performance was significant in the IGT (especially in the last sixty trials) and the PDT, but not in the BART. Furthermore, LRPS scores could predict performance in the PDT, but not in the IGT or BART. Our results suggest that experience and game skill in LOL are primarily linked to players' performance in risky decision-making tasks. Similarly, participants' in-game risk preferences in LOL are only related to their performance in the risky decision-making process, not in the ambiguous decision-making process. We propose that LOL players' in-game ambiguous decision-making processes may exhibit domain-specific characteristics.

Summary: Arterial disorders such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and aneurysm pose significant health risks, necessitating advanced interventions. Despite progress in artificial blood vessels and animal models aimed at understanding pathogenesis and developing therapies, limitations in graft functionality and species discrepancies restrict their clinical and research utility. Addressing these issues, bioengineered arterial equivalents (AEs) with enhanced vascular functions have been developed, incorporating innovative technologies that improve clinical outcomes and enhance disease progression modeling. This review offers a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in bioengineered AEs, systematically summarizing the bioengineered technologies used to construct these AEs, and discussing their implications for clinical application and pathogenesis understanding. Highlighting current breakthroughs and future perspectives, this review aims to inform and inspire ongoing research in the field, potentially transforming vascular medicine and offering new avenues for preclinical and clinical advances.

Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) are emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) of high toxicity and also are shared active toxic intermediates of multiple halogenated organic pollutants. Due to the strong oxidizing property and electrophilicity, HBQs exhibit extremely diverse metabolism pathways in organisms. The identification of toxic-decisive metabolites is pivotal, albeit challenging, for understanding the toxicity mechanisms of HBQs. We employed dibromo-benzoquinone (DBBQ) as a representative HBQ, and established a systematic analytical strategy using high-resolution mass spectrometry, which collectively coupled suspect screening (SS), mass defect filtering (MDF), product ion filtering (PIF), isotopic signature filtering (ISF), and molecular networking (MN). As a result, 20 biotransformation products of DBBQ were identified in vivo and in vitro, involving metabolism reactions such as hydroxylation, methylation, methoxylation, acetylation, sulfonation, glucuronidation, glutathionylation, dimerization, and conjugation with amino acids or fatty acids. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis and cytotoxicity experiments consistently demonstrated the significantly high toxicity of the fatty acid conjugate compared to the parent compound DBBQ and other metabolites, pinpointing the important role of the fatty acid conjugation in determining the metabolism and toxicity of HBQs. The research conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the metabolism of a typical HBQ with the combination of multiple analytical and toxicity characterization methods, therefore screen out the most important metabolism pathway of HBQs.

Social animals frequently exhibit huddling sleep behaviors in response to nocturnal ecological pressures. However, there remain significant gaps in our understanding of the decision-making process promoting huddle sleep. Exploring how such decision-making processes are initiated and programmed in nonhuman primates offers additional insights into various animals, with a particular focus on humans. The present research examined the social factors and individual influences involved in initiating huddle sleep among a population of wild Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Mt. Huangshan in Anhui, China. The results showed that social rank, age, and social centrality were involved in the decision-making process for huddle sleep. Individuals with higher rank and greater social centrality not only tended to act as leaders but also frequently took on followers. Younger individuals were more inclined to be followers. If an individual consistently followed a specific member during huddles, we referred to her/him as a fan. Individuals with more fans (fandom) and those that were consistently fans of others were also more socially central in their group. Such different selection factors fostered coordination among individuals and promoted huddle formation. The study has enhanced our understanding of nocturnal huddling behavior in social nonhuman primates and the intricate mechanisms involved in decision-making. The findings provide valuable insights into the sleep behavior of wild animals, thereby increasing our understanding of how monkeys maintain long-term survival. The analysis of sleep behavior has significant theoretical and practical implications for the conservation of Tibetan macaques.

Creation of novel fluorescent nanomaterials with high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) will lead to high-efficiency luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs). Herein, two kinds of carbon dots (CDs), e.g., blue and green emissive CDs and one novel carbon nanorings (NRs) with yellow emission are synthesized by the solvothermal method. Diaminobenzenesulfonic acid is used as one main precursor to create blue, green emission carbon dots (B/GCDs) and yellow emission carbon nanorings (YCNRs). Importantly, the PLQYs of B/GCDs and YCNRs are 59.8±3.2 %, 12.2±0.7 % and 63.2±1.5 %, respectively. Moreover, B/GCDs and YCNRs are used as fluorescent nanomaterials to construct laminated LSCs with single-layer and double-layer through one-step photopolymerization technique. For single-layer laminated LSCs, YCNRs-based LSCs have the maximum external optical efficiency (ηopt), up to 3.05 %. Furthermore, for double-layer laminated LSCs, the LSCs based on BCDs and YCNRs achieve the highest ηopt of 4.09 %. Compared to single-layer laminated LSCs, the double-layer laminated LSCs show an increase of 34 % in ηopt. Their internal quantum efficiency (ηint) of 29.88 % and external quantum efficiency (ηext) of 25.18 % are obtained, respectively. The presented values are just for single-wavelength excitation. Thus, the synthesis of novel YCNRs with high PLQYs contributes to the optical performances at a large level. Remarkably, the optimal double-layer laminated LSCs show good transparency.

Introduction The aim of the study is the regulatory effect of MicroRNA-210 (MiR- 210) on cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced mouse lung epithelial type II cells (MLE-12) apoptosis and determine whether the MiR-210 is involved in cigarette smoke extract-induced apoptosis of MLE-12 via Shh signaling pathway. Methods Expression of MiR-210 in CSE-induced MLE-12 was assessed by qRTPCR. The emphysema mouse model and MiR-210 knockdown mice were each established by inhaling cigarette smoke or intratracheal lentiviral vector instillation. The Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Ptch1, Gli1, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and Caspase 3 protein expressions were detected by Western blotting. mRNA expressions of MiR-210, Shh, Ptch1, and Gli1 were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Apoptotic ratios in mice and CSE-induced HPVEC were assessed using TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) assays and flow cytometry. Results Our results showed that MiR-210 mRNA levels were significantly downregulated in the CSE-induced MLE 12. MLE 12 apoptosis with down-regulated Shh, Ptch1, Gli1, and Bcl-2 expression, increased Caspase 3 expression in the emphysema mouse model and CSE-induced MLE 12. Knockdown MiR-210 can facilitate cell apoptosis and emphysema via the Shh signaling pathway in mice. In vitro , MiR-210 can attenuate the apoptosis of CSE-exposed MLE 12. Moreover, MiR-210 regulated the Shh pathway and promoted its expression. Conclusions MiRNA-210 is involved in cigarette smoke extract-induced apoptosis of MLE-12 via the Shh signaling pathway. The present study reveals that MiRNA-210 may be a key regulator of cellular apoptosis and could be explored as a potential therapeutic target in the future.

The utilization of vanadium titano-magnetite concentrate (VTM) for pellet preparation poses challenges in terms of low consolidation strength and high energy consumption during the thermal process. The effect and function mechanism of high-pressure grinding roll (HPGR) pretreatment on the preparation of VTM pellets were investigated. The results indicate that HPGR pretreatment increased the strength of the pellets prepared by VTM and decreased the thermal processing temperature and time. The main reason can be attributed to the reduced particle size of VTM, accompanied by an increase in specific surface area, iron-bearing mineral liberation, and improved interfacial hydrophilicity and particle ballability. Moreover, HPGR pretreatment reduced the crystallite size of VTM and increased lattice microstrain and amorphousness, leading to a 13.21 kJ/mol improvement in the mechanical energy storage of titanomagnetite. The increased specific surface area was a crucial factor in strengthening the preparation of VTM pellets, which increased the contacting points participated in interface physicochemical reactions. The enhanced hydrophilicity and ballability were beneficial to improving the strength of green pellets, while the increased strength of roasted pellets was primarily attributed to the iron-containing mineral liberation and crystal mechanical activation, which promoted the oxidation of iron-bearing minerals and the microcrystalline diffusion and connection. Compared with the untreated VTM, the compressive strength of roasted pellets increased from 2168 N P−1 (Newton per pellet) to 2813 N P−1 when the roller pressure intensity was 12 MPa, and the proper roasting temperature could be reduced by more than 50 °C.

Abstract The chemical transformations of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) greenhouse gases typically have high energy barriers. Here we present an approach of strategic coupling of CH4 oxidation and CO2 reduction in a switched microbial process governed by redox cycling of iron minerals under temperate conditions. The presence of iron minerals leads to an obvious enhancement of carbon fixation, with the minerals acting as the electron acceptor for CH4 oxidation and the electron donor for CO2 reduction, facilitated by changes in the mineral structure. The electron flow between the two functionally active microbial consortia is tracked through electrochemistry, and the energy metabolism in these consortia is predicted at the genetic level. This study offers a promising strategy for the removal of CH4 and CO2 in the natural environment and proposes an engineering technique for the utilization of major greenhouse gases.

Poplar is an important tree species for timber supply and ecological protection in northern China. Cultivating and selecting high-quality varieties and germplasm resources suitable for cultivation are key factors in enhancing the quality and productivity of poplar plantations in the arid and semi-arid northern regions with shorter growing seasons. This study conducted a field cultivation experiment on 10 progeny clones from the direct cross (D × M) of imported Populus deltoides ‘DD-109’ with Populus maximowiczii and 7 progeny clones from the reciprocal cross (M × D) using one-year-old rooted cuttings planted at a 4 m × 8 m spacing. Based on 17 years of annual growth observations, the study systematically compared growth characteristics, age of quantitative maturity, path relationships between traits, and early selection efficiency in the hybrid offspring. The results indicated that the D × M population had superior diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H), and volume (V) compared to the M × D population, while the height-to-diameter ratio (HDR) was lower. The growth rate of the 17 clones peaked from 10 to 14 years, with annual volume growth increments (PAIs) higher than mean annual volume increments (MAIs) during the early growth stages; the quantitative maturity age ranged between 12 and 16 years. The D × M population generally reached quantitative maturity earlier than the M × D population, with the fastest clone maturing in 12 years. Four clones (DM-9-17, DM-9-18, DM-9-14, and MD-61) showed values for V, DBH, H, and HDR above the hybrid group average. Path analysis demonstrated that DBH had the most significant direct and indirect effects on V, suggesting it as the best predictor for V. Using DBH as a reference, correlation and early selection efficiency analysis showed a strong relationship between growth characteristics at planting years 4–5 and later-stage performance, indicating this as the optimal period for early selection. These findings contribute to evaluating the production potential of P. deltoides ‘DD-109’ and P. maximowiczii germplasm in northern China and provide valuable guidance for selecting poplar clones suitable for local cultivation, accelerating breeding processes, and informing management planning for poplar plantations.

Abstract Background and aims Electrical stimulation (ES) has been shown to substantially enhance the quality of life by alleviating pain in patients with chronic wounds. This study aimed to observe the effects of low‐frequency pulsed wearable ES at the common peroneal nerve on chronic refractory wounds of the lower limb. Methods Forty‐eight participants were randomly divided into control group (n = 24) and treatment group (n = 24) in this study. The control group received standard wound care (SWC) exclusively, whereas the treatment group was administered both SWC and the wearable low‐frequency ES targeting the common peroneal nerve. Measurements of wound area, pain intensity, wound status, and quality of life scores were systematically recorded both before and after 4 weeks treatment. Results After 4 weeks of intervention, the percentage area reduction was significantly higher in the treatment group compared to the control group (Z = −3.9, p

Ischemic stroke poses a significant global health challenge with limited treatment options. Tissue plasminogen activator, the only effective medication, has strict restrictions, limiting its benefits only to a small number of patients. Astaxanthin, a natural carotenoid found in algae, shrimp, and crabs, has demonstrated promising neuroprotective properties in models of ischemic stroke. This article reviews the novel finding of neuroprotective impact of astaxanthin in ischemic stroke, highlighting its benefits in various protective mechanisms such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, enhancement of DNA repair, anti-cell death, protection of blood–brain barrier, and promotion of neuronal survival. This analysis underscores the therapeutic and preventive potential of astaxanthin in ischemic stroke, positioning it as a prospective pharmaceutical agent against ischemic stroke.

Mitotic kinesin-like protein 2 (MKLP2/KIF20A) is a key mitotic regulator frequently overexpressed in human malignancies and its abundance is positively correlated with poor outcomes of the disease. Despite extensive research on MKLP2 as a potential target for oncology, the development of small-molecule inhibitors specific to MKLP2 remains limited. We have previously identified a benzoazipinone compound, HJ81 as a potent disruptor of Aurora kinase B (AURKB) localization during late mitosis. This study reveals that such disruption results from a failure of AURKB relocation at the onset of anaphase and this phenomenon can be specifically attributed to the disablement of MKLP2, a recognized facilitator of the relocation process. Further optimization of HJ81 leads to identifying compounds such as 12a as promising lead inhibitors of MKLP2-mediated processes, with improved pharmacokinetic properties. 12a inhibits the microtubule-stimulated ATPase activity of the recombinant MKLP2 in vitro. Significant suppression of tumor growth was observed in mice bearing the Calu-6 lung cancer cell line when treated with 12a at a well-tolerated dose. Overall, our findings suggest that benzoazipinone derivatives represent a novel chemical scaffold with the potential to be developed to mimic MKLP2 inhibition for cancer treatment.

Introduction:Bougainvillea glabra “Elizabeth Angus“ is a thorny woody vine or shrub. However, the hard thorns are considered a deficiency in its ornamental value.Methods: To find the genes and pathways related to the hardening process of the thorns on the stems of B. glabra, the eukaryotic unreferenced transcriptome sequencing analysis was conducted to explore the 3 stages of the thorn-hardening process. Total RNA was extracted from thorns and stems, and transcriptome libraries were constructed and sequenced using unreferenced Illumina sequencing.Results: Gene function annotation was performed using various databases, resulting in 8937 co-annotated genes. The density distribution of Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads (FPKM) depicted the overall gene expression patterns. The study found that stage 2 as the period of highest gene expression activity during the thorns hardening process in B. glabra. Differential expression analysis revealed that during thorn-hardening, 1045 genes up-regulated and 391 genes down-regulated significantly in thorns at stage 2 compared to stage 1 (early stage of thorns formation). Meanwhile, 938 genes up-regulated and 784 genes down-regulated significantly in stems. At stage 3, as thorns became harder, 63 genes exhibited notable expression increase and 98 genes’ expression decreased obviously within thorns, and 46 genes up-regulated and 29 genes down-regulated in stems, compared to stage 2. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was the key step in the hardening process of the thorns of B. glabra. The formation and hardening of thorns on the stem of B. glabra was a process in which lignin gradually accumulated in the thorns, and several genes were involved in this process. They include PAL (EC:4.3.1.24), CYP73A (EC:1.14.14.91), 4CL (EC:6.2.1.12), CCR (EC:1.2.1.44), CAD (EC:1.1.1.195) and POX (EC:1.11.1.7).Discussion: This transcriptome analysis offers insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying thorns development in this plant species.

In order to determine the residue of hexazinone in blueberry fruit, field experiments in Zhejiang, Jilin, Liaoning and Beijing, China were conducted using 75% hexazinone water dispersible granules. An analytical method was established for determining residual hexazinone in blueberry fruit utilizing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with an electrospray ionization source in the positive ion mode (ESI+). The samples were extracted with acetonitrile while vortexing, salted out, and then purified on a column packed with primary secondary amine (PSA) and C18 before measurement. The linearity, matrix effect, limit of quantification (LOQ), trueness (recovery rate) and precision (relative standard deviation (RSD)) of the proposed method were studied. Good linearity (r > 0.999 8) was found in the concentration range from 0.000 1 to 0.01 mg/L. The matrix effect was −7.7%. The LOQ was 0.01 mg/kg. The average recovery of hexazinone from blueberry fruit at spiked concentration levels of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg ranged from 87% to 91%, with a RSD less than 3.7%. The field experiments showed that the residual level of hexazinone in blueberry fruit was below 0.01 mg/kg at 90 and 100 days after application, which was lower than the maximum residue limits (MRL) established in the US, Japan and South Korea (0.6, 0.2 and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively). The results of chronic dietary risk assessment showed that the estimated daily intake of hexazinone for general populations was 0.002 2 mg. The dietary risk quotient (RQ) was only 0.084%, indicating a low risk of dietary hexazinone intake. Therefore, it is recommended that 75% hexazinone water dispersible granules (WG) be applied in a single dose up to 1 800 g/hm2 to blueberry orchards; the pre-harvest interval (PHI) be 90 days.

The development of a novel strategy for the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies is of vital significance for COVID-19 diagnosis and effect of vaccination evaluation. In this investigation, an SiO2@Au@CDs nanoparticle (NP)-based lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) strip was fabricated and coupled with a miniaturized fluorimeter. The morphology features and particle sizes of the SiO2@Au@CDs NPs were characterized carefully, and the results indicated that the materials possess monodisperse, uniform, and spherical structures. Finally, this system was employed for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody test. In this work, the strategy for the SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody test possesses several merits, such as speed (less than 15 min), high sensitivity (1.2 × 10−7 mg/mL), broad linearity range (7.4 × 10−7~7.4 × 10−4 mg/mL), accurate results, high selectivity, good stability, and low cost. Additionally, future trends in LFAs using quantum dot-based diagnostics are envisioned.

As an emerging two-dimensional (2D) Group-VA material, bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) exhibits favorable electrical and optical properties. Here, three distinct morphologies of Bi2Se3 were obtained from bulk Bi2Se3 through electrochemical intercalation exfoliation. And the morphologies of these nanostructures can be tuned by adjusting solvent polarity during exfoliation. Then, the nonlinear optical and absorption characteristics of the Bi2Se3 samples with different morphologies were investigated using open-aperture Z-scan technology. The results reveal that the particle structure of Bi2Se3 exhibits stronger reverse saturable absorption (RSA) than the sheet-like structure. This is attributed to the higher degree of oxidation and greater number of localized defect states in the particle structure than in the sheet-like structure. Electrons in these defect states can be excited to higher energy levels, thereby triggering excited-state and two-photon absorption, which strengthen RSA. Finally, with increasing the RSA, the optical limiting threshold of 2D Bi2Se3 can also be increased. This work expands the potential applications of 2D Bi2Se3 materials in the field of broadband nonlinear photonics.

Currently, analyzing pharmaceuticals and biomarkers is crucial for ensuring medication safety and protecting life and health, and there is an urgent need to develop new and efficient analytical techniques in view of the limitations of traditional analytical methods. Molecularly imprinted ratiometric fluorescent (MI-RFL) sensors have received increasing attention in the field of analytical detection due to their high selectivity, sensitivity and anti-interference ability, short response time, and visualization. This review summarizes the recent advances of MI-RFL sensors in the field of pharmaceuticals and biomarkers detection. Firstly, the fluorescence sources and working mechanisms of MI-RFL sensors are briefly introduced. On this basis, new techniques and strategies for preparing molecularly imprinted polymers, such as dummy template imprinting, nanoimprinting, multi-template imprinting, and stimulus-responsive imprinting strategies, are presented. Then, dual- and triple-emission types of fluorescent sensors are introduced. Subsequently, specific applications of MI-RFL sensors in pharmaceutical analysis and biomarkers detection are highlighted. In addition, innovative applications of MI-RFL sensors in point-of-care testing are discussed in-depth. Finally, the challenges of MI-RFL sensors for analysis of pharmaceuticals and biomarkers are proposed, and the research outlook and development trends of MI-RFL sensors are prospected.

Shi-related sequence (SRS) proteins, which consist of the RING-like zinc finger domain and IGGH domain, are plant-specific transcription factors that have been well-studied in several plant species. However, information about SRS genes and their roles in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is limited. Therefore, we performed detailed bioinformatic analysis of the SRS gene family, including gene numbers and positions, genes structures, conserved motif distribution patterns, phylogenetic analysis, and promoter cis-element analysis. Eight SRS genes were identified in cucumber and distributed on all seven cucumber chromosomes. SRS genes are conserved in plants and divided into two groups in cucumber based on their protein sequence. In silico analysis predicted that most genes may function in response to abiotic stresses and phytohormones. Gene ontology analysis predicted the possible involvement of genes in development and reproduction, and DNA and protein binding on a molecular level. Furthermore, the differential expression pattern of SRS genes in leaf, stem and root under the condition of Zn2+ stress suggested their roles in response to Zn2+ stress. Furthermore, our metal tolerance assay suggested that CsSRS2 and CsSRS5 mediated enhanced tolerance to Zn2+ stress in Escherichia coli cells. Our study provides a foundation for the functional study of SRS genes in cucumber.

Rice (Orysa sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops in China, playing a major role in guaranteeing food security. Thanks to the development of science and technology, especially the progress of rice breeding technology, there have been two rounds of substantial increase in China's rice yield since the large-scale application of dwarf rice breeding and hybrid rice technology. Consumer demand for rice varieties and rice products is becoming increasingly diversified in the new era, and the current efficiency of rice breeding is still not satisfactory enough to meet future demand. As a self-pollinated crop, rice requires multiple generations of continuous self-crossing to achieve genetic homozygosis and stability in segregating generations during the breeding process. However, the long growth cycle of rice in paddy field and the difficulty of year-round planting have led to a long breeding cycle, which has become one of the crucial bottlenecks in rice breeding. Speed breeding is a new technology rising in recent years that promotes crop growth, flowering and maturation through comprehensive measures such as environmental regulation and growth manipulation to expedite the crop generation advance, which can shorten the "seed to seed" cycle and realize multi-generation breeding annually, and promises to significantly shorten the breeding cycle and improve the breeding efficiency. In this review, we focus on the rice crop and systematically describe the research status and progresses of speed breeding in rice in terms of the rise of crop speed breeding technology, the research overview of rice speed breeding, key genes in rice speed breeding, environmental factors affecting the rice flowering and maturation, and the incorporation of speed breeding and modern breeding technology. Further, we discuss and look forward to the challenges and key directions of future research in this field, aiming to promote the rapid development and application of speed breeding technology in rice, improve the efficiency of rice breeding, and provide useful references for guaranteeing food security and sustainable development of agriculture.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in situ electrosynthesis by O2 reduction reaction is a promising alternative to the conventional Fenton treatment of refractory wastewater. However, O2 mass transfer limitation, cathodic catalyst selectivity, and electron transfer in O2 reduction remain major engineering obstacles. Here, we have proposed a systematic solution for efficient H2O2 generation and its electro-Fenton (EF) application for refractory organic degradation based on the fabrication of a novel ZrO2/CMK-3/PTFE cathode, in which polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) acted as a hydrophobic modifier to strengthen the O2 mass transfer, ZrO2 was adopted as a hydrophilic modifier to enhance the electron transfer of O2 reduction, and mesoporous carbon CMK-3 was utilized as a catalyst substrate to provide catalytic active sites. Moreover, feasible mass transfer of O2 from the hydrophobic to the hydrophilic layer was designed to increase the contact between O2 and the reaction interface. The H2O2 yield of the ZrO2/CMK-3/PTFE cathode was significantly improved by approximately 7.56 times compared to that of the conventional gas diffusion cathode under the same conditions. The H2O2 generation rate and Faraday efficiency reached 125.98 mg·cm−2·h−1 (normalized to 5674.04 mmol·g−1·h−1 by catalyst loading) and 78.24% at −1.3 V versus standard hydrogen electrode (current density of −252 mA·cm−2), respectively. The high H2O2 yield ensured that sufficient OḢ was produced for excellent EF performance, resulting in a degradation efficiency of over 96% for refractory organics. This study offers a novel engineering solution for the efficient treatment of refractory wastewater using EF technology based on in situ high-yield H2O2 electrosynthesis.

Abstract Abiotic stresses are major factors constraining the growth, development and productivity of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the most cultivated vegetable crop worldwide. Uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UDPGTs or UGTs) are essential enzymes that utilize 5-uridine diphosphate as a glycosyl donor molecule to facilitate the catalysis of glycosylation reactions across diverse substrates, thereby playing a pivotal role in conferring abiotic stress tolerance. Currently, there is a limited understanding of the structure and functions of the UDPGT gene family in tomato. In this work, 106 members of the SlUDPGT gene family were identified through in silico analysis, besides, their protein sequence properties, phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, chromosomal distribution, cis-acting elements, tissue expression and hormone- and stress-induced expression were comprehensively investigated. The expression of representative SlUDPGTs under abiotic stress and exogenous hormone treatments, including salt, polyethylene glycol, methyl viologen, gibberellic acid, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and brassinolide, was investigated through qRT‒PCR analysis. Numerous cis-acting elements linked to stress and hormone signaling were present in the promoter regions of SlUDPGTs. According to microarray data, most SlUDPGT genes were responsive to hormones and abiotic stresses, while certain SlUDPGTs were specifically differentially expressed under Botrytis cinerea and tomato spotted wilt virus infection. Additionally, diverse expression profiles of SlUDPGTs were observed in various tissues and developmental stages. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of SlUDPGT52 led to enhanced drought tolerance due to enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. These findings lay the foundations for the future functional characterization of specific UDPGT gene family members, assisting the biotechnology-mediated improvement of tomato and other horticultural crops.

Abstract The lunar surface and interior are highly reducing, resulting in the virtually absence of ferric ion. However, recent studies suggest the presence of ferric iron in lunar samples, and in most cases they were found in amorphous silicates (e.g., glass beads) measured by TEM–EELS. In this work, we conducted a systematic TEM–EELS analysis on the iron valence states of Chang’e-5 impact glass beads. The Fe3+/ΣFe ratio of each silicate glass sample was determined from integral intensity of Fe L3 and L2 edge. The measurements show a positive correlation between the dwell time and Fe3+/ΣFe ratio, which reveals that ferric iron can be significantly produced by electron beam bombardment under routine analytical condition. The calculated Fe3+/ΣFe with short dwell times (≤ 20 ms) in our Chang’e-5 impact glass beads show no detectable inherent ferric iron, suggesting that the ferric iron is not ubiquitous as previously reported. It is obvious that a careful control of experiment conditions is critical to determine the inherent redox state of other beam-sensitive terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Background Infection rate of varicella zoster virus (VZV) is 95% in humans, and VZV infection is strongly associated with ischemic stroke (IS). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of VZV-induced IS are still unclear, and there are no effective agents to treat and prevent VZV-induced IS. Objective By integrating bioinformatics, this study explored the interactions between VZV and IS and potential medication to treat and prevent VZV-induced IS. Methods In this study, the VZV and IS datasets from the GEO database were used to specify the common genes. Then, bioinformatics analysis including Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia Genes Genomes and Protein–Protein Interaction network analysis was performed. Further, the hub genes, transcription factor (TF) gene interactions, TF-miRNA co-regulatory network and potential drug were obtained. Finally, validation was performed using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Results The potential molecular mechanisms of VZV-induced IS were studied using multiple bioinformatics tools. Ten hub genes were COL1A2, DCN, PDGFRB, ACTA2, etc. TF genes and miRNAs included JUN, FOS, CREB, BRCA1, PPARG, STAT3, miR-29, etc. A series of mechanism may be involved, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, blood–brain barrier disruption, foam cell generation and among others. Finally, we proposed resveratrol as a potential therapeutic medicine for the prevention and treatment of VZV-induced IS. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics results showed that resveratrol and hub genes exhibited strong binding score. Conclusions Resveratrol could be an alternative for the prevention and treatment of VZV-IS. More in vivo and in vitro studies are needed in the future to fully explore the molecular mechanisms between VZV and IS and for medication development.

The distribution and migration routes of the most studied swan species, mute swans (Cygnus olor), in East Asia are largely unknown because most of those studies were conducted in Europe and North America. In 2016 and from 2021 to 2022, we deployed satellite tracking devices on 22 and 10 mute swans wintering at the Ili River, Xinjiang of Western China, and summering at Ulansuhai Lake, Inner Mongolia of Eastern China, to determine their migration routes. Eight environmental factors, namely, human population density, the shortest distance to the nearest transportation route, elevation, aspect, slope, air temperature, wind speed and gross primary productivity (GPP), were used to analyse the environmental differences at the stopover sites of swan populations between Eastern and Western China. Ebinur and Ulungur Lakes in Xinjiang of Western China and Kapchagay Reservoir and Sasykkol and Alakol Lakes in Eastern Kazakhstan were the summering sites for the Western Chinese swan population; for the Eastern Chinese swan population, in addition to the Yellow River Delta being identified as a wintering site, the Hongze Lake Region of Jiangsu and Danaoban Lake of Inner Mongolia in China were also identified for the first time as wintering and summering sites, respectively. We also found that human population density and GPP were crucial determinants of stopover duration in the Eastern and Western Chinese swan populations both in spring and in autumn. Our findings provide basic data for future research on mute swans in East Asia and will contribute to conservation action plan development through current conservation status evaluations of important summering, wintering and stopover sites along the migration routes of mute swans.

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a global environmental pollutant with neurotoxicity, which can easily crosses the blood–brain barrier and cause irreversible damage to the human central nervous system (CNS). CNS inflammation and autophagy are known to be involved in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Meanwhile, MeHg has the potential to induce microglia-mediated neuroinflammation as well as autophagy. This study aims to further explore the exact molecular mechanism of MeHg neurotoxicity. We conducted in vitro studies using BV2 microglial cell from the central nervous system of mice. The role of inflammation and autophagy in the damage of BV2 cells induced by MeHg was determined by detecting cell viability, cell morphology and structure, reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant function, inflammatory factors, autophagosomes, inflammation and autophagy-related proteins. We further investigated the relationship between the inflammatory response and autophagy induced by MeHg by inhibiting them separately. The results indicated that MeHg could invade cells, change cell structure, activate NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and autophagosome, release a large amount of inflammatory factors and trigger the inflammatory response and autophagy. It was also found that MeHg could disrupt the antioxidant function of cells. In addition, the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome alleviated both cellular inflammation and autophagy, while inhibition of autophagy increased cellular inflammation. Our current research suggests that MeHg might induce BV2 cytotoxicity through inflammatory response and autophagy, which may be mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome activated by oxidative stress.

Background and ObjectiveOxidative stress is an important pathological process in ischemic stroke (IS). Apigenin (APG) is a natural product with favorable antioxidative effects, and some studies have already demonstrated the antioxidative mechanism of APG in the treatment of IS. However, the mechanism of APG on DNA damage and repair after IS is not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of APG on DNA repair after IS.MethodsMale Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish a model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) on one side, and were pre-treated with gavage of APG (30, 60, or 120 mg/kg) for 7 days. One day after pMCAO, the brain tissues were collected. Cerebral infarct volume, brain water content, HE staining and antioxidant index were analyzed to evaluated the brain damage. Molecular Docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot were used to explore the potential proteins related to DNA damage repair.ResultsAPG has a low binding score with DNA repair-related proteins. APG treatment has improved the volume of cerebral infarction and neurological deficits, reduced brain edema, and decreased parthanatos and apoptosis by inhibiting PARP1/AIF pathway. In addition, APG improved the antioxidative capacity through reducing reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, and increasing glutathione and superoxide dismutase. Also, APG has reduced DNA damage- and cell death-related proteins such as PARP1, γH2A.X, 53BP1, AIF, cleaved caspase3, Cytochrome c, and increased DNA repair by BRCA1 and RAD51 through homologous recombination repair, and reduced non-homologous end link repair by KU70.ConclusionAPG can improve nerve damage after IS, and these protective effects were realized by reducing oxidative stress and DNA damage, and improving DNA repair.

Erhai Lake is a highland freshwater lake in Dali, China. Rapid tourism development has generated large amounts of pollutants. Since 2015, six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been built to treat wastewater collected through sewage interception projects. In this study, reductions in the pollution load of wastewater from different sources were evaluated by considering the effects of groundwater leakage, microbial degradation, and rainfall-runoff. The results showed that the systems reduced the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) loads by 85, 83, and 85%, respectively. Discharge wastewater has the characteristics of a low concentration of domestic sewage discharge, large tourist sewage discharge, and high concentration of livestock wastewater. Due to the high groundwater level, there is groundwater infiltration in the influent water of WWTPs, which dilutes the pollutant concentration of the influent and, therefore, results in a lower treatment efficiency. Further treatment of tailwater also reduced the pollution loads discharged into the lake as well as the COD and TN by 10.25 and 22.90%, respectively. The results indicate that groundwater infiltration in the sewer network system is the primary target to be addressed in future developments. HIGHLIGHTS Reduction of pollution loads based on sewage treatment projects can be easily quantified.; The sewage treatment project exhibited the high removal efficiency with the reduction loads of 85% COD, 83% TN, and 85% TP into Erhai Lake.; The groundwater infiltration in the sewer network system is the primary target to be solved in future developments.;

Field‐effect transistor‐based biosensors (FET biosensors) have gained significant attention in the context of the global SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic owing to their label free and highly sensitive detection capabilities. In this comprehensive review, recent advances in the use of electrochemical‐transistor‐based biosensors for the label‐free detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 are analyzed. A general introduction to the electrochemical‐transistor‐based biosensor system is initiated, highlighting its critical technical requirements. Various structural designs and working principles of transistor‐based transducers are described, and the essential aspects of interface engineering for improved sensing performance are summarized. The applications of transistor‐based biosensors for the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 are discussed in detail. Finally, perspectives for the future development of transistor‐based sensing systems are provided. This review aims to provide valuable insights and guidance for the design and optimization of biochemical sensor systems with the potential to impact health monitoring, disease diagnosis, and biosafety in the field of in vitro diagnostic products.

Quinolone antibiotics are a common class of antibiotics in the environment and have received considerable attention. In this study, three groups of mixed degradation strains targeting mixed quinolone antibiotics, norfloxacin (NOR), and enrofloxacin (ENR) were selected through screening, enrichment, and microbial diversity detection experiments. The strains screened in this study are divided into two categories through degradation efficiency experiments, community composition detection and functional enrichment analysis. In groups mix and ENR, the resistant bacteria are the main microorganisms and the degrading bacteria are the secondary ones, while in group NOR, the strains with degradation effects are the main ones, and the strains with resistance effects are the secondary ones. What’s more, that carbon sources have little effect on the community composition of the quinolone antibiotic degrading and tolerant bacteria, the difference between groups is mainly controlled by the type of antibiotics. On this basis, we found the key to NOR degradation is the cleavage of carbon nitrogen bonds on the piperazine ring, followed by oxygenation and deethylation. Preliminary studies have confirmed that the optimal degradation conditions for NOR degrading strains, and also found that environmental factors did not significantly affect the degradation efficiency of the Mix and NOR degrading strains, which indicating that the mixed bacteria can degrade NOR in different real environments effectively such as tap water, seawater, river water, and lake water. This manuscript is the first report on a mixed strain of quinolone antibiotic microbial degradation, and it is also the study with the highest NOR degradation efficiency among known reports. It has great research value for the co-metabolism and biodegradation of quinolone antibiotics in the environment.