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This paper describes sorting line technology modelling as a potential key element of waste management at the municipal level, which, however, does not mean final treatment but only waste pre-treatment as an integral part of waste management chain. The outputs of the presented model are used as one of the key inputs to the NERUDA tool. The NERUDA tool provides support for strategic decision making in the field of waste management. The computational system of NERUDA has been created as an open tool and it is still being developed and expanded to suit current research tasks. The key part of NERUDA is a waste management related logistic problem. Hereafter, the NERUDA tool consists of a number of sub-modules and components that represent waste management technologies and procedures. Excessive separation not coupled with utilization of recyclables in the market can significantly disadvantage the overall economics of the chain. For the reason, a techno-economic model that can establish a representative waste treatment cost in order to obtain a valuable secondary raw material has been developed. Combination of techno-economic models allows to prepare unique, comprehensive and high-quality case studies. Various technological arrangements of sorting line, attainable rates of material separation and potential for subsequent energy recovery are considered. It is also appropriate to consider related costs of sorted waste collection, which may be a very economically demanding issue in overall waste processing balance. Positive selling price of secondary raw materials on the market is an assumption in addition to processing prices estimation. The model can serve as a useful tool for costs estimating (investment, profits). Furthermore, the model can serve as a key tool for feasibility studies in the context of sorting systems and the secondary raw material production over the lifetime of facilities. The practical contribution of described model is presented through a case study in the conditions of the Czech waste management.

AbstractDiscipline is closely linked to the teaching profession. The article focuses on factors affecting discipline in teaching while also specifying the terminology for the concept of discipline in new teachers and defining teacher expectations in achieving discipline in a methodological classification according to research conducted using the Q-methodology. The aim of this paper is to specify the factors that influence discipline in the lessons of new teachers and also to analyse the extent to which teachers are aware of these factors. Since new teachers do not have so much experience in their jobs, they occasionally make mistakes that have a major impact on the perceived importance of discipline. These errors include, for example, dealing with the unruly behaviour of pupils in lessons. Discipline is the order that is necessary for students to learn effectively. Using the outcomes from the Q-methodology survey, we answer current concepts of discipline among new teachers, which involved 46 individuals who used statements to define their own thoughts on discipline relevant to their work. The topic of teacher authority is covered extensively in the academic literature, including a number of books providing good practical information and tips; however, there is a lack of professional publications on factors influencing discipline in education, as these factors have not been explored in detail. The findings of the research investigation are the output of Q-sorting and correlations for the construction of interpretations of discipline in the professional preparation of new teachers.

This article describes the plastics recycling assessment based on a practical selection of waste plastic samples from a municipality in the Czech Republic. The assessment included classification, analysis of the composition and experimental investigation of the recyclability of the samples. The recyclability investigation involved shredding, washing, drying, granulation, and extrusion – following the typical steps of a recycling process. As a result, a feasible recycling route has been identified and described for treating municipal plastic waste and processing based on the average composition of the plastics bins based on field research. A case example of secondary raw material processing for subsequent recycling and testing the recyclability of plastics in laboratory conditions are additional outputs.