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Four-wave-mixing microscopy is widely researched in both biology and medicine. In this paper, we present a simplified near-degenerate four-wave-mixing microscopy (SNDFWM). An ultra-steep long-pass filter is utilized to produce an ultra-steep edge on the spectrum of a femtosecond pulse, and a super-sensitive four-wave-mixing (FWM) signal can be generated via an ultra-steep short-pass filter. Compared with the current state-of-the-art FWM microscopy, this SNDFWM microscopy has the advantages of simpler experimental apparatus, lower cost, and easier operation. We demonstrate that this SNDFWM microscopy has high sensitivity and high spatial resolution in both nanowires and biological tissues. We also show that the SNDFWM microscopy can achieve an ultra-sensitive detection based on the electron-resonance effect. This method might find an important application in tracking of nano drugs in vivo.

Realizing the substantial potential of bottom-up 1D semiconductor nanostructures in developing functional nanodevices calls for dedicated single-nanostructure bandgap engineering by various growth approaches. Although thermal evaporation has been advised as a facile approach for most semiconductors to form 1D nanostructures from bottom-up, its capability of achieving single-nanostructure bandgap engineering was considered a challenge. In 2011, we succeeded in the direct growth of composition-graded CdS1−xSex (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) nanowires by upgrading the thermal-evaporation tube furnace with a home-made magnetic-pulling module. This report aims to provide a comprehensive review of the latest advances in the single-nanostructure bandgap engineering enabled by the magnetic-pulling thermal evaporation growth. The report begins with the description of different magnetic-pulling thermal evaporation strategies associated with diverse examples of composition-engineered 1D nanostructures. Following is an elaboration on their optoelectronic applications based on the resulting single-nanostructure bandgap engineering, including monolithic white-light sources, proof-of-concept asymmetric light propagation and wavelength splitters, monolithic multi-color and white-light lasers, broadband-response photodetectors, high-performance transistors, and recently the most exciting single-nanowire spectrometer. In the end, this report concludes with some personal perspectives on the directions toward which future research might be advanced.

We have developed an effective chemical-vapor-deposition method to fabricate large-scale cerium hexaboride nanowire arrays on flexible carbon substates. The nanowires show diameters of 80–200 nm and lengths of 5–30 μm. The high resolution transmission electron microcopy (HRTEM) indicates that the nanowire is of high crystalline with the growth orientation of [001]. The field emission of these nanowires shows favorable electron emission properties, including the turn-on fields of 1.76 V μm −1 , threshold fields of 3.60 V μm −1 and high field emission enhancement factors of 2203 ± 27, respectively. The field emission properties depending on the gap between the anode and cathode are also investigated. The results show that the turn-on fields and threshold fields decrease from 1.76 and 3.60 V μm −1 to 1.28 and 2.77 V μm −1 , respectively; whereas the field emission enhancement factors increase from 2203 ± 27 to 4012 ± 66 with the anode-cathode distance increasing from 500 to 700 μm. The excellent field emission performances indicate the promising application prospects of this material in flexible electronics and optoelectronics, such as high light electron sources, flat panel displays and thermal electrical power converters.

In this work, photoelectric responses of nanocrystalline WO3 film to humidity under UV light irradiation were investigated. Nanocrystalline WO3 film with porous structure was prepared on Al2O3 substrate by the technology of screen printing and the subsequent heat treatment. The as-prepared nanocrystalline WO3 film was characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The time-dependent photoelectric responses of nanocrystalline WO3 film were studied by exposing it to a wide humidity range of 20–80% relative humidity (RH) at room temperature under UV light irradiation. High performance photoelectric responses of nanocrystalline WO3 film to humidity were observed. To illustrate it, a possible explanation for the photoelectric responses to humidity was proposed. On the basis of the results, the high performance photoelectric responses of WO3 to humidity will provides a new insight into the design and fabrication of advanced photo-activated humidity sensors.

Photoelectric responses of ZnO to dry air and formaldehyde under visible light illumination were studied in this work. ZnO film was prepared on Al 2 O 3 substrate by screen printing. Fundamental characteristics of ZnO film were examined through XRD, FE-SEM and PL spectra measurements. Time-dependent photocurrent properties of ZnO were tested in dry air and formaldehyde under the illumination of white light, respectively. The results revealed that, in comparison with dry air, ZnO in formaldehyde exhibited an enhanced photocurrent response. To illustrate it, explanations based on the double Schottky barrier model were proposed. In addition, to demonstrate the authenticity of the proposed mechanism, experiments on the time-dependent photocurrent of ZnO under white light illumination in the light-on and light-off conditions were also carried out.

Color-tunable emission from semiconductor nanostructures holds promising applications in developing multi-color/color-tunable nano-devices. Herein, we reported the growth of In-doped CdS nanowires with various dopant concentrations via a thermal evaporation method. Optical measurement revealed the photoluminescence of these doped nanowires consists of a narrow bandedge emission and a broad trap-state emission, and the intensity ratio between them is tunable depending on excitation laser intensities and trap-state concentrations. On the basis of this variable intensity ratio, a tunable photoluminescent color from red to green was demonstrated. Our work indicates that trap-state emission from doped nanostructures might be useful for color-tunable emissions.

A facile co-precipitation and annealing method for the growth of porous CoMn 2 O 4 microspheres is presented. Serving as a supercapacitor electrode, the CoMn 2 O 4 microsphere possesses a remarkable specific capacitance (788 F g −1 at the current density of 1 A g −1 ), which hold great promise for use as electrochemical energy storage.

In this article, ordered ZnO@ZnS core–shell structures have been produced on a stainless mesh by a two-step approach without using a template. ZnO nanorods fabricated by a chemical vapor method are transferred into a 50 ml autoclave for a second stage ion-exchange reaction followed by heating at 120 °C for 4–16 h. The ZnO core is prepared as the conducting channel and ZnS as the active material. Such unique architecture exhibits remarkable electrochemical performance with high capacitance and desirable cycle life. When evaluating as the electrode for supercapacitors, the ZnO@ZnS core–shell structure delivers a high specific capacitance of 603.8 F g−1 at a current density of 2 A g−1, with 9.4% capacitance loss after cycling 3000 times. The fabrication strategy presented here is simple and cost-effective, which can open new avenues for large-scale applications of the novel materials in energy storage.

In this work, porous NiMn2O4 nanosheets with large surface areas are successfully grown by a hydrothermal method and examined as electrodes for supercapacitors. Results have shown that the supercapacitor based on NiMn2O4 electrodes exhibits the highest specific capacitance of 1321.6 F g−1 at a scan rate of 2 A g−1, much higher than those of other supercapacitors made of metal oxides and composites. The NiMn2O4 supercapacitor also shows a good cycling behavior, only 6.5 % capacitance decay after 1500 cycles. The NiMn2O4 nanosheets possess a robust mechanical adhesion to Ni foam, which has been demonstrated by an ultrasonication test.

1D core-shell heterojunction nanostructures have great potential for high-performance, compact optoelectronic devices owing to their high interface area to volume ratio, yet their bottom-up assembly toward scalable fabrication remains a challenge. Here the site-controlled growth of aligned CdS-CdSe core-shell nanowalls is reported by a combination of surface-guided vaporliquid-solid horizontal growth and selective-area vapor-solid epitaxial growth, and their integration into photodetectors at wafer-scale without postgrowth transfer, alignment, or selective shell-etching steps. The photocurrent response of these nanowalls is reduced to 200 ns with a gain of up to 3.8 x 10(3) and a photoresponsivity of 1.2 x 10(3) A W-1, the fastest response at such a high gain ever reported for photodetectors based on compound semiconductor nanostructures. The simultaneous achievement of sub-microsecond response and high-gain photocurrent is attributed to the virtues of both the epitaxial CdS-CdSe heterojunction and the enhanced charge-separation efficiency of the core-shell nanowall geometry. Surface-guided nanostructures are promising templates for wafer-scale fabrication of self-aligned core-shell nanostructures toward scalable fabrication of high-performance compact photodetectors from the bottom-up.

Hierarchical, mesoporous CuCo2O4 nanograsses have been synthesized on copper foam using a simple and cost-effective hydrothermal approach followed by a post-annealing treatment. The electrodes made from the novel nanoarchitecture exhibit multi-functional electrochemical performance. They deliver an excellent specific capacitance of 796 F g−1 at a current density of 2 A g−1 in a 2 M KOH aqueous solution and a long-term cyclic stability of 94.7% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. When applied to electro-catalytic oxidation of methanol, the current density of the CuCo2O4/Cu foam electrode in 1 M KOH mixed with 0.5 M methanol is maintained up to 27.6 A g−1. The superior electrochemical performances are mainly due to the unique one dimensional porous acicular architecture with a very large surface area and porosity grown on a highly conductive Cu substrate, offering faster ion/electron transfer, an improved reactivity and an enhanced structural stability. The fabrication strategy presented here is simple, cost-effective and scalable, which can open new avenues for large-scale applications of the novel materials in energy storage.

ZnCo2O4/MnO2 nanocone forests with a mesoporous, hierarchical core-shell structure and a large surface area were hydrothermally grown on 3D nickel foam. The supercapacitor electrodes prepared from the unique structure exhibits exceptional specific capacitances of 2339 and 1526 F g−1 at current densities of 1 and 10 A g−1, respectively, and long-term capacity retention of ~95.9% after 3000 cycles at 2 A g−1 and 94.5% after 8000 cycles at 10 A g−1. These values are proven to be the highest when the capacitances are compared between the current study and similar core/shell-structured metal oxide electrodes taken from the literature. Many synergistic effects are identified to be responsible for the observations: namely, highly conductive 3D Ni foam substrate that totally eliminate binders and conductive additives; high crystalline quality of the ZnCo2O4 core which is directly grown on the conductive current collector, allowing fast electron transport; and the mesoporous MnO2 shell with a huge surface area for fast ion diffusion and intimate electrode/electrolyte contact. In addition, the nanostructured core and shell have redox reactions with anions and cations from the electrolyte, respectively, both of which contribute much to electrochemical charge storage.

Tri-gate transistors offer better performance than planar transistors by exerting additional gate control over a channel from two lateral sides of semiconductor nanowalls (or “fins”). Here we report the bottom-up assembly of aligned CdS nanowalls by a simultaneous combination of horizontal catalytic vapor–liquid–solid growth and vertical facet-selective noncatalytic vapor–solid growth and their parallel integration into tri-gate transistors and photodetectors at wafer scale (cm2) without postgrowth transfer or alignment steps. These tri-gate transistors act as enhancement-mode transistors with an on/off current ratio on the order of 108, 4 orders of magnitude higher than the best results ever reported for planar enhancement-mode CdS transistors. The response time of the photodetector is reduced to the submicrosecond level, 1 order of magnitude shorter than the best results ever reported for photodetectors made of bottom-up semiconductor nanostructures. Guided semiconductor nanowalls open new opportunities...

In this work, we synthesized high-quality InAs nanowires by a convenient chemical vapor deposition method, and developed a simple laser heating method to measure the thermal conductivity of a single InAs nanowire in air. During the measurement, a focused laser was used to heat one end of a freely suspended nanowire, with its other end embedded into a carbon conductive adhesive. In order to obtain the thermal conductivity of InAs nanowires, the heat loss in the heat transfer process was estimated, which includes the heat loss through air conduction, the heat convection, and the radiation loss. The absorption ratio of the laser power in the InAs nanowire was calculated. The result shows that the thermal conductivity of InAs nanowires monotonically increases from 6.4 W m−1 K−1 to 10.5 W m−1 K−1 with diameters increasing from 100 nm to 190 nm, which is ascribed to the enhanced phonon-boundary scattering.

We propose and investigate a compact gradient index plasmonic ring resonator (Grin PRR) with strong light confinement and extinction ratio based on finite element method (FEM). Theoretical simulation reveals that the change of index gradient influences the resonant frequency, Q factor and the mode volume. Significantly, it is demonstrated that the extinction ratio of Grin PRR can be optimized by varying the index gradient for any radius. Index gradient can enhance extinction ratio at settled size, so this structure has both high extinction ratio and smaller size footprint. It could be very promising for the high-density optical integration.

Purpose: To study the effect of Ginkgo biloba preparation on senile dementia and the mechanism of its action. Methods: Sprague Dawley (SD) rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was produced by vascular occlusion (2-VO). The rats were administered Ginkgo biloba preparation via intra-gastric route 4 h after the operation, and then at 7:30 am every day at a dose of 100 mg/kg per day (0.5 mL/100 g, per day) for 28 days. One group of untreated model rats, and a reference group served as controls. Garcia composite score was used to evaluate the recovery of neurological function in the rats after operation. Morris water maze test was conducted to assess learning and memory abilities. Western blot was used to measure protein expressions of BACE1, TRP1 and RAGE. Serum levels of inflammatory factors IL1, IL6 and TNF were assayed by ELISA. Results: Garcia composite score showed that the neurological function of the SD rats was significantly impaired by the blockage of blood flow to the bilateral common carotid artery. However, neurological function was gradually recovered by treatment with Ginkgo biloba preparation. The escape latency and swimming distance of the rats were significantly shortened, and the number of platform crossings was gradually increased by the Ginkgo biloba preparation. With time, there was no significant difference in swimming speed between the groups. Western blot data showed that expression of BACE1, TRP1 and RAGE gradually decreased. Results from ELISA indicate that with time, Ginkgo biloba preparation decreased the expressions of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF in the reference group. Conclusion: The preventive and therapeutic effects of Ginkgo biloba preparation extract on senile dementia may be related to its inhibition of neuro-inflammatory reaction. Keywords: Alzheimer disease, Neuro-inflammatory reactions, Ginkgo biloba preparation

Nanoscale near-infrared photodetectors are attractive for their potential applications in integrated optoelectronic devices. Here we report the synthesis of GaSb/GaInSb p-n heterojunction semiconductor nanowires for the first time through a controllable chemical vapor deposition (CVD) route. Based on these nanowires, room-temperature, high-performance, near-infrared photodetectors were constructed. The fabricated devices show excellent light response in the infrared optical communication region (1.55 mu m), with an external quantum efficiency of 10(4), a responsivity of 10(3) A/W, and a short response time of 2 ms, which shows promising potential applications in integrated photonics and optoelectronics devices or systems.

A facile strategy is developed for the in situ synthesis of low-cost, freestanding, binder-free CuO nanotube electrodes on a conducting Cu foil, totally eliminating non-active materials and extra processing steps. The synergy arising from the ameliorating structure, such as high porosity, large surface area and the ability for fast electron transport, make CuO nanotube electrodes ideal multi-functional electrochemical devices with excellent pseudocapacitive performance and a remarkable sensitivity to glucose for use as non-enzymatic biosensors (NGBs). The electrodes deliver remarkable specific capacitances of 442 and 358 F g−1 at current densities of 1 and 20 A g−1, respectively. The capacitance loss after 5000 cycles is only 4.6% at 1 A g−1, reflecting the excellent cyclic stability of the supercapacitor. The biosensor made from CuO nanotubes presents an extremely rapid and accurate response to glucose in blood in a wide, linear range of 100 μM to 3 mM, with a sensitivity of 2231 μA mM−1 cm−2. These interesting discoveries may open up the potential for the further development of new, multi-functional electrodes possessing both excellent energy storage and biosensory capabilities.

Binary metal oxides have been regarded as ideal potential anode materials which display electrochemical performances which surpass those of single metal oxides, in terms of reversible capacity, structural stability and electronic conductivity. In this work, hierarchical multi-villous NiCo2O4 nanocyclobenzene arrays (NCAs) on nickel foam have been fabricated by a simple hydrothermal approach combined with a post-annealing treatment. Such unique nanoarchitectures exhibit a remarkable electrochemical performance, with high capacitance and a desirable cycle lifespan at high rates. When evaluated as an electrode material for supercapacitors, the NCAs supported on nickel foam are able to deliver a high specific capacitance of 1545 F g−1 at a current density of 5 A g−1 in 2 M KOH aqueous solution. In addition, the composite electrode shows excellent mechanical behavior and long-term cyclic stability (93.7% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles). All in all, the fabrication strategy presented herein is simple, cost-effective and scalable, which opens new avenues for the large scale application of these novel materials in energy storage.

Semiconductor alloy nanostructures with tunable compositions provide excellent material platforms for function-tunable and/or broadband-response optoelectronic applications. Here we report the growth of high quality single-crystalline Cd 1- x Zn x Te alloy nanostructures in the full-composition region on a single substrate via a simple co-thermal evaporation route. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterizations confirm that the lattice parameters gradually increase with the increase of cadmium contents. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements show that these composition-tunable alloy nanostructures exhibit near-bandedge emissions, with peaks wavelength continuously changing from 554 nm to 819 nm. These alloy nanostructures will find potential applications in near-infrared function-tunable optoelectronic devices, such as high-performance laterally-arranged multiple-bandgap solar cells, variable-wavelength photodetectors and so on.

Nanoscale heterostructures with modulated composition and/or passivated interfaces can enrich/enhance the performance of diverse compact devices. Here, we report the synthesis of nanoscale pearl-like InP nanowire heterostructures wrapped with InP quantum dots (QDs)-decorated PxOy nanospheres periodically along the length by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Compared with the Raman modes of bulk InP, additional surface phonon (SP) peak, which results from InP QDs finite size, is observed in these pearl-like heterostructures. Room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) showed that these pearl-like heterostructures simultaneously exhibited two broad emission bands at 768 and 846 nm, which belong to the PL emission of InP QDs and InP trunks, respectively. The significant blue shift of the two emission bands compared with the intrinsic luminescence of InP crystal at 920 nm is attributed to the quantum confinement effects. A self-organization model is proposed to illustrate the formation of the heterostructures. These interesting pearl-like InP/PxOy heterostructures may find potential applications in constructing new nanoscale optoelectronic devices.

Inspired by the good match between the surface-plasmon energy of Au nanoparticles and the emitted photon energy of CdS nanowires, CdS–SiO2 core–shell nanowires with Au nanoparticles attached (CdS–SiO2–Au) were prepared to investigate the interaction between the semiconductor and the metal. Photoluminescent and lifetime measurement reveal that the band-edge emission of CdS nanowires in this hybrid structure has a fivefold enhancement compared with pure CdS nanowires due to the surface plasmon resonance. In addition, the existence of an optimized thickness of the SiO2 layer for the emission enhancement indicates that the interactions between the metal and the semiconductor occur constructively only at appropriate distances. These CdS–SiO2–Au nanowires with tailored morphologies and enhanced band-edge emission have potential applications in solar cells, photodetectors and bio-nanotechnology.

We report the growth of high-quality CdS/CdSxSe1-x axial heterostructure nanowires (NWHs) via a temperature-controlled chemical vapor deposition method. Microstructural characterizations revealed that these NWHs have a single-crystalline structure with abrupt heterojunctions. Local photoluminescence and mapping near the heterojunctions show only two separated narrow band-edge emission bands from the two different adjacent semiconductors, further demonstrating the high-quality of these heterostructures. Moreover, the photodetector based on the single NWH shows a performance (higher responsivity (1.18 × 10(2) A/W), faster response speed (rise ∼68 μs, decay ∼137 μs), higher Ion/Ioff ratio (10(5)), higher EQE (3.1 × 10(4) %), and broader detection range (350-650 nm)) at room temperature superior to that of photodetectors based on single band gap nanostructures. This work suggests a much simpler route to achieve superior NWHs for applications in optoelectronic devices.

A series of beta-aminoamides bearing triazolopiperazines has been prepared and evaluated as potent, selective, orally active dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors. Efforts at optimization of the beta-aminoamide series, which ultimately led to the discovery of JANUVIA (sitagliptin phosphate, compound 1), are described.

We report the synthesis of three dimensional (3D) NiCo2O4@NiCo2O4 nanocactus arrays grown directly on a Ni current collector using a facile solution method followed by electrodeposition. They possess a unique 3D hierarchical core-shell structure with large surface area and dual-functionalities that can serve as electrodes for both supercapacitors (SCs) and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). As the SC electrode, they deliver a remarkable specific capacitance of 1264 F g−1 at a current density of 2 A g−1 and ~93.4% of capacitance retention after 5000 cycles at 2 A g−1. When used as the anode for LIBs, a high reversible capacity of 925 mA h g−1 is achieved at a rate of 120 mA g−1 with excellent cyclic stability and rate capability. The ameliorating features of the NiCo2O4 core/shell structure grown directly on highly conductive Ni foam, such as hierarchical mesopores, numerous hairy needles and a large surface area, are responsible for the fast electron/ion transfer and large active sites which commonly contribute to the excellent electrochemical performance of both the SC and LIB electrodes.

ZnCo2O4 nanoflakes, as electrodes for supercapacitors, are grown on a cellular nickel foam using a cost-effective hydrothermal procedure. The mesoporous ZnCo2O4 nanoflakes have large electroactive surface areas with strong adhesion to the Ni foam, allowing fast ion and electron transport. The nanoarchitecture electrodes deliver an excellent specific capacitance of 1220 F g(-1) at a current density of 2 A g(-1) in a 2 M KOH aqueous solution and a long-term cyclic stability of 94.2% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. The fabrication strategy is facile, cost-effective, and can offer great promise for large-scale supercapacitor applications.

anti-Substituted beta-methylphenylalanine derived amides have been shown to be potent DPP-IV inhibitors exhibiting excellent selectivity over both DPP8 and DPP9. The optimized compound exhibited good pharmacokinetic profiles in three preclinical species.

anti-Substituted beta-methylphenylalanine derived amides have been shown to be potent DPP-IV inhibitors exhibiting excellent selectivity over both DPP8 and DPP9. These are among the most potent compounds reported to date lacking an electrophilic trap. The most potent compound among these is 5-oxo-1,2,4-oxadiazole 44, which is a 3 nM DPP-IV inhibitor.

Modification of in-house screening lead beta-aminoacyl proline 8 gave an equipotent thiazolidide 9. Extensive SAR studies on the phenyl ring of 9 led to the discovery of a novel series of potent and selective DP-IV inhibitors. Introduction of a fluorine at the 2-position proved to be crucial for the potency of this series. The 2,5-difluoro (22q) and 2,4,5-trifluoro (22t) analogues were potent inhibitors of DP-IV (IC(50)=270, 119nM, respectively).

Bandgap engineering of semiconductor nanowires is important in designing nanoscale multifunctional optoelectronic devices. Here, we report a facile thermal evaporation method, and realize the spatial bandgap engineering in single CdS(1-x)Se(x) alloy nanowires. Along the length of these achieved nanowires, the composition can be continuously tuned from x = 0 (CdS) at one end to x = 1 (CdSe) at the other end, resulting in the corresponding bandgap (light emission wavelength) being modulated gradually from 2.44 eV (507 nm, green light) to 1.74 eV (710 nm, red light). In spite of the existing composition (crystal lattice) transition along the length, these multicolor nanowires still possess high-quality crystallization. These bandgap engineered nanowires will have promising applications in such as multicolor display and lighting, high-efficiency solar cells, ultrabroadly spectral detectors, and biotechnology.

Das Immunsuppressivum Sanglifehrin A wurde erstmals in einer Totalsynthese hergestellt. Der Aufbau der makrocyclischen Einheit der Zielverbindung gelang durch eine selektive intramolekulare Stille-Kupplung, und die Spirolactameinheit wurde durch Paterson-Aldolreaktion erhalten. Zu den abschliesenden Schritten gehorten eine intermolekulare Stille-Kupplung und die Offnung der internen Acetaleinheit. Diese konvergente Synthesestrategie macht den Weg frei fur die Synthese von Bibliotheken neuartiger Sanglifehrinanaloga fur biologisches Screening.

The immunosuppressive agent sanglifehrin A has been prepared for the first time by total synthesis. The construction of the macrocyclic unit of the target molecule was achieved through a selective intramolecular Stille coupling, and the spirolactam unit by Paterson-aldol reactions. The final steps involve an intermolecular Stille coupling and the opening of the internal acetal unit. This convergent synthesis opens the way for the synthesis of libraries of novel sanglifehrin analogues for biological screening.

A new class of potential antitumor agents with a taxol-like mechanism of action is presented by the sarcodictyins 1. Modification of the reported syntheses of sarcodictyins permitted the preparation of additional derivatives, the biological properties of which are highly dependent upon the structure.

A retrosynthetic analysis (Scheme 1) of maduropeptin chromophore artifact 1 defined compounds 2 and 3 as required building blocks. The construction of 2 was achieved starting from the 2,5-dimethyl derived aromatic acid 8 and the d -serine derived δ-lactone 12 (Scheme 2), whereas the synthesis of 3 utilized an Evans's aldol condensation reaction between aldehyde 13 and chiral auxiliary 14 (Scheme 3).

High-performance visible-light photodetectors are achieved based on single nanoribbon lateral heterostructures composed of two different semiconductor alloys epitaxially grown in the lateral direction. They reveal superior spectral response range, responsivity, Ion/Ioff ratio, and external quantum efficiency, relative to devices based on single composition structures.