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Introduction: A group of related risk factors known as central obesity, elevated blood pressure, impaired fasting glucose, elevated triglycerides (TGs), and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are collectively referred to as metabolic syndrome (MetS). A low quality of life (QoL) in terms of health is linked to MetS. This study sought to determine how lifestyle modifications affected the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of primary care patients with MetS. Materials and Methods: In this study, we randomized 300 subjects diagnosed with MetS as per the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria, into control, yoga, and yoga + diet groups according to their intervention which was given for 6 months. Socio-demographic, anthropometric, and physiological and biochemical parameters were collected at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was also used to assess HRQoL. Results: The results of this study indicate that yoga + diet and yoga intervention led to significant decrease in metabolic risk factors, such as waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), TGs, and increase in HDL at 3 months and 6 months from baseline. SF-36 score also showed increment (from 0 score to 100) at 3 months and 6 months, which indicates improvement in HRQoL. Conclusion: Dietary changes and yoga are useful strategies for reducing the risk of MetS, which improves QoL in relation to health. Incorporating yoga practices and advocating a balanced diet within primary care systems can significantly benefit individuals with or at risk of MetS.

Relevance. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is existence of many abnormalities, such as abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance. The occurrence of MetS in hypertensive people is linked to poorly managed hypertension. One of the parameters for the diagnosis of the syndrome is the presence of increased blood pressure; nevertheless, research shows that MetS patients are likely to experience hypertension often. Materials and Methods. 300 metabolic subjects were selected from the medicine OPD as study participants based on the joint interim statement’s 2009 definition of the metabolic syndrome. They were divided into three groups (normotensive, pre-hypertensive, and hypertensive) based on blood pressure readings that met the American Heart Association’s (AHA) Asian blood pressure criteria. The following parameters were recorded for data collection: anthropometric (Weight, Height, Body Mass Index Waist Hip Ratio), Blood pressure, biochemical (Fasting blood glucose, Lipid profile parameters). Results and Discussion. According to the resting blood pressure readings, out of 300 metabolic syndrome participants, 37 were normotensive [male (40.54 %); female (59.45 %)], 115 were pre-hypertensive [male (58.26 %); female (41.74 %), and 148 were hypertensive [male (52.7 %); female (47.3 %)]. In several parameters, there was no such significant difference between male and female participants across all groups. However, the levels of blood total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein were considerably greater in hypertensive and pre-hypertensive metabolic participants than in normotensive subjects, while the levels of high-density lipoprotein were lower. Conclusion. Study findings suggest, hypertension and pre-hypertension were more prevalent in the group with metabolic syndrome. Additionally, hypertensives have a higher chance of manifesting dyslipidemia.

Relevance. Cognition is an important physiological and higher mental functions in human being. There are various studies showing that inflammatory condition could negatively affect fronto temporal cognitive abilities such as memory, attention and executive functions. A non-invasive test P300 a component of Auditory events related potentials and Mini mental state examination (MMSE), a questionnaire based test reflect cognitive function, and haematological parameter neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a convenient parameter of systemic inflammation. Aim of present study was to assess the cognitive function assessment by P-300, MMSE and academic performance and find an association with neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in first year medical students. Materials and Methods. This was an observational study conducted on 79 first year medical students of age group 18-25 years in the department of physiology RUHS College of medical sciences Jaipur. For cognitive assessment non-invasive test P300, MMSE and academic performance was recorded. A haematological parameter NLR was calculated by dividing the absolute neutrophil count with the absolute lymphocyte count. To find an association statistical analysis was done by MEDCALC 16.4 version software. Results and Discussion. The association between P-300 amplitude and latency and MMSE with NLR was found non-significant. Marks have a significant positive correlation with NLR (0.015). Conclusion. In the present study neurocognitive function test P-300 and MMSE found non-significant association with inflammatory marker NLR although academic performance (marks) have a significant positive correlation with NLR.

Relevance. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) is the maximum amount of oxygen an individual can breathe in and utilize it to produce energy aerobically. The global epidemic of overweight and obesity -’globesity’ is emerging as a public health problem in many parts of the world. Almost 30-65 % of adult urban Indians is either overweight or obese or has abdominal obesity. Recently, cardiovascular ailments are increasing in the younger generation. Low levels of cardiovascular fitness and unfavorable cardiovascular risk profiles are detected in them. Total body fatness and aerobic capacity are frequently used in association with each other and it is often implied that these parameters are strongly inter-related. Both body fatness and status aerobic fitness have been shown to be risk factors for future health outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation of cardio-respiratory fitness with body fat percentage in young adults. Materials and Methods. This was a pilot study conducted in a group of 100 subjects of age group 18 to 25 years. Ethical clearance was obtained from institutional ethical committee and written informed consent were taken from all subjects participated in the study. Following parameters were taken (a) anthropometric parameters, (b) body fat percentage, (c) physical activity level and (d) VO2max. Results and Discussion. The mean ± SD for age, height, weight, global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ score) and VO2max was found to be higher in male participants as compared to female participants while BMI was almost equal in both the genders but body fat percentage was higher in female participants. There was positive non-significant correlation of VO2max with body mass index and global physical activity in female subjects but positive significant in male subjects. And moderate negative correlation between body fat percentage and VO2max in male and female subjects but not significant (p 0.05). Conclusion. Body fat percentage was negatively correlated with maximum oxygenconsumption (VO2 max).

Introduction: Medical students have high levels of stress that could be due to stressors related to the academic workload, time pressure competency, professionalism, physical, mental, and emotional issues. This study aimed to find out subjective assessment of stress, stressors, and coping strategies and objective assessment of stress with heart rate variability (HRV) and correlate subjective and objective assessment of stress scores among 1st year MBBS students at RUHS College of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: Institutional ethical clearance (EC-P-21/RUHS) was obtained after that study was conducted among a total of 150 1st year MBBS students. The students were asked to fill out a validated general health questionnaire (GHQ-12), “medical student stress questionnaire 40,” and a brief COPE inventory to assess stress, stressors, and various coping strategies for subjective assessment and objective assessment done by time and frequency domain parameters of HRV. Results: The mean age was 20.85 ± 1.56. The severity of stress categorized as mild, moderate, high, and severe were 17%, 40%, 13%, and 10%, respectively. The most affected stressor was academic contributed to 80% followed by teaching–learning related, social, intra- and interpersonal, group activities, drive, and desire-related stressors 78%, 75%, 73%, 70%, and 68%, respectively. Overall, the students' coping strategies were mostly avoidant followed by emotional and problem based. HRV is measured by time domain, i.e., PNN50, standard deviation of normal to normal RR intervals, root mean square of successive differences, and “frequency domain parameters,” i.e., low frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF), and LF/HF ratio. Conclusion: In the present study, a positive correlation was observed between HRV and stress score. More than 75% of RUHSCMS 1st year medical students were suffering from measurable academic stress. Time domain and frequency domain parameters were positively correlated with stress score.

Relevance. The suprascapular notch is one of the most crucial areas of the scapula from a clinical standpoint. Aside from its anatomical relevance, the suprascapular notch type may also have some clinical implications for suprascapular nerve entrapment. Aim of the study was the determination of the different dimensions of the suprascapular notch based on the maximum depth (MD) and superior transverse diameter (STD), as well as the clinical relation between those dimensions and suprascapular nerve entrapment. Materials and Methods. The study’s materials were 100 unknown dry human scapulae from the from the anatomy department of the Mahatma Gandhi Medical College, Sitapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan. Each scapula was studied for suprascapular notch. From each of the scapulae, maximum depth and superior transverse diameter were determined. Fifty were from right side and Fifty were from left side. Different types of suprascapular notches were observed based on maximum depth and superior transverse diameter. Results and Discussion. In this study, the overall percentage distribution frequency of the suprascapular notch in 100 scapulae is MD STD (25 %), MD = STD (0 %), STD MD (60 %) and SSN Absent (15 %) respectively. The most common SSN type is STD MD (60 %) type and least common SSN type is MD = STD (0 %) type. Conclusion. Morphological examination of the scapular notch reveals a common site of nerve compression and also demonstrates the surgical importance of the scapular nerve during shoulder surgery.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is defined by a cluster of risk factors including insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Metabolic syndrome is also defined as having at least three metabolic risk factors — increased blood pressure, high blood sugar level, excess body fat, and abnormal cholesterol levels — and greatly increases the chance of future cardiovascular problems. The last 50 years have seen a dramatic increase in metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, with the number of individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes worldwide expected to surpass 360 million by 2030. Early diagnosis is important in order to employ effectively lifestyle and risk factor modification. Pharmaceutical therapy in MS is aimed at treating the individual components of MS such as antihypertensives, statins, and metformin. Some natural compounds, Yoga and dietary elements. Therefore in this article various therapies (possible treatments) were reviewed. The world is in emergent need for searching of treatments for metabolic syndrome. The MS is a constellation of common metabolic disorders that is associated with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Insulin resistance and dyslipidemia play central roles in the pathophysiology of this syndrome. In this modern world, metabolic syndrome is reaching epidemic proportions. With only a handful of people following the healthy diet and lifestyle, majority still fall in the bracket of those with compromised diet and lifestyle, burdening the health services. Socio economic changes and eventually globalization has led to transformation in the society. This has led to alterations in the dietary habits eventually resulting in nutrition transition. Pharmacological treatment is only based on only diagnosis and symptoms. Recently approved anti-obesity drugs can be prescribed to reduce body weight, particularly abdominal visceral fat. A first line intervention targeting MS involves dietary and lifestyle modification with regular physical activity over a period of time. However, improvement in MS parameters can only be maintained when these modifications can be sustained. Therefore, dietary and lifestyle modification in continuum is required to overcome MS holistically. The main and foremost treatment for metabolic syndrome is to eliminate the causative risk factors of it.

Objective: Meditation has gained popularity in modern times as an adjunctive of therapeutic treatment. This study aimed to study meditation and use of mantra meditation in application of health problems. Materials and methods After searching literature through electronic databases, with regards to meditation and mantra meditation in accordance with PRISMA method was done. Conclusion: Meditation does not deal only spiritual aspect but it has various application as complimentary in various health related problems.

Introduction: Obesity is strongly associated with other metabolic disorders including Hypertension (HTN), diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). High Blood Pressure (BP) is ranked as the third most important risk factor for attributable burden of disease in South Asia. Aim: The aim of present was to study the association between BP and obesity indices in medical student’s population. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on a group of 100 healthy young medical students. BP, pulse and Hb O2 % was measured by using sphygmomanometer, pulse oximeter. Obesity indices were measured by using weighing machine, stadiometer, measuring tape and impedance based Body Composition Analyser (BCA). Results: There was poor correlation of Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) with Total Body Fat (TF) and the association was not significant. SBP and DBP were mildly correlated with BMI. Whole body Visceral Fat (VF) correlation of SBP was moderate and significant. DBP was correlated with whole body VF and correlation was significant. But the whole body, trunk, leg Skin Fat (SF) and Muscle Fat (MF) were not having significant correlation with SBP and DBP. Finger to heart distance was positively correlated with SBP (p

There is a new public health crises threatening globally with the emergence and spread of 2019 novel coronavirus or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is the seventh member of the coronavirus (CoV) family, which infects humans and to which the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome CoV (MERS)-and SARS-CoV also belong. SARS-CoV-2 is a newly emerging human infectious CoV that causes COVID-19, which has been recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11. The most recent outbreak initially presented as pneumonia of unknown etiology as COVID-19 is a pneumonia-like disease with a group of symptoms including fever, dry cough and shortness of breath in a cluster of patients in December 2019 Wuhan, China. The body's immune system tries to protect the body from this pathogen. And as due to its surge in the body, various respiratory and other system-related complications increased. Therefore, in this article, COVID-19 immunopathogenesis is briefly reviewed. Through this review, we try to explain the molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, based on the recent research progress of SARS-CoV-2 and the knowledge from researches on SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.

Introduction: Cognition is composed of intellectual function, memory, speech and language, complex perception, orientation, attention, judgment, planning and decision-making. Behaviour is the exhibition of these cognitive functions. Cognitive function can be assessed by different methods. The most commonly used are P300 and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). As both measures evaluate cognitive functions but objective method P300 evaluate endogenously and give the best picture of cognitive functions. Aim: To check the correlation between the results of MMSE with event related potential (P300). Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was done on 100 healthy young adult subjects of both genders, aged between 18-25 years after taking written informed consent from January 2019 to June 2019. Cognitive functions were assessed by using MMSE questionnaire through face to face interview and event related potential (P300) latency and amplitude were assessed by using octopus NCV/EMG/EP- 4 Ch. Machine (model- CMEMG 01). Pearson correlation was performed to identify correlation. Results: The mean MMSE score was 24.28±2.89. The mean P300 (latency and amplitude) was 269.61±43.11 ms and 3.1±4.13 μV. Pearson correlation were used to calculate the correlation between P300 (latency and amplitude) with MMSE. The inverse correlation (-0.086) was in between P300 latency and MMSE. There was no correlation between P300 amplitude and MMSE. Conclusion: There was no correlation established between P300 amplitude and MMSE and inverse correlation was seen between P300 latency and MMSE. Hence, P300 cannot replace the MMSE in clinical settings.

Introduction: Pre-diabetes represents the initial stage of type 2 diabetic disease developments. Prediabetes disease progression to overt type 2 diabetes occurs when pancreatic beta cells cannot produce insulin to overcome insulin resistance, resulting in further hyperglycaemia. Prediabetic patients have higher risk for Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) which further increases the rate of mortality. Lifestyle interventions such as yoga can prove to be a beneficial non pharmacologic intervention in preventing progression of prediabetes to type 2 diabetes. Aim: Present study highlights the importance of short term intervention i.e., yoga on Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in prediabetic subjects and its use as a tool for homeostasis of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and primary prevention of diabetes. Materials and Methods: This was an interventional study conducted on adults aged 30 to 50 years for analysis of frequency domain parameters i.e., Low Frequency (LF), High Frequency (HF), ratio of low frequency to high frequency of HRV. A total 102 prediabetic subjects were recruited from OPD of Jaipuria Hospital. These were divided into two groups A and B. Group A (n=51) were given intervention of set of yogic exercises and Group B (n=51) did not perform any yoga session. Statistical analysis was done by student’s paired t test for intragroup comparison before applying this test the SmirnovKolmogorov test was conducted to confirm the normality of each parameter. Results: Yoga intervention resulted in a significant decline in LF component and increase in HF component and LF/HF (Low Frequency/High Frequency) ratio shift sympathetic to parasympathetic dominance (p-value