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Venn diagrams of positively-selected bone-associated genes. The intersection between the positively selected genes in the three clades, birds, mammals and reptiles. (DOC 149 kb)

Divergence limit estimations. Calibration points retrieved from TimeTree. (DOC 35 kb)

Positively selected sites of bone-associated genes in Reptilian dataset after multiple testing correction. The alignment length is on Amino acids (aa). Bold represents statistical significance (pâ

Positively selected sites of bone-associated genes in Reptilian dataset after multiple testing correction. The alignment length is on Amino acids (aa). Bold represents statistical significance (pâ

Branch-site model for birds. Genes were the alternate model was preferred relatively to the null model are highlighted as italic and underlined positively selected. (DOC 141 kb)

Skeletal adaptations to flight in bats. Skeleton of Large flying fox (adapted from Wikimedia Commons licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0)) and the key features observed in bats skeleton system. The typical bone structure of long bones is highlighted in the light blue box (adapted from Wikimedia Commons licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0)). (DOC 331 kb)

Body mass in birds and mammals. (DOCX 46 kb)

Branch model for birds. Bold represents statistical significance (pâ

Positively selected sites of bone-associated genes in Avian dataset after multiple testing correction. The alignment length is on Amino acids (aa). Gene in bold are positively selected under the comparison M2a vs M1a. Q-value estimations for multiple testing are represented as positive selected (1) and negative selected (0). (DOC 88 kb)

Positively selected sites of bone-associated genes in Mammalian dataset after multiple testing correction. The alignment length is on Amino acids (aa). Gene in bold are positively selected under the comparison M2a vs M1a. Q-value estimations for multiple testing are represented as positive selected (1) and negative selected (0). (DOC 88 kb)

Branch model for mammals. Genes without flying mammals present in the alignment are marked (###). Bold represents statistical significance (pâ

Estimation of dN and dS for each branch under Model 0. For each branch, average of dN and dS and the corresponding standard deviation. (DOC 165 kb)

Genomic location of bone-associated genes. The circular ideogram represents the genomic location of bone-associated genes in four of the studied species. Each end-line represents the location of the bone-associated genes. Blue indicates human chromosomes (mammal representative). Dark orange the zebra finch (flying species), green the chicken and yellow the turkey (flightless species). (DOC 896 kb)

Positively selected sites of bone-associated genes in Mammalian dataset after multiple testing correction. The alignment length is on Amino acids (aa). Gene in bold are positively selected under the comparison M2a vs M1a. Q-value estimations for multiple testing are represented as positive selected (1) and negative selected (0). (DOC 88 kb)

Avian and Mammalian phylogenetic trees used in CODEML analysis. Lineages of flightless birds are highlighted in red, while flying mammals are highlighted in blue. (DOC 339 kb)

Branch-site model for mammals. Genes without flying mammals present in the alignment are marked (###). (DOC 138 kb)

Results from the nested models (M0, M1a, M2a) likelihood ratio test results PAML from Mammalian dataset excluding bats. The alignment length is on Amino acids (aa). Bold represents statistical significance (pâ

Branch-site model for mammals. Genes without flying mammals present in the alignment are marked (###). (DOC 138 kb)

Venn diagrams of positively-selected bone-associated genes. The intersection between the positively selected genes in the three clades, birds, mammals and reptiles. (DOC 149 kb)

List of bone associated genes used in this study. (DOC 61 kb)

Phylogenetic trees of reptiles used in CODEML analysis. (DOC 90 kb)

Positively selected sites of bone-associated genes in Avian dataset after multiple testing correction. The alignment length is on Amino acids (aa). Gene in bold are positively selected under the comparison M2a vs M1a. Q-value estimations for multiple testing are represented as positive selected (1) and negative selected (0). (DOC 88 kb)