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Foot-and-mouth disease Virus (FMDV) serotype Asia1 is prevalent in the Indian subcontinent, with only G-III and G-VIII reported in India until 2020. However, in 2019, a novel genetic group within serotype Asia1, designated as G-IX, emerged in Bangladesh, followed by its detection in India in 2020. This report presents analyses of the complete coding region sequences of the G-IX lineage isolates. The length of the open reading frame (ORF) of the two G-IX isolates was 6990 nucleotides without any deletion or insertion. The G-IX isolates showed the highest sequence similarity with an isolate of G-III at the ORF, L, P2, and P3 regions, and with an isolate of G-VIII at the P1 region. Phylogenetic analysis based on the capsid region (P1) supports the hypothesis that G-VIII and G-IX originated from a common ancestor, as speculated earlier. Further, VP1 region-based phylogenetic analyses revealed the re-emergence of G-VIII after a gap of 3 years. One isolate of G-VIII collected during 2023 revealed a codon insertion in the G-H loop of VP1. The vaccine matching studies support the suitability of the currently used Indian vaccine strain IND63/1972 to contain outbreaks due to viruses belonging to G-IX.

Background and Aims: Surgeons often request a Valsalva manoeuvre (VM) at the end of surgery (head–neck surgery, craniotomy) to check haemostasis and to unmask covert venous bleeders. We aimed to compare an anaesthesia machine-generated objective technique for delivering VM under pressure-control (PC) mode with the traditional subjective technique of delivering VM in manual mode. Methods: This randomised controlled study included 60 adult patients randomised to manual (Group M) and controlled ventilation (Group C) groups. Our primary outcome measure was internal jugular vein (IJV) diameter at pre-determined time points (T0 = baseline, T1 = VM initiation, T2 = 20 s after VM initiation, T3 = immediately after VM release, and T4 = 1 min, T5 = 2 min and T6 = 5 min post-VM release). Secondary outcome measures included mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, time to desired plateau airway pressure, number of patients with bleeders unmasked and surgeon satisfaction. Independent/paired sample t-tests were applied. Results are expressed as mean (standard deviation), mean difference (95% confidence interval), dotted box–whisker plots and trendlines. P

Abstract Solvent-extracted fractions of six Indian coal samples of different ranks were investigated using multiple geochemical, petrological and spectroscopic proxies and an attempt was made to indicate possible fingerprint regions for different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with the help of excitation-emission matrix (EEM). In this study, for the very first time, the influence of rank and maturation of organic matter in the characterisation of coal solvent-extracts from Indian coals were perceived from the viewpoint of fluorescence EEM. Vitrinite reflectance (VRo) values were used to determine the general ranks of the original coal samples viz. lignite, subbituminous, bituminous and anthracite. Different fluorescence peak regions corresponding to different fused aromatic ring (FAR) systems were delineated using the EEM and their indicative depositional environments could be inferred. Our observations indicate that solvent-extracted fractions of low rank coals comprise of a larger number of shorter carbon chains compared to the other samples. For the low rank coal samples, the solvent-extracts show a strong humic influence and the presence of smaller PAH rings while for the medium rank coals, the extracted fractions tend to show a more bimodal distribution of PAHs, possibly comprising of different sized PAHs. Higher fluorescence sensitivity and quick response of smaller PAHs impart a singular centralised region in the EEM for the low rank coal samples while interference in the fluorescence of differently sized PAHs indicate a multimodal distribution of the fluorophores in the medium rank coals. The high rank coal used in this study shows a bimodal distribution with very low intensity of the peaks, indicating the low abundance of extractable macromolecules, possibly as a result of deformation.

Abstract Background Biofortification represents a promising and sustainable strategy for mitigating global nutrient deficiencies. However, its successful implementation poses significant challenges. Among staple crops, wheat emerges as a prime candidate to address these nutritional gaps. Wheat biofortification offers a robust approach to enhance wheat cultivars by elevating the micronutrient levels in grains, addressing one of the most crucial global concerns in the present era. Main text Biofortification is a promising, but complex avenue, with numerous limitations and challenges to face. Notably, micronutrients such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and copper (Cu) can significantly impact human health. Improving Fe, Zn, Se, and Cu contents in wheat could be therefore relevant to combat malnutrition. In this review, particular emphasis has been placed on understanding the extent of genetic variability of micronutrients in diverse Triticum species, along with their associated mechanisms of uptake, translocation, accumulation and different classical to advanced approaches for wheat biofortification. Conclusions By delving into micronutrient variability in Triticum species and their associated mechanisms, this review underscores the potential for targeted wheat biofortification. By integrating various approaches, from conventional breeding to modern biotechnological interventions, the path is paved towards enhancing the nutritional value of this vital crop, promising a brighter and healthier future for global food security and human well-being.

Introduction: Members of the family Geminiviridae have been reported to infect either a monocot plant or a dicot plant, but not both. This study reports a geminivirus, Wheat Dwarf India Virus (WDIV), first identified in wheat, that is capable of infecting both monocot and dicot plants and acting as a viral vector. Objectives: This study was aimed at developing a broad host range viral vector system for reverse genetics and genome editing. Methods: Here we used a wheat isolate of WDIV and Ageratum yellow leaf curl betasatellite (AYLCB) for infectivity assays and vector development. We performed Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation of WDIV and AYLCB in wheat, oat, barley, corn, soybean, and tobacco. To examine the potential of WDIV to act as a viral vector, we modified the WDIV genome and cloned DNA fragments of the phytoene desaturase (PDS) genes from wheat and tobacco, separately. For gene editing experiments, tobacco lines expressing Cas9 were infiltrated with a WDIV-based vector carrying gRNA targeting the PDS gene. Results: About 80 to 90% of plants inoculated with infectious clones of WDIV alone or WDIV together with AYLCB showed mild symptoms, whereas some plants showed more prominent symptoms. WDIV and AYLCB were detected in the systemically infected leaves of all the plant species. Furthermore, the inoculation of the WDIV vector carrying PDS fragments induced silencing of the PDS gene in both wheat and tobacco plants. We also observed high-efficiency genome editing in the Cas9-expressing tobacco plants that were inoculated with WDIV vector-carrying gRNA. Conclusion: Detection of WDIV in naturally infected wheat, barley, and sugarcane in the field and its ability to systemically infect wheat, oat, barley, corn, soybean, and tobacco under laboratory conditions, provides compelling evidence that WDIV is the first geminivirus identified with the capability of infecting both monocot and dicot plant species. The wide host range of WDIV can be exploited for developing a single vector system for high-throughput genome editing in many plant species.

Background & objectives: Despite significant progress in malaria control throughout India, Chhattisgarh state continues to be a significant contributor to both malaria morbidity and mortality. This study aims to identify key factors associated with malaria endemicity, with a goal of focusing on these factors for malaria elimination by 2030. Methods: We employed an analysis and narrative review methodology to summarize the existing evidence on malaria epidemiology in Chhattisgarh. Data encompassing environmental conditions, dominant malaria vectors and their distribution, and the impact of previous interventions on malaria control, were extracted from published literature using PubMed and Google Scholar. This information was subsequently correlated with malaria incidence data using appropriate statistical and geographical methods. Results: Much of the malaria burden in Chhattisgarh state is concentrated in a few specific districts. The primary malaria vectors in these regions are Anopheles culicifacies and An. fluviatilis. High transmission areas are found in tribal belts which are challenging to access and are characterized by densely forested areas that provide a conducive habitat for malaria vectors. Interpretation & conclusion: Conducive environmental conditions characterized by high forest cover, community behavior, and insurgency, contribute to high malaria endemicity in the area. Challenges include insecticide resistance in malaria vectors and asymptomatic malaria. Allocating additional resources to high-endemic districts is crucial. Innovative and focused malaria control programs of the country, such as DAMAN and Malaria Mukt Abhiyan, hold immense importance.

ABSTRACT: A study was performed to investigate the potential contraceptive impact of intra-testicular injection of zinc gluconate with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with and without local anesthetic in eighteen male mongrel dogs. Animals of Group I and II were treated with 2.62% zinc gluconate plus 0.5% DMSO and 2.62% zinc gluconate plus 0.5% DMSO along with 1% lignocaine hydrochloride solution, respectively. In contrast, Group III animals were maintained as control. The efficacy of combinations was examined by morphometry of testis, scrotal circumference (on day-0, 7, 15, 30), and ultrasonographic examination (on day-0 and 30). The testicular morphometry of both testicles revealed that the testicle size increased significantly on day 7 in the treatment groups and then significantly reduced on days- 15 and 30. The ultrasonographic examination revealed decreased testicular dimensions and increased parenchymal lesions in both the testicles of treatment groups which consisted of heterogenous echotexture, mild evidence of mediastinal line, presence of hypoechogenic areas, and heterogenicity in parenchyma. However, incorporating 1% lignocaine hydrochloride into the zinc gluconate and DMSO did not reveal any appreciable changes during the post-exposure period.

This work presents a numerical approach for handling a fractional Lienard equation (FLE) arising in an oscillating circuit. The scheme is based on the Vieta Lucas operational matrix of the fractional Liouville-Caputo derivative and the collocation method. This methodology involves a systematic approach wherein the operational matrix aids in expressing the fractional problem in terms of non-linear algebraic equations. The proposed numerical approach utilizing the operational matrix method offers a vital solution framework for efficiently tackling the fractional Lienard equation, addressing a key challenge in mathematical modeling. To analyze the fractional order system, we derive an approximate solution for the FLE. The solutions are explained graphically and in tabular form.

Human health is being increasingly exposed to fluoride and nitrate ingestion globally due to anthropogenic alternations in groundwater resources. In the present research work, a hazard quotient (HQ), Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), and geographic information systems (GIS) have been used to estimate the non-carcinogenic health risk of nitrate and fluoride in vulnerable adults, teenagers, and children living in far-flung areas of Uttar Pradesh, Northern India. About 110 samples from some nearby populations were collected and analyzed for nitrates by ion chromatography and fluoride by a fluoride-selective electrode. The results indicated that the concentrations of fluoride and nitrate in the sampling areas ranged from 0.21 to 1.71 mg/L and 0.4–183.54 mg/L, respectively, with mean concentrations of about 1.20 mg/L and 51.52 mg/L for fluoride and nitrate, respectively. The results indicated that 27.27 % of the fluoride samples (27 out of 110) and 45.45 % of the nitrate samples (44 out of 110) were above the standard limits set by WHO. The calculated average HQ values fluoride and Nitrate for children, teenagers and adults were 1.88, 0.98, 0.90 and 3.02, 1.57, 1.45 respectively The 95th percentile HQ values for fluoride were 2.87 for children and 1.03 for adults, while those for nitrate were 4.10 for children and 1.98 for adults. Results of the health risk assessment show that there is a high potential for both non-carcinogenic and cancer risks from fluoride and nitrate through the consumption of groundwater. The Monte Carlo simulation showed the uncertainties and increased risks for children; therefore, one can infer that rural groundwater of the Mathura region, Uttar Pradesh, India, must be treated to make it potable for consumption.

Introduction: Breast cancer incidence has overtaken that of cervical cancer among women in India according to the Globacon 2020 reports. Cancer management is also being streamlined at the Center and district levels, such that comprehensive integrated management is offered to cases to optimize the best results. In breast cancer, there are two modes of surgery namely Breast Conservation Surgery(BCS) and Modified Radical Mastectomy (MRM) now over 2 decades, with recommended Chemo radiation depending on the extent of the disease. HRQOL (Health-related Quality of Life) studies have been done in these groups of patients, due to their added relevance in terms of the loss of a vital organ like the breast. EORTC 30 and BR23 are standardized and detailed tools that have been seen to estimate QOL, keeping in mind a whole array of domains that are affected by the disease. Objective: To evaluate the “Body Image” and “Quality of life” (QOL) in operated breast cancer patients using BR -23 and EORTC – QLQ- questionnaire at 1month (after surgery) and then 3 to 4 months after surgery. Methods: This article attempts to draw a comparison among of EORTC30 and BR 23 scores calculated for 46 breast cancer patients operated during the pandemic time in one center and consenting to repeat the measures at pre-decided three time periods during the course of management. Results: No significant differences are noted in the mean scores for EORTC 30 and BR23 for the two types of surgeries. Visit 1 scores for both modes of surgery are over 75 and by Visit 3 become less than 55 for EORTC. BR 23 (which measures the symptoms core to Breast cancer) at all 3 visits are between 45 to 55. Friedman’s test shows that the scores are not significant for age groups, the number of living children, or lifestyle factors like alcohol or tobacco chewing, though quadratic graphs depict the distinct variations in the scores at the 3 times reinforcing the need for follow-up of mental health in these subjects at intervals. The study largely brings out a strong need for repeated follow-up and counseling at regular and short intervals, post-surgery in breast cancer patients. EORTC 30 and BR 23 tools are excellent to use to essay information on the mental health of patients with breast cancer.

Abstract This study examines the operational parameters of field-effect transistors (FETs) using single-gate (SG) and double-gate (DG) graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) within the analog/RF domain. A detailed exploration is conducted through an atomistic p z orbital model, derived from the Hamiltonian of graphene nanoribbons, employing the nonequilibrium Green’s function formalism (NEGF) for analysis. The atomic characteristics of the GNRFETs channel are accurately described by utilizing a tight-binding Hamiltonian with an atomistic p z orbital basis set. The primary focus of the analysis revolves around essential analog/RF parameters such as transconductance, transconductance generation factor (TGF), output resistance, early voltage, intrinsic gain, gate capacitance, cut-off frequency, and transit time. Furthermore, the study assesses the gain frequency product (GFP), transfer frequency product (TFP), and gain transfer frequency product (GTFP) to evaluate the balance between transistor efficiency, gain, and cut-off frequency. The research outcomes indicate that double-gate GNRFETs exhibit superior analog/RF performance in comparison to their single-gate counterparts. However, both types of devices demonstrate cut-off frequencies in the gigahertz range. The extensive data presented in this study provides valuable insights into the characteristics of SG and DG GNRFETs, particularly in terms of the figure-of-merit (FoM) for analog/RF performance, offering a comprehensive analysis of the trade-offs in analog applications. In addition, the analysis has been extended be performing a high-performance hybrid 6T static random-access memory (SRAM) to get the impact in their circuit level variation as well as improvement in their circuit performance.

Introduction: Forceps Biopsy (FB) is usually used to obtain tissue in endobronchial lesions through a flexible bronchoscope. The mean diagnostic rate of bronchoscopic FB is 74% in central tumours. A limitation of FB is the small tissue size and the occurrence of crush artifacts. In contrast, Cryobiopsy (CB) provides larger samples without such artifacts, which are crucial for accurate histopathological diagnoses. Aim: To compare the efficacy and safety of CB with FB in endobronchial mass lesions suspected of lung cancer. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on suspected endobronchial mass lesions with suspicion of malignancy from October 2015 to March 2017. About 35 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled, and five of these 35 patients were excluded as they were diagnosed with benign lesions. Among these 30 patients, a flexible biopsy was obtained first followed by CB using the same endobronchial cryobiopsy. Data were analysed in terms of tissue viability, mean tissue size, diagnostic yield, complications, and histological diagnosis. Parameters were compared using the Chi-square test (χ2 test) and Fisher’s exact test. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 58.33±10.12 years. The mean±SD size (diameter) of tissue obtained by CB (0.73±0.47 cm) was higher than that of FB (0.23±0.08 cm) (p-value

Abstract In the current article, we discuss the wormhole geometries in two different gravity theories, namely $$\texttt{F}(\texttt{Q, T})$$ F ( Q , T ) gravity and $$\texttt{F}(\texttt{R, T})$$ F ( R , T ) gravity. In these theories, $$\texttt{Q}$$ Q is called a non-metricity scalar, $$\texttt{R}$$ R stands for the Ricci scalar, and $$\texttt{T}$$ T denotes the trace of the energy–momentum tensor (EMT). The main goal of this study is to comprehensively compare the properties of wormhole solutions within these two modified gravity frameworks by taking a particular shape function. The conducted analysis shows that the energy density is consistently positive for wormhole models in both gravity theories, while the radial pressure is positive for $$\texttt{F}(\texttt{Q, T})$$ F ( Q , T ) gravity and negative in $$\texttt{F}(\texttt{R, T})$$ F ( R , T ) gravity. Furthermore, the tangential pressure shows reverse behavior in comparison to the radial pressure. By using the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkov (TOV) equation, the equilibrium aspect is also described, which indicates that hydrostatic force dominates anisotropic force in the case of $$\texttt{F}(\texttt{Q, T})$$ F ( Q , T ) gravity theory, while the reverse situation occurs in $$\texttt{F}(\texttt{R, T})$$ F ( R , T ) gravity, i.e., anisotropic force dominates hydrostatic force. Moreover, using the concept of the exoticity parameter, we observed the presence of exotic matter at or near the throat in the case of $$\texttt{F}(\texttt{Q, T})$$ F ( Q , T ) gravity while matter distribution is exotic near the throat but normal matter far from the throat in $$\texttt{F}(\texttt{R, T})$$ F ( R , T ) gravity case. In conclusion, precise wormhole models can be created with a potential NEC and DEC violation at the throat of both wormholes while having a positive energy density, i.e., $$\rho >0$$ ρ > 0 .

Purpose – This study aims to meticulously evaluate the public service value-generation process facilitated by collaborative e-governance services within the framework of the National e-governance Plan (NeGP). Design/methodology/approach – The study formulates a comprehensive research model through a combination of literature review, insights from domain experts and hands-on experience gained from the e-governance project. A conceptual research model was meticulously structured, validated, and interpreted by using a reflective measurement theory. The analytical tool SmartPLS3 was used to assess the proposed model rigorously. Findings – The analysis of collected data reveals a statistically significant positive correlation between the implementation of collaborative e-governance strategies and the creation of public service value. This relationship is further reinforced by a strong alignment between the perceived aspects of collaborative e-governance, such as responsiveness, transparency and service delivery and their substantial contribution to the enhancement of public service value. Originality/value – This study contributes to the scholarly discourse by introducing an innovative methodology for assessing public service value through analyzing empirical data from citizen-centric collaborative e-governance projects. It is noteworthy that no prior studies have examined the nuanced concept of public service value in the context of collaborative e-governance.

Abstract The aus (Oryza sativa L.) varietal group comprises of aus, boro, ashina and rayada seasonal and/or field ecotypes, and exhibits unique stress tolerance traits, making it valuable for rice breeding. Despite its importance, the agro-morphological diversity and genetic control of yield traits in aus rice remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the genetic structure of 181 aus accessions using 399,115 SNP markers and evaluated them for 11 morpho-agronomic traits. Through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we aimed to identify key loci controlling yield and plant architectural traits. Our population genetic analysis unveiled six subpopulations with strong geographical patterns. Subpopulation-specific differences were observed in most phenotypic traits. Principal component analysis (PCA) of agronomic traits showed that principal component 1 (PC1) was primarily associated with panicle traits, plant height, and heading date, while PC2 and PC3 were linked to primary grain yield traits. GWAS using PC1 identified OsSAC1 on Chromosome 7 as a significant gene influencing multiple agronomic traits. PC2-based GWAS highlighted the importance of OsGLT1 and OsPUP4/ Big Grain 3 in determining grain yield. Haplotype analysis of these genes in the 3,000 Rice Genome Panel revealed distinct genetic variations in aus rice. In summary, this study offers valuable insights into the genetic structure and phenotypic diversity of aus rice accessions. We have identified significant loci associated with essential agronomic traits, with GLT1, PUP4, and SAC1 genes emerging as key players in yield determination.

Abstract Plant biomass is a fundamental ecosystem attribute that is sensitive to rapid climatic changes occurring in the Arctic. Nevertheless, measuring plant biomass in the Arctic is logistically challenging and resource intensive. Lack of accessible field data hinders efforts to understand the amount, composition, distribution, and changes in plant biomass in these northern ecosystems. Here, we present The Arctic plant aboveground biomass synthesis dataset, which includes field measurements of lichen, bryophyte, herb, shrub, and/or tree aboveground biomass (g m−2) on 2,327 sample plots from 636 field sites in seven countries. We created the synthesis dataset by assembling and harmonizing 32 individual datasets. Aboveground biomass was primarily quantified by harvesting sample plots during mid- to late-summer, though tree and often tall shrub biomass were quantified using surveys and allometric models. Each biomass measurement is associated with metadata including sample date, location, method, data source, and other information. This unique dataset can be leveraged to monitor, map, and model plant biomass across the rapidly warming Arctic.

Abstract The qualitative and quantitative assessment of groundwater is one of the important aspects for determining the suitability of potable water. Therefore, the present study has been performed to evaluate the groundwater quality for Achhnera block in the city of Taj, Agra, India, where groundwater is an important water resource. The groundwater samples, 50 in number were collected and analyzed for major ions along with some important trace element. This study has further investigated for the applicability of groundwater quality index (GWQI), and the principal component analysis (PCA) to mark out the major geochemical solutes responsible for origin and release of geochemical solutes into the groundwater. The results confirm that, majority of the collected groundwater samples were alkaline in nature. The variation of concentration of anions in collected groundwater samples were varied in the sequence as, HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− > F− while in contrast the sequence of cations in the groundwater as Na > Ca > Mg > K. The Piper diagram demonstrated the major hydro chemical facies which were found in groundwater (sodium bicarbonate or calcium chloride type). The plot of Schoellar diagram reconfirmed that the major cations were Na+ and Ca2+ ions, while in contrast; major anions were bicarbonates and chloride. The results showed water quality index mostly ranged between 105 and 185, hence, the study area fell in the category of unsuitable for drinking purpose category. The PCA showed pH, Na+, Ca2+, HCO3− and fluoride with strong loading, which pointed out geogenic source of fluoride contamination. Therefore, it was inferred that the groundwater of the contaminated areas must be treated and made potable before consumption. The outcomes of the present study will be helpful for the regulatory boards and policymaker for defining the actual impact and remediation goal.

Societal Impact Statement Preserving and conserving crop landraces, tended by indigenous farming communities, is crucial for future food security. This research focused on rice landrace diversity in the north‐eastern Himalayan region of Nagaland, India, where Naga communities cultivate rice according to their dietary and cultural preferences. Rice diversity is closely linked to the region's ethnolinguistic and ecological variety. On‐farm conservation, in collaboration with indigenous communities, is imperative to protect these germplasm resources. Involving these communities actively in conservation efforts will safeguard their traditional knowledge, endorse sustainable farming practices, and enhance the resilience of local agricultural systems. Summary Understanding the genetic diversity and cultural significance of crop landraces is crucial for their conservation and sustainable utilization. This study focused on rice landraces from Nagaland in north‐eastern India to assess their genetic diversity and explore their associations with ethnolinguistic groups. We collected 78 rice landraces from Nagaland and a small part of Manipur and conducted microsatellite genotyping for genetic analysis. We integrated social anthropology and population genetics analyses of rice landraces to glean insights into the genetic diversity, population structure, and ethnolinguistic history of rice cultivation in Nagaland. The study revealed the rich cultural significance of rice landraces among the Nagas. Farmers practiced small‐scale subsistence farming, maintaining diverse rice landraces. Naming conventions were based on factors such as seed source, color, grain type, and ecological suitability. Rice landraces played important roles in ethnic cultures, festivals, and religious ceremonies. Genetic analysis identified significant diversity, with 277 alleles across 69 loci and a moderate gene diversity of 0.57. Two distinct sub‐populations were identified, with one dominated by Chakhesang and Angami Nagas and the other by Sümi and Lotha accessions. Differentiation was observed between lowland and upland cultivars, with one sub‐population comprising exclusively lowland varieties. Cultural factors and cultivation practices influenced population differentiation, with ethnicity and ecotype having a significant impact. The study also highlighted the correlation between ethnolinguistic differentiation and the indica–japonica structuring of rice landraces. Different ethnic groups in Nagaland had distinct cultivation practices, contributing to genetic differentiation. Overall, this research emphasizes the need to preserve rice landraces and associated traditional knowledge for future improvements and cultural heritage conservation. It provides insights into genetic diversity, cultural significance, and the relationship between genetic diversity, cultural practices, and agricultural traditions.

Low-carbon fuel synthesis is encouraged as it is environmentally benign and aims to lessen the impact of global warming. This experimental investigation examines the synthesized Bombax ceiba oil (Bio-oil) based pyrolyzed oil utilizing Cu MOF-biocarbon catalysts (0.15 wt.%) via thermo-catalytic cracking and adsorption. The structural and thermal characteristics of the developed Cu MOF - biocarbon catalysts are investigated using Field Emission – Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (FE-SEM/EDAX), Attenuated Total Reflectance-Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetry-Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). Following a thermo-catalytic reaction with a hot plate magnetic stirrer (600 rpm, 100 °C, and 1 h), the oily Cu MOF-biocarbon catalysts are separated from the pyrolyzed green fuel using high-speed centrifugation. The cracking and adsorption of the pyrolyzed green oil compounds are studied using 1H NMR, GC–MS, and thermal conductivity. The results indicate that alkane compounds increase from 3.25 to 6.70 % whereas oxygen incorporated compounds decrease from 96.75 to 93.30 % in the pyrolyzed oil. Furthermore, the GC–MS study shows that the separated oily catalysts adsorb 44.52 % of hydrocarbon (CH) and oxygen-linked (CHO) hydro-carbon compounds. Overall, the newly synthesized Cu MOF-biocarbon is considered as a potential functional catalyst for cracking and adsorption of alkane/oxygen bonded compounds (e.g., CH, CO etc.,), promoting the pyrolyzed oil as low-carbon fuel for better sustainable environment.

Genus Swertia under the family Gentianaceae is morphologically and taxonomically distinct with about 14 species from Sikkim Himalayan region. A Chrono-spatial floral phenology study was conducted on Swertia bimaculata from 1580 to 2400 m altitude in West Sikkim Himalayan region. The floral phenology was studied in a field nursery at 1200 m altitude and spatial floral phenology was studied over a 1580–2400 m altitudinal range in the West Sikkim Himalayan region. Detailed study on flowering pattern and seed formation in S. bimaculata revealed late flowering at 1200 m compared to 2400 m. Plants at the lower altitude showed prolonged and variable flowering from September to November and seed formation from November to December. During September to mid-October, pentamerous and bisexual flowers were observed, followed by 9–16 % tetramerous until November; and up to 24 % trimerous and 10 % bimerous until the end of flowering season in December. By the end of December, 43 % of flowers become stamen-less (monoclinous). Less than 2 % seed formation was observed in stamen-less flowers. The temporal phenological behavior reveals a successful reproductive adaptive strategy, depicting pentamerous flowers during favorable conditions, reducing to tetramerous, followed by tri- & bimerous with female (monoclinous) flowers until the end of flowering with stressful conditions, suggesting its suitability as a stress indicator to the changing climatic conditions. Along the altitudinal range floral anomalies from the usually observed pentamerous (and very rare hexamerous) flowers in favorable conditions change to tetramerous and/or trimerous, as the environmental conditions become more stressful, suggesting that the changes in this species could be used as an indicator of stress in changing climatic conditions.

In this work, we present a numerical scheme based on the operational matrix of fractional Caputo-Fabrizio (CF) integration for handling fractional Bloch equation (FBE) in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The understanding of Bloch equation provides us a fundamental framework for describing magnetic resonance phenomena, facilitating breakthrough in diverse fields such as medical diagnostics, quantum computing and materials characterization. The non-integer order derivative and integration are presented in the Caputo-Fabrizio sense. To construct the operational matrix, Jacobi polynomial is used as a basis. The fractional Bloch equation is transformed into a set of algebraic equations by using the operational matrix. In order to examine the fractional order problem, we obtain an approximate solution for FBE and present the numerical results in graphical and tabular forms.

Engineering transition metal dichalcogenides-based semiconducting two-dimensional (2D) layered materials for photo(electro)chemical (PEC) hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by water splitting is an enduring challenge. Here, alloy-assisted photoconductivity and photoresponse from CVD-grown MoS2(1-x)Se2x (MSSE) 2D ternary atomic layered alloy-based photodetector device is presented for the realization of PEC HER. The explicit role of ‘S–Se’ and ‘Se2’ atomic alloy sites including chalcogen-induced vacancy defects on the photoconductivity/photoresponse and PEC HER performance of MSSE 2D alloy is investigated. Alloy formation, atomic site-by-site ‘Se’ composition and atomic structure are characterized using Raman/Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, high-angle annular dark field (HAADF)- scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) extensively and supported with Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) mapping. Further, the local density and concentration of S–Se, Se2 atomic sites and defects were quantitatively estimated using HAADF-STEM image analysis in correlation with AES and it is found between the range of ∼15–20 % in MSSE alloy. A 10-fold high photoresponsivity in the case of MSSE concerning as-grown MS having fast photocurrent growth time and the prolonged decay time originates from the ‘Se’ and this alloy assisted states to enhance the PEC performance of MSSE alloy. The enhanced PEC HER activity of MSSE alloy was identified in terms of overpotential and current density. In addition, increased density of states as a function of ‘Se’ alloying, shifts in a p-band centre and lowers ΔGH* according to density functional theory calculations, which makes MSSE alloy an efficient HER activity. Further, the PEC stability and presence of the ‘S–Se’ and ‘Se2’ alloying and their role towards HER have been correlated by the spectral line shape analysis of PL and Raman spectra from post-PEC HER catalysts. These experimental and theoretical findings establish the role of chalcogen, and transition metal-based 2D alloy, leading to the design of new PECs of engineered 2D atomic layer interfaces.

The elastic properties of crystals at high temperature are of significant interest as they affect the mechanical stability and performance of materials at elevated temperatures. In present study a theory for evaluating the temperature variation of second third and fourth order elastic constants for face centred cubic crystal structure solids is used on the basis of Coulomb and Born-Mayer potential using nearest-neighbour distance and hardness parameter. The theory is first applied to get the second order elastic constants (SOECs) and third order elastic contants (TOECs) for TiC and TiN crystals at different temperatures up to 500 K. In addition, the elastic constants thus obtained are used to evaluate the first order pressure derivatives (FOPDs) SOECs and TOECs. The elastic properties of these crystals at high temperature are of significant interest and are related to other important material properties such as thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, phase transformations, creep behaviour, oxidation resistance, and high-temperature strength.The results obtained show that the second order elastic constants and third order elastic constants of TiC are highest, so mechanical properties of TiC will be better than TiN, which makes it stiffer and more resistant to deformation under an applied load. These properties make TiC a popular material for cutting tools, wear-resistant coatings, and other high-performance applications.

This paper proposes a new design methodology to regulate the output voltages of auxiliary power units in an electric vehicle application. The proposed method includes designing and implementing a robust fuzzy logic controller to load variation and input voltage fluctuation. The existing output voltage regulation techniques for auxiliary power units comprise a proportional-integral controller, which fails to provide good transient performance concerning load variation and input voltage fluctuation. To overcome the drawback of the existing technique, thereby improving transient performance, a proportional-integral controller is replaced by a fuzzy logic controller. This paper addresses a detailed analysis of comparing the proportional-integral and fuzzy logic controllers to segregate and utilize the best among them based on their performance. In addition, the issue of cross-regulation is also eliminated for the proposed design. Also, the proposed design involves the use of a single-input triple-output converter of a 100 W prototype which is designed to furnish three output voltages 24 V, 14.4 V, and 5 V to supply the auxiliary power units of an electric vehicle. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, simulation is conducted on the MATLAB/Simulink platform, and the quantitative results of the proposed design, which include output voltage ( $V_{o_{1}}$ ) =24 V, rise time ( $T_{r}$ ) =0.02 sec, and steady-state error ( $e_{ss}$ ) =0, are better than the existing values: output voltage ( $V_{o_{1}}$ ) =23.4 V, rise time ( $T_{r}$ ) =0.345 sec, and steady-state error ( $e_{ss}$ ) =0.6 V.

Abstract How cells coordinate cell cycling with cell survival and death remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that cell cycle arrest has a potent suppressive effect on ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death induced by overwhelming lipid peroxidation at cellular membranes. Mechanistically, cell cycle arrest induces diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)–dependent lipid droplet formation to sequester excessive polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that accumulate in arrested cells in triacylglycerols (TAGs), resulting in ferroptosis suppression. Consequently, DGAT inhibition orchestrates a reshuffling of PUFAs from TAGs to phospholipids and re-sensitizes arrested cells to ferroptosis. We show that some slow-cycling antimitotic drug–resistant cancer cells, such as 5-fluorouracil–resistant cells, have accumulation of lipid droplets and that combined treatment with ferroptosis inducers and DGAT inhibitors effectively suppresses the growth of 5-fluorouracil–resistant tumors by inducing ferroptosis. Together, these results reveal a role for cell cycle arrest in driving ferroptosis resistance and suggest a ferroptosis-inducing therapeutic strategy to target slow-cycling therapy-resistant cancers.

A computer network can detect potential viruses through the use of kill signals, thereby minimizing the risk of virus propagation. In the realm of computer security and defensive strategies, computer viruses play a significant role. Understanding of their spread and extension is a crucial component. To address this issue of computer virus spread, we employ a fractional epidemiological SIRA model by utilizing the Caputo derivative. To solve the fractional-order computer virus model, we employ a computational technique known as the Jacobi collocation operational matrix method. This operational matrix transforms the problem of arbitrary order into a system of nonlinear algebraic equations. To analyze this system of arbitrary order, we derive an approximate solution for the fractional computer virus model, also considering the Vieta Lucas polynomials. Numerical simulations are performed and graphical representations are provided to illustrate the impact of order of the fractional derivative on different profiles.

Introduction: In tropical countries like India, two-thirds of liver abscess cases are amoebic. Along with abdominal pain, fever, and other non-specific clinical features, jaundice is commonly observed in Amoebic Liver Abscess (ALA) cases. However, the understanding of jaundice in a patients with ALA is limited, and it is associated with a poor prognosis. Aim: To compare the morbidity and mortality of ALA patients with and without hyperbilirubinemia, as well as their clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: The present prospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary teaching institute in northern India. It included 150 patients aged between 20 and 60 years with a confirmed diagnosis of ALA. The patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of hyperbilirubinemia. Those with jaundice resulting from other causes or a history of hepatitis were excluded. Variables examined in the study included age, sex, alcohol intake, basic laboratory parameters, ultrasound-assessed abscess size and number, and duration of hospital stay. Results: Among the 150 cases, 22 (14.6%) had elevated serum bilirubin levels (>1 mg/dL). Additionally, 122 (81.33%) had a history of alcohol intake, and 117 (78%) had a single abscess cavity. In ALA patients with hyperbilirubinemia, 12 (54.55%) had abnormal creatinine values, and 6 (27.26%) experienced complications such as rupture and peritonitis. One mortality occurred in a patient with ALA and jaundice. Conclusion: ALA patients with jaundice exhibited larger abscess cavities, a higher complication rates, a longer hospital stays, and a poor prognoses.

Using first-principles calculations, in this piece of work, authors have investigated the physical properties of Ra2LaNbO6 double perovskite by employing the linearized augmented plane wave (LAPW) method. Structural and electronic properties are determined by using LDA, GGA (WC and PBE), LDA + mBJ, and GGA + mBJ potentials. We have found that Ra2LaNbO6 is an indirect band gap (Eg = 2.4 eV) semiconductor. Its elastic and thermodynamic parameters demonstrate its stability. Its optical study indicates that this material opens the door to its applications in optical devices such as photodetectors, solar cells, superlenses, optical fibers, filters, electromagnetic shielding devices, photovoltaic devices, etc. This material is very good for its practical implementation in thermoelectric devices as both p- and n-type material and extends the interest of experimentalists for further investigations. Thus, Ra2LaNbO6 is found thermodynamically stable and identified as a potential candidate for photovoltaic and thermoelectric devices.

Abstract Objective Literature on the genotypic spectrum of Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome (IESS) in children is scarce in developing countries. This multicentre collaboration evaluated the genotypic and phenotypic landscape of genetic IESS in Indian children. Methods Between January 2021 and June 2022, this cross‐sectional study was conducted at six centers in India. Children with genetically confirmed IESS, without definite structural‐genetic and structural‐metabolic etiology, were recruited and underwent detailed in‐person assessment for phenotypic characterization. The multicentric data on the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of genetic IESS were collated and analyzed. Results Of 124 probands (60% boys, history of consanguinity in 15%) with genetic IESS, 105 had single gene disorders (104 nuclear and one mitochondrial), including one with concurrent triple repeat disorder (fragile X syndrome), and 19 had chromosomal disorders. Of 105 single gene disorders, 51 individual genes (92 variants including 25 novel) were identified. Nearly 85% of children with monogenic nuclear disorders had autosomal inheritance (dominant‐55.2%, recessive‐14.2%), while the rest had X‐linked inheritance. Underlying chromosomal disorders included trisomy 21 (n = 14), Xq28 duplication (n = 2), and others (n = 3). Trisomy 21 (n = 14), ALDH7A1 (n = 10), SCN2A (n = 7), CDKL5 (n = 6), ALG13 (n = 5), KCNQ2 (n = 4), STXBP1 (n = 4), SCN1A (n = 4), NTRK2 (n = 4), and WWOX (n = 4) were the dominant single gene causes of genetic IESS. The median age at the onset of epileptic spasms (ES) and establishment of genetic diagnosis was 5 and 12 months, respectively. Pre‐existing developmental delay (94.3%), early age at onset of ES (

Introduction Intestinal parasitic infections continue to loom in developing countries with low sanitation and socioeconomic conditions. Pandemic times are especially important to study the prevalence of these pathogens since the focus of all healthcare services was coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and time-trend of intestinal parasitic infections in the capital region of India during the pandemic times.

The corrosion of steel rebar embedded in concrete under marine conditions is a major global concern. Therefore, it needs a proper corrosion mitigation method. Various types of corrosion inhibitors are used to mitigate the corrosion of steel rebar in chloride-contaminated concrete; however, selecting the appropriate inhibitor and determining its optimal concentration remains a concern. Therefore, in the present study, three types of inhibitors—calcium nitrite (CN: Ca(NO2)2), N,N′-dimethyl ethanol amine (DMEA: (CH3)2NCH2CH2OH), and L-arginine (LA: C6H14N4O2) in three different concentrations, i.e., 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 M—were compared with a control (without inhibitor, i.e., blank) sample to determine the optimum concentration of the inhibitor for corrosion resistance performance evaluation of reinforcement bars immersed in 0.3 M NaCl-contaminated concrete pore (NCCP) solution for various durations. The corrosion resistance properties were assessed using open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with immersion duration, and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) after 168 h of exposure. The results showed that the CN inhibitor performed exceptionally well (corrosion inhibition efficiency greater than 97%) in terms of corrosion resistance. However, due to its hazardous nature and its ban in the U.S. and European Union, CN cannot be used in construction. In comparison, while DMEA showed some effectiveness, LA performed better and is also eco-friendly. The corrosion resistance efficiency of samples containing 0.6 M LA remains above 97% even after 168 h of immersion in the NCCP solution. This efficiency is consistent throughout the entire immersion period, from 1 h to 168 h. Therefore, it is recommended that LA be used as a corrosion inhibitor for steel reinforcement bars instead of CN, particularly in chloride-contaminated concrete, as it is both effective and safer than CN.

The cement industries as binder materials, produces 1.6 billion metric tons’ carbon dioxide (CO2) in 2022 and cause depletion in ozone layer. The cement is being used in modern construction and cause the environmental impact. Therefore, there is a quest for a sustainable alternative binder to reduce the CO2 emission from the conventional cement production and their effective disposal methods in construction and demolished (C&D) waste is paramount. This article delves into the production of recycled cement by leveraging various methods such as mechanical activation, chemical activation, and heat treatment of C&D waste, ultimately contributing to the carbon neutrality. A comparison with traditional cement production sheds light on energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and resource utilization. The recycled cement displays increased water demand, accelerated early setting, extended final setting time, and reduced compressive strength. However, when used solely as a cementitious matrix, recycled cement can readily achieve up to 30 MPa in 28 days. Utilising recycled cement in concrete applications demonstrates its efficacy in the construction industry. The insights provided herein offer a holistic understanding of the production processes, properties, and applications of recycled cement, reinforcing its potential as a viable and environmentally friendly alternative in the realm of construction materials.

Background: A novel nanosomal paclitaxel lipid suspension (NPLS), free from Cremophor EL (CrEL) and ethanol, was developed to address the solvent-related toxicities associated with conventional paclitaxel formulation. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of NPLS versus CrEL-based paclitaxel (conventional paclitaxel) in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Design: A prospective, open-label, randomized, multiple-dose, parallel, phase II/III study. Methods: Adult (18–65 years) female patients with MBC who had previously failed at least one line of chemotherapy were randomized (2:2:1) to NPLS 175 mg/m 2 every 3 weeks (Q3W, n = 48, arm A), NPLS 80 mg/m 2 every week (QW, n = 45, arm B) without premedication or conventional paclitaxel (Taxol ® , manufactured by Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA) 175 mg/m 2 Q3W ( n = 27, arm C) with premedication. In the extension study, an additional 54 patients were randomized (2:1) to arm A ( n = 37) or arm C ( n = 17). Results: Pooled data from the primary study and its extension phase included 174 patients. The primary endpoint was the overall response rate (ORR). As per intent-to-treat analysis, ORR was significantly better in the NPLS QW arm as compared to conventional paclitaxel [44.4% (20/45) versus 22.7% (10/44), ( p = 0.04)]. An improvement in ORR with NPLS Q3W versus conventional paclitaxel arm [29.4% (25/85) versus 22.7% (10/44)] ( p = 0.53) was observed. Disease control rates observed were improved with NPLS Q3W versus conventional paclitaxel Q3W (77.7% versus 72.7%, p = 0.66) and with NPLS QW versus conventional paclitaxel Q3W (84.4% versus 72.7%, p = 0.20), although not significant. A lower incidence of grade III/IV peripheral sensory neuropathy, vomiting, and dyspnea was reported with NPLS Q3W versus conventional paclitaxel Q3W arms. Conclusion: NPLS demonstrated an improved tumor response rate and a favorable safety profile versus conventional paclitaxel. NPLS 80 mg/m 2 QW demonstrated a significantly better response versus conventional paclitaxel 175 mg/m 2 Q3W. Trial registration: Clinical Trial Registry-India (CTRI), CTRI/2010/091/001344 Registered on: 18 October 2010 (https://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?EncHid=MjEzNQ==&Enc=&userName=CTRI/2010/091/001344), CTRI/2015/07/006062 Registered on: 31 July 2015 (https://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?EncHid=MTE2Mjc=&Enc=&userName=CTRI/2015/07/006062)

Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) with flexible bronchoscope represents an encouraging modality to obtain a larger size specimen without crush artifact, and a higher diagnostic yield in patients with diffuse parenchymal lung lesions/diseases as compared to conventional transbronchial lung biopsy, and fewer complications as opposed to surgical lung biopsy. Artificial airway is preferred as it provides better airway protection in cases of severe bleeding. Although various researchers have published data on different modalities, the data is not sufficient to standardize a single technique. This study describes the procedural technique, safety, and yield of TBLC using a flexible bronchoscope with an endobronchial blocker. We performed a retrospective analysis of 100 consecutive patients who underwent TBLC using flexible bronchoscopy from May 2018 to June 2022. TBLC samples were obtained under moderate sedation without the use of artificial airway or fluoroscopy. Among the 100 patients, the majority were male (63%). The mean age of the enrolled patients was 44.43±15.92 years. The predominant diagnoses in our study were hypersensitivity pneumonitis (27%), followed by sarcoidosis (12%) and tuberculosis (10%). We obtained alveolated lung tissue in 90 out of 100 cases with a median biopsy size of 5 mm (in greatest dimension, interquartile range 5-4 mm), resulting in a specific histopathological diagnosis in 82 cases. The most frequent complications were bleeding and pneumothorax (13%). Mild bleeding occurred in 58% of the patients, and moderate bleeding occurred in 20% of the patients. There was no episode of severe/life-threatening bleeding. None of the patients required intensive care unit admission or endotracheal intubation. In conclusion, the use of TBLC through flexible bronchoscopy with an endobronchial blocker emerges as a minimally invasive, secure, time-efficient, and readily reproducible technique. Significantly, this procedure can be seamlessly executed in the bronchoscopy suite, eliminating the requirement for an artificial airway or general anesthesia.

The sole reliance on conventional energy sources proves inadequate to meet the surging energy demand. To address this challenge, a self-sustainable hybrid system based on solar PV emerges as a promising solution. In light of this issue, it becomes important to analyze the performance of a solar PV array. The study aims to assess the performance and degradation of two distinct solar PV technologies, polycrystalline silicon PV (Poly-Si PV) and monocrystalline silicon PV (Mono-Si PV), under the tropical climatic conditions of eastern India. Various performance indices of solar PV arrays, such as reference yield, array yield, final yield, array capture loss, capacity factor (CF) and performance ratio (PR) for the two PV technologies, have been meticulously calculated to analyze the performance of solar PV arrays. The Linear regression (LR) method is employed to assess the degradation rate of both technologies. The results show better performance for Mono-Si PV in terms of yield outcomes and losses compared to its Poly-Si PV counterpart. The yield outcome of Mono-Si PV is approximately 12 % higher, whereas losses are around 32 % lower than Poly-Si PV. The annual average PR for Mono-Si PV and Poly-Si PV is obtained as 77.5 % and 72.42 %, respectively. Correspondingly, the average yearly CF is 16.78 % for Mono-Si PV and 15.44 % for Poly-Si PV. Results also show that Poly-Si PV degrades faster as compared to Mono-Si PV, with an annual average degradation rate of 0.67 % for Mono-Si PV and 0.73 % for Poly-Si PV. Finally, economic analysis of the two systems reveals that Mono-Si PV provides energy at a 9 % lower cost than Poly-Si PV, with a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of 0.248 $/kWh for Mono-Si PV and 0.273 $/kWh for Poly-Si PV.

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Abstract This study quantifies the groundwater fluoride contamination and assesses associated health risks in fluoride-prone areas of the city of Taj Mahal, Agra, India. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) risk model and Monte Carlo Simulations were employed for the assessment. Result revealed that, among various rural and urban areas Pachgain Kheda exhibited the highest average fluoride concentration (5.20 mg/L), while Bagda showed the lowest (0.33 mg/L). Similarly, K.K. Nagar recorded 4.38 mg/L, and Dayalbagh had 1.35 mg/L. Both urban and rural areas exceeded the WHO-recommended limit of 1.5 mg/L, signifying significant public health implications. Health risk assessment indicated a notably elevated probability of non-carcinogenic risk from oral groundwater fluoride exposure in the rural Baroli Ahir block. Risk simulations highlighted that children faced the highest health risks, followed by teenagers and adults. Further, Monte Carlo simulation addressed uncertainties, emphasizing escalated risks for for children and teenagers. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for the 5th and 95th percentile in rural areas ranged from was 0.28–5.58 for children, 0.15–2.58 for teenager, and 0.05–0.58 for adults. In urban areas, from the range was 0.53 to 5.26 for children, 0.27 to 2.41 for teenagers, and 0.1 to 0.53 for adults. Physiological and exposure variations rendered children and teenagers more susceptible. According to the mathematical model, calculations for the non-cancerous risk of drinking water (HQ-ing), the most significant parameters in all the targeted groups of rural areas were concentration (CW) and Ingestion rate (IR). These findings hold relevance for policymakers and regulatory boards in understanding the actual impact and setting pre-remediation goals.

Titanium oxide nanoparticles can penetrate the blood–brain barrier, infiltrate the central nervous system, and induce neurotoxicity. One of the most often utilized nanoparticles has been investigated for their neurotoxicity in many studies. Nonetheless, there remains an unexplored aspect regarding the comparative analysis of particles varying in size and nanoparticles of identical dimensions, both with and devoid of surface coating. In the current study, we synthesized two differently sized nanoparticles, TiO2-10 (10 nm) and TiO2-22 (22 nm), and nanoparticles of the same size but with a polyvinylpyrrolidone surface coating (TiO2-PVP, 22 nm) and studied their toxic effects on neural PC-12 cells. The results highlighted significant dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity at concentrations ≥10 μg/mL. The exposure of TiO2 nanoparticles significantly elevated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species levels, IL-6 and TNF-α levels, altered the mitochondrial membrane potential, and enhanced apoptosis-related caspase-3 activity, irrespective of size and surface coating. The interaction of the nanoparticles with acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity was also investigated, and the results revealed a dose-dependent suppression of enzymatic activity. However, the gene expression studies indicated no effect on the expression of all six genes associated with the dopaminergic system upon exposure to 10 μg/mL for any nanoparticle. The results demonstrated no significant difference between the outcomes of TiO2-10 and TiO2-22 NPs. However, the polyvinylpyrrolidone surface coating was able to attenuate the neurotoxic effects. These findings suggest that as the TiO2 nanoparticles get smaller (towards 0 nm), they might promote apoptosis and inflammatory reactions in neural cells via oxidative stress, irrespective of their size.

Abstract We investigate gravitational lensing in the strong deflection regime by loop quantum gravity (LQG)-motivated rotating black hole (LMRBH) metrics with an additional parameter l besides mass M and rotation a. The LMRBH spacetimes are regular everywhere, asymptotically encompassing the Kerr black hole as a particular case and, depending on the parameters, describe black holes with one horizon only (BH-I), black holes with an event horizon and a Cauchy horizon (BH-II), black holes with three horizons (BH-III), or black holes with no horizons (NH) spacetime. It turns out that as the LQG parameter l increases, the unstable photon orbit radius $$x_{ps}$$ x ps , the critical impact parameter $$u_{ps}$$ u ps , the deflection angle $$\alpha _D(\theta )$$ α D ( θ ) and angular position $$\theta _{\infty }$$ θ ∞ also increases. Meanwhile, the angular separation s decreases, and relative magnitude $$r_{mag}$$ r mag increases with increasing l for prograde motion but they show opposite behaviour for the retrograde motion. Using supermassive black holes (SMBH) Sgr A* and M87* as lenses, we compare the observable signatures of LMRBH with those of Kerr black holes. For Sgr A*, the angular position $$\theta _{\infty }$$ θ ∞ $$\in $$ ∈ (16.4, 39.8) $$\upmu $$ μ as, while for M87* $$\in $$ ∈ (12.33, 29.9) $$\upmu $$ μ as. The angular separation s, for SMBHs Sgr A* and M87*, differs significantly, with values ranging $$\in $$ ∈ (0.008–0.376) $$\upmu $$ μ as for Sgr A* and $$\in $$ ∈ (0.006–0.282) $$\upmu $$ μ as for M87*. The deviations of the lensing observables $$\Delta \theta _{\infty }$$ Δ θ ∞ and $$\Delta s$$ Δ s for LMRBH ( $$a=0.80,l=2.0$$ a = 0.80 , l = 2.0 ) from Kerr black holes can reach up to $$10.22\,\upmu $$ 10.22 μ as and $$0.241~\upmu $$ 0.241 μ as for Sgr A*, and $$7.683~\upmu $$ 7.683 μ as and $$0.181~\upmu $$ 0.181 μ as for M87*. The relative magnitude $$r_{mag}$$ r mag $$\in $$ ∈ (0.047, 1.54). We estimate the time delay between the first and second relativistic images using twenty supermassive galactic centre black holes as lenses to find, for example, the time delay for Sgr A* and M87* can reach approximately 23.26 min and 33,261.8 min, respectively. Our analysis concludes that, within the $$1 \sigma $$ 1 σ region, a significant portion of the BH-I and BH-II parameter space agrees with the EHT results of M87* and Sgr A*. The possibility of LMRBH being a BH-III with three horizons has been almost ruled out, except for a small portion of parameter space, by $$\theta _{sh}$$ θ sh bounds of Sgr A* and M87* measured by EHT. In contrast, NH without a horizon is completely ruled out. We discover that the EHT results of Sgr A* place more stringent limits on the parameter space of LMRBH black holes than those established by the EHT results of M87*.

Machine breakdown usually implies unexpected physical damage to machinery due to any reason which requires fixing or replacement to continue the process. This article presentsan investigation of a sustainable model with stochastic machine breakdown. To reduce the risk of disruption,a smart manufacturing system is used. Considering the environmental issues faced by people,the model is developed under a circular economy through end-of-life treatment to recapture the value of the product,labor and resources. The used buyback products are collected,out of which items in good condition are remanufactured and sold in another market while the rest are salvaged. As the production process is not perfectly reliable,the serviceable products go through an automated inspection process,and imperfect items are reworked. A mathematical model is developed for deterioration of items to analyze the optimal replenishment policies,and the results have been illustrated with numerical verification. Based on the analysis,some managerial insights have been provided for decision-makers.

Background: Studies exploring the links between ischemic heart disease (IHD), arterial hypertension (AH), diabetes mellitus (DM), and pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) have yielded no clear evidence and attributing PEX to any one particular disease. Aims and Objectives: The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of PEX syndrome and its association with IHD, AH, and DM at our center. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of participants (n=102) having IHD, AH and DM. Demographic details and clinical history in detail were written down in a structured proforma. Participants in the study were examined for the diagnosis of PEX syndrome with slit lamp bi microscopy as well as direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy. For numerical variables, descriptive statistics comprised mean and standard deviation, and for categorical variables, the percentage of various categories. To compare categorical variables, Chi-square (χ2) test was utilized. Results: The prevalence of PEX in our study came out to be 17.64% (18 of the 102). Patients of PEX were in the age group of 61–70 years, that is, 8 (44.44%) and were males, that is, 11 (61.11%). The percentage of systemic hypertension patients who had PEX syndrome was 35.29% with statistical significant association (χ2=10.9; P=0.001). The percentages of IHD and DM patients with PEX syndrome were 11.76% (χ2=1.214; P=0.270) and 5.88% (χ2=3.718; P=0.053), respectively, the statistical association was a non-significant one. Conclusion: People above 40 years should undergo routine ophthalmological examinations for the detection of PEX Syndrome. Patients diagnosed with hypertension should be given a thorough ophthalmological examination to rule out PEX syndrome.

Background: Corneal blindness is a major public health problem worldwide and preventable cause of blindness in India. Corneal blindness is the second most common cause of blindness, after cataract, in developing countries. Aims and Objectives: A clinical study of keratomycosis to compare the efficacy of topical 10% NaCl with 5% natamycin (Group A) versus topical 5% natamycin (Group B) alone as a treatment strategy. Materials and Methods: This prospective, randomized, interventional, and comparative study with parallel design enrolled 100 cases diagnosed with unilateral keratomycosis and fulfilling the inclusion criteria, who presented to the outpatient department of Ophthalmology, Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College and Hospital, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, between April 2021 and June 2022 (15 months). Results: Maximum patients in both the study groups belonged to the age group of 41–50 years showed male preponderance and belonged to the low socioeconomic status. Maximum patients in both the study groups had shown total regression in 66 cases with 41 cases from Group A and 25 cases from Group B, respectively. Regression was not seen in 34 cases with 9 cases belonging to Group A and 25 cases belonging to Group B. Maximum patients in study Group A had shown ulcer regression in 3.56 average weeks duration, while it was in 4.50 average weeks duration in Group B. Conclusion: This comparative and interventional study demonstrates that the study Group A receiving 10% sodium chloride solution with 5% natamycin helps in faster healing of corneal ulcer, rate of progression of ulcer is slowed down, and complications are less in comparison to Group B receiving 5% Natamycin alone owning to the anti-edema property of hypertonic saline. Hence, topical 10% NaCl solution can be used with 5% natamycin, as a cost-effective adjunct in the management of fungal keratitis.

This study was undertaken to address how near-surface soil water content (SWC) patterns have varied across diverse agroecological regions (AERs) of mainland India from 1979 to 2022 (44 years) and how these variations relate to environmental factors. Grid-wise trend analysis using the Mann–Kendall (MK) trend test and Sen’s slope was conducted to determine the trends and their magnitudes. Additionally, we used Spearman’s rank correlation (ρ) to explore the relationships of ESA CCI’s near-surface SWC data with key environmental variables, including rainfall, temperature, actual evapotranspiration, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The results revealed significant variations in SWC patterns and trends across different AERs and months. The MK trend test indicated that 17.96% of the area exhibited a significantly increasing trend (p < 0.1), while7.6% showed a significantly decreasing trend, with an average annual Sen’s slope of 0.9 × 10−4 m3 m−3 year−1 for mainland India. Areas with the highest decreasing trends were AER-16 (warm per-humid with brown and red hill soils), AER-15 (hot subhumid to humid with alluvium-derived soils), and AER-17 (warm per-humid with red and lateritic soils). In contrast, increasing trends were the most prominent in AER-5 (hot semi-arid with medium and deep black soils), AER-6 (hot semi-arid with shallow and medium black soils), and AER-19 (hot humid per-humid with red, lateritic, and alluvium-derived soils). Significant increasing trends were more prevalent during monsoon and post-monsoon months while decreasing trends were noted in pre-monsoon months. Correlation analysis showed strong positive correlations of SWC with rainfall (ρ = 0.70), actual evapotranspiration (ρ = 0.74), and NDVI (ρ = 0.65), but weak or negative correlations with temperature (ρ = 0.12). This study provides valuable insights for policymakers to delineate areas based on soil moisture availability patterns across seasons, aiding in agricultural and water resource planning under changing climatic conditions.

This study assesses the efficacy of the Heliosat-2 algorithm for estimating solar radiation, comparing its outputs against ground measurements across seven distinct countries: the Netherlands, Spain, Japan, Namibia, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, and India. To achieve this, the study utilizes two distinct satellite data sources—Himawari-8 for Japan and Metosat Second Generation-MSG for the rest of the countries—and spanning the time between January 2022 and April 2024. A robust methodology for determining albedo parameters specific to Heliosat-2 was developed. During cloudy days, the estimates provided by Heliosat-2 generally exceeded the ground measurements in all of the countries. Conversely, on clear days, there was a tendency for underestimation, as indicated by the median values of the mean bias (MB) across most of the countries. The Heliosat-2 model slightly underestimates daily radiation values, with a median MB ranging from −27.5 to +10.2 W·m−2. Notably, the median root mean square error (RMSE) on clear days is significantly lower, with values ranging from 24.8 to 108.7 W·m−2, compared to cloudy days, for which RMSE values lie between 75.3 and 180.2 W·m−2. In terms of R2 values, both satellites show strong correlations between the estimated and actual values, with a median value consistently above 0.86 on a monthly scale and over 92% of daily data points falling within ±2 standard deviations.

Background: Objective of this study was to compare King vision video laryngoscope versus McCoy laryngoscope for endotracheal intubation in patients with simulated immobilized cervical spine in terms of mean intubation time and number of attempts and successful intubation. Methodology: This was a prospective randomized study of 70 patients of ASA Grade I or II and aged 18- 60yrs, who underwent elective surgery under general anaesthesia. Intubation was done with either King Vision video laryngoscope (channelled blade) [Group A] or McCoy laryngoscope [Group B] after immobilizing the cervical spine using a cervical collar. We compared the mean intubation time, success rate and intubation difficulty using the Intubation Difficulty Score (IDS), glottic visualization using POGO score, hemodynamic parameters and complication if any. Results: Both the groups were comparable regarding the demographic variables such as age, sex, weight and ASA class. The mean intubation time of patients in Group A was significantly less (16.57 ± 4.11 seconds) than Group B (20.14 ± 5.72 seconds) (P= 0.004). IDS and POGO scoring were found significantly better in group A as compared to group B. But intubation success rate was 100% in both groups. Hemodynamic parameters and complications were also comparable. Conclusion: King Vision video laryngoscope is found superior to the McCoy laryngoscope if cervical immobilization is anticipated in terms of ease of intubation and glottic visualization.

Mass customization is becoming the more and more of emphasis on the production optimization. In many manufacturing and service organizations, production planning and scheduling are characterized as the daily decision-making procedures. The significance of the choices made is therefore to shown in the areas of work orders, manufacturing, transportation, and distribution of the finished goods. Production scheduling is the process of regulating, determining, and maximizing the restricted resources of the production system. In this study, a novel Hybrid Dynamic Genetic-Adaptive Improved Gravitational Optimization Algorithm (HDG-AIGOA) approach is introduced to optimize the production schedule. In this case, the AIGOA classification effectiveness is increased by using the HDG method. The small and benchmark iMOPSE dataset has been used to assess the success of suggested approach. The noisy data from raw data samples are removed using the Adaptive Median Filter (AMF) filter. To extract the properties from the segmented data, a Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) is performed. The results of the research show that the recommended methodology beats earlier approaches in terms of the accuracy, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Square Error (MSE). Our proposed method might consider to improve the production scheduling in an dynamic environment.

Abstract The aim of this study is to examine the analog/RF performance characteristics of graphene nanoribbon (GNR) field-effect transistors (FETs) using a novel technique called underlap engineering. The study employs self-consistent atomistic simulations and the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism. Initially, the optimal underlap length for the GNR-FET by device has been determined evaluating the ON-current (I ON ) to OFF-current (I OFF ) ratio, which is a critical parameter for digital applications. Subsequently, the impact of underlap engineering on analog/RF performance metrics has been analyzed and conducting a comprehensive trade-off analysis considering parameters such as intrinsic-gain, transistor efficiency, and device cut-off frequency. The results demonstrate that the device incorporating the underlap mechanism exhibits superior performance in terms of the I ON /I OFF ratio, transconductance generation factor (TGF), output resistance (r 0 ), intrinsic gain (g m r 0 ), gain frequency product (GFP), and gain transfer frequency product (GTFP). However, the device without the underlap effect demonstrates the highest transconductance (g m ) and cut-off frequency (f T ). Finally, a linearity analysis has been conducted to compare the optimized GNR-FET device with the conventional GNR-FET device without the underlap effect.