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Background: Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders account for 20% of all years lived with disability worldwide. There have been few prevalence studies of MSK disorders in Africa, and none published from Tanzania. Screening for MSK disorders is not routinely conducted in healthcare facilities and there are no registered rheumatology consultants in northern Tanzania. This pilot study aimed to provide an initial estimate of the community-based prevalence, and predictors, of MSK disorders and to assess the functional status and disability associated with MSK disorders. Methods: A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted in a single village in the Hai District Kilimanjaro region from March to June 2019, involving the administration of Gait, Arms, Legs, Spine (GALS) or paediatric GALS (pGALS) physical examinations during household and school visits. Individuals positive by GALS/pGALS screening were assessed by the regional examination of the musculoskeletal system (REMS) and the Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (MHAQ) tools. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to understand the influence of demographic variables (age and sex), tribe and religion on GALS/pGALS, REMS and MHAQ outcomes. Results: A total of 1854 participants were enrolled. Of the 1172 individuals enrolled at the household level, 95 showed signs of MSK disorders during the GALS/pGALS examination (8.1%, 95% CI: 6.6 – 9.8) and 37 during the REMS examination (3.2%, 95% CI: 2.2 – 4.3), respectively. Among all 682 participants enrolled in schools, seven showed signs of MSK disorders during the GALS/pGALS examination (1.0%, 95% CI: 0.4 – 2.1) and three during the REMS examination (0.4%, 95% CI: 0.0 – 1.3), respectively. In the household enrolled population female gender and increasing age were significantly associated with GALS and REMS positive findings. Among the GALS positive individuals, increasing age was significantly associated with REMS positive status and increasing MHAQ scores, indicating worse function and greater disability. Conclusions: Our pilot study confirms the prevalence of MSK disorders in this study population and predictors of MSK disorders that are comparable to those seen elsewhere in the world. These pilot data can inform the design of future investigations of the determinants of MSK disorders and their impacts on health, livelihood, and well-being in Tanzania.

Background/Aims Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders are among the major causes of disability worldwide, accounting for 20% of all years lived with disability. MSK disorders are linked to other non-communicable diseases (NCDs) as their adverse impact on mobility may promote the development of other NCDs. Prevalence studies of MSK disorders in Africa are limited with most coming from South Africa, while none have been previously performed in Tanzania. Screening for MSK disorders is not routinely conducted in health care facilities and there are no registered consultants working in this field in Tanzania. This pilot study aimed to provide an initial estimate of the prevalence and predictors of MSK disability to inform the design of a more detailed study of MSK disorders in Tanzania. Methods A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted in Kirima village, Hai District, Kilimanjaro region which has a total population of 1,911 people. We obtained ethical approval to invite each eligible individual to consent to supervised examination using the Gait, Arms, Legs and Spine (GALS) assessment tool (adults aged 18 years and over) or the paediatric GALS (pGALS) assessment tool (children aged 5 to 17 years old). In those where these screening tools detected an abnormality, we then performed a full Regional Examination of Musculoskeletal System (REMS). We also assessed functional status and physical disability in all GALS positive subjects using the Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (MHAQ) tool. All adults were assessed during planned accompanied household visits, while a substantial number of the children were assessed while at school. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were carried out to assess the influence of demographic variables on GALS, REMS and MHAQ outcomes. Results A substantial number of adults (270) and children (491) could not be contacted or declined to consent to examination. Among the 1150 people who did consent, the prevalence of GALS/pGALS positivity was 8.2% (95% CI: 6.6-9.8), while REMS was positive in 3.5% (95% CI: 2.4-4.5). Female gender and increasing age were both significantly associated with each of GALS and REMS positivity. The MHAQ score was strongly associated with REMS positivity and significantly associated with GALS positivity, equating to worse function and greater disability. Conclusion These initial prevalence estimates and predictors of MSK disability are comparable to those seen elsewhere in the world. Greater detail on the prevalence of specific MSK disorders in Tanzania will require larger and more detailed studies. Disclosure N.M. Yongolo: None. C. Bunn: None. J. Halliday: None. B. Mtesha: None. C. Kelly: None. A. Mwingwa: None. S. Biswaro: None. S. Siebert: None. A. Hemed: None. R. Walker: None. E. McIntosh: None. B. Mmbaga: None.

Background/Aims Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders affect many people worldwide, but there is minimal access to medical care in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Few hospital-based studies on MSK disorders have been conducted and there are limited prevalence data on MSK diseases in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Arthritis is the most common MSK condition, both reducing physical activity and increasing the risk of disability and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Given the high prevalence of MSK disorders and the associated significant clinical and economic burden in developed countries, an estimate of the frequency of these conditions in SSA is overdue. We aimed to determine the recorded prevalence of arthritis and related clinical features among patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Northern Tanzania from 2017-19. Methods Ethical approval was obtained to review the medical records retrospectively for all patients aged over 13 admitted to medical wards at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, a zonal tertiary care hospital, over this 3-year period. We collected demographic characteristics including age, gender, diagnoses and outcome. Diagnoses specifying arthritis were specifically sought. The prevalence of arthritis among inpatients over this period estimated. Analysis was conducted using STATA version 15 with categorical variables summarized using frequency and percentage. Results A total of 8023 patient files were examined with a slight majority of males 4181 (52.1%). An arthritis was recorded in 129 (1.6%) with 71 (55%) aged ≥60 years and 74 (57.4%) being female. The commonest presenting symptoms were joint pain in 69 (53.5%), swelling in 38 (29.5%) and stiffness in 18 (14%). A precise diagnosis for the arthritis was rarely recorded, although rheumatoid arthritis and gout were specified in a minority. Overall mortality was 12.4% among patients with arthritis. In addition, a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus was recorded in a further 16 (0.2%) patients. Conclusion The recorded prevalence of arthritis among hospital inpatients in this LMIC study was low but the associated mortality appeared high. The retrospective nature of the data is highly likely to have underestimated the true prevalence of MSK disease and emphasizes the need for improved awareness of MSK diagnostic and management strategies. A teaching and training program has been developed to assist with this. Disclosure N.M. Yongolo: None. S.J. Krauth: None. S.M. Biswaro: None. B. Moshi: None. M. Mwanswila: None. A. Hemed: None. R. Njau: None. N. Allen Ng’unda: None. R. Walker: None. K. Kilonzo: None. S. Siebert: None. J. Halliday: None. E. McIntosh: None. C. Kelly: None. B. Mmbaga: None. G. Temu: None.

Introduction - towards a typology of violence against Roma in central and Eastern Europe liberalism, multiculturalism and the principles of community ethnic pluralism and the ethnic virtues liberalism, nationalism and identity the discourse of liberalism in post-socialist Europe the republican alternative to nationalism - citizenship as public office in America national institutions and sub-national separatism - Crimea and Chechnia can the institutions of the European Community transcend liberal limitations in the pursuit of racial equality? Rawls - a racial theory of justice? liberalism without universalism? communitarianism and obedience being some body - choice and identity in a liberal pluralist world recognizing multiculturaism the philosophy of cultural recognition.

The first record of killer whale (Orcinus orca) predation on false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) is reported here. On 25 March 2010, a group of 50 to 60 false killer whales, including approximately 15 calves and accompanied by three to five bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.), were sighted in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand. Within 30 min, they were approached by a group of approximately eight killer whales. Five false killer whales were attacked, with at least three rammed from below, forcing them out of the water. After 29 min, the killer whales were milling at the surface and feeding on the carcass of a false killer whale calf, possibly the only individual killed. The killer whales had prolific fresh and healed oval wounds, which were attributed to cookie cutter shark (Isistius sp.) bites.

Animal diseases, foodborne pathogens and foodborne diseases have enormous impacts upon the health and livelihoods of producers and consumers in developing and in-transition countries. Unfortunately, the capacity for effective surveillance of infectious disease threats is often limited in these countries, leading to chronic under-reporting. This further contributes towards underestimating the effects of these diseases and an inability to implement effective control measures. However, innovative communications and diagnostic tools, as well as new analytical approaches and close cooperation within and between the animal and human health sectors, can be used to improve the coverage, quality and speed of reporting, as well as to generate more comprehensive estimates of the disease burden. These approaches can help to tackle endemic diseases and build essential surveillance capacities to address changing disease threats in the future.

This article studies the paradoxical nature of one aspect of the history of the British higher education curriculum: its ‘vocationalisation’. It claims that higher education has become more vocational, not in direct response to economic demands, but as an outcome of a political agenda. It questions how British liberal ideology – originally supportive of higher education for its own sake – has come to permit a definition predominantly in terms of vocationalism and work‐related concerns. Policy has been developed on ideological grounds, promoted by rhetoric. By way of comparison, statements from the People's Republic of China highlight the ideological context of the relationship between work and study in Britain. A combination of intent and circumstance has led to the Vocationalisation’ of British higher education, a process which is to be understood ideologically, being a means of increasing central government control, rather than simply a ‘natural’ development of economic policy.

1. Data from a long-term study of Papio hamadryas ursinus (L.) in the De Hoop Nature Reserve, Western Cape, South Africa, were used to test the assumptions and predictions of Altmann's model of maternal time budgets. 2. Female baboons' feeding time was below model predictions, and there was no evidence for a consistent increase in feeding time with infant age. In addition, female feeding time was not significantly higher than observed baseline feeding times for nonlactating females. 3. Female baboons reduced activity levels in the first few months post-partum, as reflected in significant increases in resting time, and there was some indication that females lost body mass over the course of lactation. When feeding demand was high, females sacrificed social time, and conserved resting time. 4. Females increased vigilance levels during the first 4 months of infant life and were more vigilant overall during lactation than when nonlactating. There was a negative relationship between feeding time and vigilance, but a positive relationship between resting time and vigilance. 5. Female baboons at De Hoop appear to cope with the energetic costs of lactation by reducing activity levels, although this cannot compensate completely for increased energetic costs. This may not be so much an'energy-sparing' strategy as a response to threats presented by infanticidal males in this population. Females therefore trade-off feeding time against vigilance.