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BACKGROUND: The outbreak of a coronavirus pandemic in 2019 posed a serious threat to the global population. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not only been a public health emergency, but has also affected mental health worldwide. Patients were exposed to a number of significant stressors during COVID-19 infection by which it appears that it may have had a major impact on mental health. Little is known about changes in levels of psychological affect, stress, anxiety and depression during this pandemic.AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study was to analyze the most recent available literature on the association of pandemic COVID-19 with psychiatric disorders occurring both as a result of past infection and in response to stress associated with the new situation of a global epidemic of Sars-CoV-2 virus.RESULTS: The psychological effects of the epidemic are clearly noticeable. The study identified groups particularly vulnerable to developing symptoms of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Risk factors were also identified in people working in health care as having direct contact with the effects of infection with the new virus.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: Key elements of preventing psychological impact are the creation of a mental health organization. Another important task for governments is to create the conditions for economic security, as financial problems or job losses can also be the cause of mental crises.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic brought changes to daily life of many people. One of those affected by the global pandemic arena was work life. One of the results is burnout due to new challenges and stress associated with them. The most exposed occupational group were healthcare workers as the frontline in the fight against the virus, but not only this group could experience burnout due to the pandemic. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to review the most recent available literature on burnout associated with COVID-19. PubMed, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar databases were reviewed. The Phrase "burnout and covid" was used to search the database. Search criteria were: all open access, 2020 and 2021, psychology and English. After Screening titles and abstracts 21 articles were analyzed in detail.RESULTS: Many studies have shown that healthcare workers experienced burnout. The most vulnerable group were young, female nurses working with COVID-19 patients. Burnout was also observed among parents, who started working remotely from home or who had to commute to their workplace despite the pandemic. Remote schooling also contributed to burnout among students and teachers.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: To reduce the possibility of experiencing burnout there are several actions that could be taken. First of all a positive attitude and task oriented actions are helpful in coping in new, stressful situations. Other solutions are social support and psychotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Despite the fact that the number of antiepileptic drugs is constantly increasing, epilepsy can still be a therapeutic challenge. Approximately one-third of patients with epilepsy have persistent seizures refractory to treatment. The limited number of effective alternatives motivates researchers to seek new solutions. There is some hope for cannabidiol (CBD) preparations.AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study was to review the most recent available literature on the use of cannabidiol in the treatment of refractory epilepsy in children and adults. For this purpose, the PubMed and Google Scholar databases were reviewed. The phrase "cannabidiol and epilepsy" was used to search the database. After Screening titles and abstracts a total of 19 papers and articles cited in them were received and analyzed in detail. RESULTS: Nowadays there are many CBD related products available in the market, Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica are the plants used due to their strong therapeutic effects and also seizure control. Regulations regarding the use of raw marijuana, cannabis extracts, and cannabinoid-based drugs vary from place to place. Many studies have been generated on the efficacy of cannabinoid therapy in the treatment of epilepsy. This therapy in patients with Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gaust syndrome results in a reduction in the frequency of motor and total seizures. The most commonly reported side effects of CBD are drowsiness, seizures and diarrhea, but the therapy is generally well tolerated.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: Many available studies support the efficacy of CBD as a treatment option to reduce seizure frequency in children with drug-resistant epilepsy, particularly in patients with Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. However, there is a lack of reports on the use of CBD in the adult population, which may be an area for further research.

Introduction: Depression is a common psychiatric disorder leading to high burden especially for some other psychiatric comorbidity. Annually over 43 billion dollars are expended for patients with depression among them 28% are directly for depression and other costs are related to mortality and morbidity due to depression. The aim of the study: Paying attention to new options for treating depression – a disease that affects more and more people.Material and method: The research was done by the usage of the PubMed and Google Scholar articles about the topic of: botulinum toxin; depression; treatment.Description of the state of knowledge: Injecting Botox into the muscles responsible for expression of anguish or sadness may potentially decrease the patients experience of feelings. Botox reversibly blocks acetylcholine release from neuronal axons into the synapse, inhibiting neuromuscular transmission. If the facial feedback hypothesis is correct, by injecting Botox into the corrugator and procerus muscles, it will reversibly inhibit frown facial expressions and have the capability of propagating or enhancing sad and depressed feelings.Summary: The results from all randomized control trials proved that botulinum toxin A injection in the glabellar region was associated with significant improvement mood and may be a safe and effective treatment to reduce symptoms of depression.

Introduction: Burnout is characterised by a triad of emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and a decreased sense of accomplishment. Distress during medical school can lead to burnout, with significant consequences, particularly if burnout continues into residency and beyond. There is a lot of research into burnout and the authors reviewed literature pertaining to medical student burnout, its prevalence, and its relationship to personal, environmental, demographic and psychiatric factors.The aim of the study: Paying attention to the correlation between academic lifestyle and occurrence burnout among medical students.Material and method: The research was done by the usage of the PubMed and Google Scholar articles about the topic of: burnout; stress; medical students; behaviour.Description of the state of knowledge: The educational process brings a considerable amount of stress to medical students that can influence mental health status and contribute to further professional burnout. According to various studies and definitions of occupational burnout, this phenomenon is observed in up to 76% of medical students. Research has identified associations between burnout and lifestyle health behaviours. Also relationship between the occurrence of burnout and suicide attempts has been demonstrated. In turn spirituality has been positively influence well-being and to prevent burnout.Summary: Undoubtedly, it is worth paying attention to the phenomenon of occupational burnout among students from the first years of medical studies. Universities should make efforts to reduce the risk of the occurrence and further development of burnout, which may have negative effects in the future work with the patient.

Introduction Postpartum depression (PPPD) is defined as the occurrence of a depressive episode in the postpartum period, with a peak incidence between 3–6 months. It is estimated that 1 in 10 fathers are currently affected, yet most research focuses only on postpartum depression in mothers. Objective The aim of the study was to analyze scientific reports on paternal postpartum depression in men. The available literature on ‘postpartum depression among men’ was reviewed based on the Scopus, PubMed and OVIDMedline databases. Brief description of the state of knowledge The questionnaire useiIn the diagnosis of PPPD is the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), a screening test for postnatal depression occurring in mothers, but it has also found application in fathers Results Fathers perceived a lack of perinatal health care education in relation to their needs and a shortage of specialist support. The father’s disturbed mental state prevents him from taking full responsibility for the family and places a mental strain on the mother. At the same time, a poor partner relationship is a risk factor for PPPD. Paternal PPD is a danger to newborn children who are at a critical stage of their development Conclusions Fathers should be screened for early detection of PPPD and intervention in a disorder that lacks appropriate diagnostic tools. Public awareness of PPPD is important because fathers are particularly vulnerable, and can be lacking in meeting traditional expectations and modern fatherhood tasks.

Introduction: COVID-19 appeared in 2019. The first outbreak of the disease was in China, but it quickly spread to other countries, thus becoming a pandemic. This caused a tremendous stress and anxiety among the public, which also had a negative impact on their mental health. People with obsessive-compulsive disorder are especially sensitive in this respect. The aim of the study: Paying attention to the correlation between exacerbation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and COVID-19 pandemic. Material and method: The research was done using PubMed and Google Scholar articles about the topic of: obsessive-compulsive disorder, COVID-19 pandemic, stress, mental health. Description of the state of knowledge: According to many studies, the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted mental health of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The stress related to the pandemic resulting from concerns about being infected exacerbated the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Doctors should pay close attention to OCD patients during pandemic and provide them with the treatment they need. Summary: Research results confirmed that COVID-19 contributed to the deterioration of symptoms in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Introduction Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a condition that affects over 2 million adults in Poland. In recent years, increasing attention has been focused on improving the quality of life of patients with COPD, which includes alleviating their physical discomfort and relates to their mental health. It is therefore critically important to evaluate research tools that can accurately assess the relationship between the physical and mental health of patients with this disease. Objective This aim of the study is to evaluate the relationship between the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) and the Distress Thermometer and Problem List results in COPD patients. Material and methods The research evaluated 70 patients with COPD as defined by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (GOLD) criteria. Demographic data was obtained at baseline. Disease-specific quality of life was assessed using the CAT score, while overall distress was determined using the Distress Thermometer (DT) scale and a modified Problem List. The relationship between the CAT scores and the results of the Distress Thermometer and Problem List was statistically compared. The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee, and all patients provided written informed consent. Results The mean ± SD age was 69.6±9.05 (range 47–90) years. The average distress level was 4.09±1.95. A significant relationship was established between the CAT score and the results of the Distress Thermometer Scale (p

Introduction: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic common gastrointestinal disorder. It contributes to the burden of patients and society due to direct medical costs, lost productivity and also affects the quality of life. The etiology of irritable bowel syndrome is not fully understood which makes it difficult to treat patients more effectively.The aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse current data of risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment options of irritable bowel syndrome.Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed and Google Scholar database was carried out using the following keywords: irritable bowel syndrome, gut microbiota, treatmentDescription of the state of knowledge: Altered gastrointestinal motility, visceral hypersensitivity, post infectious reactivity, brain-gut interactions, alteration in fecal microflora, bacterial overgrowth, food sensitivity, carbohydrate malabsorption, and intestinal inflammation are considered to contribute to the onset of IBS. The biopsychosocial model of illness and disease aims to help understand better the bi-directional relationship between mind and body. Patients suffering from IBS use pharmaceutical treatment but also complementary and alternative medicine. Probiotic and fecal microbiota transplantation are gut microbiota oriented treatment options.Summary: The pathophysiology of IBS is not clear . Alterations in bidirectional brain-gut microbiota interactions are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of well-known brain-gut disorders such as IBS. Human microbiome research continues to expand, although it still requires more study.

Introduction: Bruxism is defined as a stereotypical hyperactivity of the masseter characterized by clenching and grinding of the teeth. Etiopathology of bruxism still remains unclear, is one of the least known dysfunctions of the stomatognathic system. However, a lot of research have shown the correlation between stress and bruxism.The aim of the study: Paying attention to the correlation between the occurrence of stress and the presence of bruxism in the population.Material and method: The research was done by the usage of the PubMed and Google Scholar articles about the topic of: bruxism; stress; epidemiology; characteristic; psychotherapy;Description of the state of knowledge: Psychosocial factors such as state anxiety and trait anxiety, alexithymia, and perceived stress are as important as somatic causes in the occurrence and maintenance of bruxism. Impact of stress is especially noticeable during research conducted on students. Management of bruxism should embrace dental, pharmacological and psychobehavioural procedures. It requires a wider analysis in the aspect of concomitant disorders. The involvement of different specialists is required.Summary: We can undoubtedly say that stress is an inherent condition that accompanies us in everyday life. However, it is important to pay attention to its coexistence with bruxism and its harmful effect not only on organs such as the heart or stomach, but also the stomatognathic system - which is confirmed by many studies. However, the multidimensionality and complexity of the etiology of bruxism require further considerations and research.

Introduction and purpose: During pregnancy, the physiology of the mother's organism undergoes many changes, and this also applies to the sphere of mental health. Difficulties in adapting to the new situation, metabolic, genetic and environmental factors may predispose expectant mothers to develop depression spectrum disorders. The purpose of this study is, based on the available data, to summarize the consequences of maternal depressive disorder development during pregnancy and postpartum.Brief description of the state of knowledge: The development of mental disorders by a pregnant woman has a documented negative impact on the course of pregnancy and on the maturation of the fetus. The consequences of excessive stress, anxiety and depression during pregnancy include, among others, an increased risk of premature birth, abnormalities in the development of the nervous system of the fetus, and difficulties in acquiring speech skills in the future life. In mothers, perinatal depression increases the risk of severe psychosis or substance abuse such as alcohol and drugs.Conclusions: A number of serious complications, both for a woman and a child, related to the occurrence of mental disorders during pregnancy, prompts to focus on the problem of appropriate care for future mothers, not only in physical terms. An important issue is the standardization of diagnostic procedures and the dissemination of screening tests for maternity depression.

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a disease that affects approximately 1% of the population. It begins in adult humans. It turns out that there are factors that predispose to schizophrenia, and by modifying your lifestyle, you can reduce the likelihood of its occurrence. One of such factors is the diet and microelements, macronutrients and vitamins that we consume every day.The aim of the study: The aim of this study was to find out the relationship between the diet, microelements, macronutrients, vitamins and the schizophrenia disease.Material and method: The research of articles was done in the websites such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Description of the state of knowledge: Ketogenic and gluten-free diet are promising tools in decreasing the symptoms of and treating schizophrenia. Micro- and macroelement imbalances are present in schizophrenic patients, but their correlation with development of schizophrenia is not clear. Folate, vitamin D and vitamin B12 supplementation could prove useful in the treatment.Summary: There are many studies that try to combine the implications of a balanced diet and the proper supply of elements and their impact on schizophrenia's occurence and symptomology. Still, futher investigation of these topics is needed to provide the most suitable guidelines and applications of proper nutrition of schizophrenic patients.

Introduction: Some people try to treat psychiatric diseases such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression and anxiety by practising some diets. But do they even work and have any scientific confirmation? The aim of the study: The aim of this study is to find out the relationship and influence of the diet on psychiatric diseases such as ADHD, depression and anxiety. Material and method: The research of the scientific articles was made on a database of PubMed and Google Scholar. Description of the state of knowledge: The results indicate that the lack of some nutrients such as vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, C, A, D, E, folic acid, zinc, iodine, selenium, iron, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and chrome may increase the risk of having depression symptoms. Unhealthy diet full of trans fats, red meat and lacking of fruit and vegetables may also lead to depression. Similar results were find due to the anxiety level and the diet. When it comes to ADHD, children with this disease had lower level of vitamins B12, B6, D and folic acids. Among the newly diagnosed celiac disease people, the majority showed ADHD symptoms. After the introduction of the gluten-free diet, the symptoms of the disease subsided. Summary: The results show the huge influence of the diet on the diseases such as depression, anxiety and ADHD

Introduction: The count of psychiatric patients is growing. The same trend it is observed among cardiovascular diseases and metabolic like diabetes. Many people take drugs which may affect on mental state. On the one hand that drugs could have pleotropic mechanism of action which are beginning to use in treatment of psychiatry. The other hand is showed undiscovered field of impact on brain working. Methods and Aim: Shown the psychiatric aspect, like side effects and unusual use, of the most used cardiological drugs. To do this, research of articles was done with the help of deta bases such as PubMed and Google Scholar.Results: The most used cardiological drugs are beta blockers, calcium canal blockers, ACE inhibtors, ARBs, nitrats, cilostazol, amiodarone and clonidine In this article it was shown current known about those drugs like mechanism of action and a report of psychiatric clinical trials. Beta-blockers are the most commonly used group of cardiological drugs as the one that significantly affects mental health. Their therapeutic importance has been noted in diseases such as: PTSD or stage fright. It was also long believed that they could make depression worse, but the latest research strongly contradicts this. A positive effect in the treatment of depression can also be obtained by usage of inhibitors of the RAA. Calcium channel blockers are another group of cardiac drugs that are important in the regulation of mood in bipolar disorder. To sum up, a large proportion of cardiac drugs can influence the flow of psychiatric diseases, and the use of them may be clinically desirable in patients with both - cardiac and psychiatric problems.

Introduction and objective: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a severe genetic disorder being manifested by several symptoms such as infantile hypotonia and poor thriving outcomes, low height, hyperphagia, endocrine, reproductive and internal malfunctions and malformations. In the disease treatment, growth hormone (GH)-replacement therapy is commonly carried on. In this article, we sum up the latest clinical trials’ results concerning the effectiveness and safety of GH-replacement therapy.Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: Taking into consideration six clinical trials performed in the years 2019-2020, most of them showed positive results of GH-replacement therapy in PWS patients, not only in case of better motor skills or body composition, but also concerning their social and adaptive functioning. Moreover, as for the cessation of GH treatment, some authors seem to highlight no deterioration in cognitive functioning in patients who attained adult height after GH-treatment.Summary: GH-replacement therapy seems to be a good therapeutic option for PWS-affected individuals. Nonetheless, in our research we did not come across on any clinical trials with more than one-year-long observations. Thus, on the long term, these results can not exclude a gradual deterioration of cognitive functioning.

Introduction: There are similarities in the level of cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and depression. That is why, during usage of Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) which modulate the the level of cytokines may influence both depression and RA The aim of the study: The aim of this article is to find out in what way do the DMARDs influence the depression. Material and method: The research of the scientific articles was made on a database of PubMed and Google Scholar. Description of the state of knowledge: The results show, that most of the DMARDs may decrease the level of depression what is connected with the way of how these medicines influence the level of cytokinese. There are some exceptions such as Chloroquine and anakinra which will increase the probability of depression and there is adalimumab where the is case report which presents one case of appearance of depression after taking this medicine. Summary: This article gathers scientific research on the influence of DMARDs on depression. It shows the mechanisms, and possible ways in which these medicins influence both RA and depression. For some of the DMARDs there are no scientific articles which would include their influence on depression and it might be the way of further researches.

Introduction: Over the last few decades, the interest of microbiota- gut – brain axis has increased. It is thought to have an impact on the overall health of the host. Gut microbiota and central nervous system can communicate in different ways. The connection between them is especially interesting in case of neuropsychiatric diseasesThe aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse current data of the association between gut microbiota and neuropsychitric disorders, specifically schizophrenia and bipolar disorderMaterial and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed and Google Scholar database was carried out using the following keywords: gut microbiota, dysbiosis, schizophrenia, bipolar disorderDescription of the state of knowledge: Dysregulation of microbiota is a potential factor in pathogenesis of brain disorders. Gut microbiome is thought to be an important part of not only normal brain development, but also modulation of host physiological systems. Studies show that the composition of microbiota in psychiatric diseases including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder differs from healthy individuals. Many environmental factors can change the composition of microbiota and therefore potentially contribute to the development of many disorders, including neuropsychiatric disorders.Summary: Microbiota is a potential factor contributing to the onset or modulating the course of many illnessis, including brain disorders The subject of imbalanced microbiota composition give hope for finding etiology or improving treatment of many disorders. However, it still requires more studies.

Introduction: Many sources list a number of properties of vitamin D on human health. It seems that the benefits of using this vitamin include not only the regulation of the calcium-phosphate metabolism, but also a number of other applications, also in human mental health.The aim of the study: The aim of the study was to research about the influence of vitamin D on the mental health. The research was done on the problems such as depression, anxiety, psychoses, stress, mood and emotions. Material and method: The literature was found using websites such as PubMed or Google Scholar was used to develop this work.Description of the state of knowledge: A number of studies have confirmed that vitamin D can have a significant impact on reducing the level of depression. One example of a study on this topic is that high vitamin D supplementation in women in early pregnancy can protect them from late depression during the last weeks of pregnancy. Likewise, adequate vitamin D supplementation in older people can improve mental health and reduce the likelihood of depression and Seasonal Mood Disorder (SAD). In addition, vitamin D can reduce the probability of psychosis or anxiety disorders.Summary: Many sources report a positive correlation between vitamin D supply and mental health. Often the differences are also noticeable, but not statistically significant. This work sometimes shows divergent views of scientists, which is important to continue research into the effects of vitamin D on mental health in humans.

Introduction: Schizophrenia is one of the most serious and frightening of all mental illnesses. It affects almost 1% of the population worldwide. The main concept and treatment of schizophrenia are based on the dopaminergic hypothesis. However, accumulating evidence has shown that the core pathophysiology of schizophrenia might involve dysfunction in dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, and gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling.The aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse current and new information on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed database was carried out using the following keywords: schizophrenia, dopamine hypothesis, serotoninergic hypothesis, hypothesis of schizophrenia .Description of the state of knowledge: There are evidence that pathogenesis of schizophrenia include dysfunction in dopaminergic, serotoninergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic systems. The use of drugs that act on any of these systems reduces the symptoms of the disease. Nicotinic receptors may also be the target for drugs in treatment of schizophrenia. Studies about the role of nicotinic receptors in pathogenesis of schizophrenia show that it normalize many of the sensory processing deficits found in schizophrenia.Summary: Despite the fact that current concept and treatment are still based on the dopaminergic hypothesis of the disease, existing theories and each new theory, open up different ways for treating schizophrenia. Considering that schizophrenia is one of the most serious and frightening of all mental illnesses and has major public health implications, more research about pathogenesis and ways of treatment is needed.

Stroke remains a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The cause is decrease or total blocking of blood perfusion in brain and fast recognition is essential to conduct proper treatment. Currently commonly used methods are thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy, which high efficacy is observed only if they are performed within a few hours of the first symptoms. Hence loads of people, who are diagnosed later, become unable to undergo effective treatment.In the study are presented pathogenesis, epidemiology, classification, diagnosis and current treatment of the disease, but the main aim of the study is to present the results of the reports on new treatments for ischemic stroke. The research method is a review of the available literature published in PubMed, UpToDate and Google scholar databases.In the study were reviewed new methods, which can be alternative for currently used ones. They are small molecules including fluoxetine, aripiprazole, L-DOPA, cholinergic and noradrenergic drugs, growth factors (HCG, EPO), monoclonal antibodies, allogenic stem cells, neurostimulators, robotic therapy and telerehabilitation.They give hope for curing a larger number of patients and improving effects of rehabilitation after ischemic stroke. However most of the methods, which are presented in this study require the use of tests that will allow checking their safety and application.

Introduction: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that affects 10-20% of people who will experience a serious mental injury in their lives. Soldiers are one of the most vulnerable social groups to develop PTSD as they reach several factors which may induce the PTSD. The aim of the study: The purpose of this work was to find literature on PTSD among people in the military service. Material and method: Literature has been found and selected among articles found in the websides such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Description of the state of knowledge: Literature describes both - factors predisposing to PTSD, and describtions of numerous methods of therapy for soldiers such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), cognitive processing therapy (CPT) and Exposure Therapy. In addition, the literature provides many innovative methods to help combat the PTSD. It is important not only to inform the soldier about the therapy, but also to enable him to undergo it regularly. It is worth mentioning, for example, video to home - VTH, which is an extension of Exposure Therapy. Thanks to it, even if someone for some reason cannot participate in therapy in the place where it takes place, it can be done at home without fear of getting to the therapy. Summary: There are many methods of PTSD therapy. In addition to pharmacological, psychotherapy is very important. Soldiers should undergo these therapies and should be encouraged to complete cycles so that they can feel the effects of the therapy.

Introduction: Obesity is definied as having an excess of body weight caused by a chronic caloric imbalance with more calories being consumed than expended each day. There are over 2.1 billion individuals with obesity around the world. Body mass index (BMI), which is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, is used to identify individuals with obesity. For adults, a BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2 is defined as overweight and a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or higher is defined as obese.The aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse current and new information on obesity, its impact on mental health and vice versa.Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed database was carried out using the following keywords: obesity, mental health, diet, depression, anxiety.Description of the state of knowledge: There are numerous studies about obesity and other factors. Obesity can be the cause of depression, often due to stigma and discrimination, however depression could be also a reason of development of obesity. There was found bidirectional relationship – obesity increased the risk of depression by 55% and depression increased the risk of obesity by 58%. Studies show that anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be associated with obesity and considered as its risk factor. Another disorders, such as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) and Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) may also cause obesity.Summary: Obesity has complicated and multifactorial etiology. Discovered dependencies and conducted research will allow to find new therapeutic paths and isolate people at risk. However more research is needed to fully understand problem of obesity and all its dependencies.

Introduction and purpose: The mass media deal with, among others creating the image of health care. Most often, information published in the media is negative because it aims to show sensation and increase the interest of recipients. To present the perception of the media image of health care in society.Material and method: The research was carried out using the author's questionnaire. 210 responses were collected and analyzed.Results: The study involved men (29%) and women (71%). Majority (89.52%) of respondents were in favor of an unfavorable or neutral overall image of health care created by the media. Information reached almost 70% of respondents on long queues for visits to specialists, half a year or more. The respondents (83.81%) also drew attention to references spreading in publishers about the lack of staff among medical workers. However, most people (69.52%) did not share the healthcare model shaped by the "fourth authority" based on their experience.Conclusions: Based on the analysis, a negative media impact on the healthcare picture was confirmed. The data suggests that society does not quite agree with the media image of healthcare.

Introduction: Gut microbiota is still a new direction in medicine. The intestinal microbiota contains up to 100 trillion bacteria and around 1000 species. The composition of the intestinal microflora may be affected by external factors, among which eating habits can be considered as one of the most important. There are evidences how gut microbiota may affect the course of diseases, such as autism spectrium disorders, mood disorders, celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes and colorectal cancerThe aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse current and new informations on the effect of diet on intestinal microbiota.Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed database was carried out using the following keywords: microbiota, gut, diet, gluten-free-diet, ketogenic-diet.Description of the state of knowledge: There are many studies that show the effect of diet on the intestinal microflora. Changing the amount of plant fiber consumed, ketogenic diet, gluten-free diet can affect the composition of the intestinal microflora in various ways, as shown by the evidence presented by us. For instance ketogenic diet in patients with refractory epilepsy may reduce the symptoms of the disease, which is associated with changes in the composition of gut microbiota.Summary: Diet is a promising direction of development, due to being a factor which may improve the course of many diseases. However, despite the fact that many new studies have appeared in this field in the last decade, time is still needed to draw specific conclusions.

The major aim of this article was to examine causal connection or temporal relation between mental disorders and lichen planus (LP). LP is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition affecting less than 1% of the adult population. It is observed in many different clinical forms, some affecting more psychical state than others. Indeed, connection exist between LP and mental state. LP as an autoimmune disease can also be aggravated by psychosocial stressors. Etiopatogenesis of LP is idiopathic and involves immunologic components. Main pathogenetic mechanism of LP include increased apoptosis of keratinocytes and decreased apoptosis of T-cells. Many authors report relationship LP between mental illness like depression and anxiety disorder or lack of emotional stability. One of the main symptoms of LP is is severe itch (present in 74 from 78 patients), which can be induced by stress.

Introduction The birth of a sick child, as well as the infant’s subsequent hospitalization in an neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), is undoubtedly stressful for the parents of the infant. Most studies conducted in groups of parents of such children focus on the assessment of the negative changes in their functioning due to such stress. The authors were interested in positive changes in the psychological functioning of parents that may occur after traumatic experiences. These changes are referred to as post-traumatic growth (PTG). Objective The aim of this study was to examine whether parents experience post-traumatic growth and to determine the predictors of PTG in fathers and mothers, depending on the coping strategy adopted. Material and methods The study involved 82 parents, whose children were previously hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit. The methods used included the following standardized psychological tests: the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and the COPE Inventory. Socio-demographic and medical data were also collected. Results Analysis of the data proved that the illness and hospitalization of a child are significantly associated with the occurrence of post-traumatic growth in parents. PTG in mothers is higher than in fathers. Predictors of PTG in fathers include the use of strategies aimed at seeking emotional support and positive reinterpretation and growth, while in the group of mothers, seeking emotional support, religious coping and planning were the coping strategies used. Conclusions Research on post-traumatic growth should be expanded. Knowledge of the predictors of positive growth in a difficult situation can contribute to the widespread implementation of primary and secondary prevention of post-traumatic stress symptoms as well as increase positive changes in individuals who have experienced traumatic events.

Introduction Emergency medical system (EMS) workers are exposed to traumatic events that may lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore and discuss the relationship between peritraumatic distress (PD) and elevated posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in EMS employees. Material and methods A cross-sectional study including 100 EMS employees was conducted. Demographic and occupational data were collected for each subject. The Polish version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) was used to evaluate PTSS and the Polish version of the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI) was used to determine the level of PD experienced during and immediately after a traumatic event. Results The highest scores indicative of distress were obtained on the negative emotions subscale, and the lowest on the loss of control and arousal (LCA) subscales. A strong positive correlation was found between the severity of PD and PTSS. Among the PDI subscales, the severity of PTSS was most strongly correlated with LCA, and had the weakest correlation with sense of threat. The optimal PDI cut-off score for predicting elevated PTSS was 19. Conclusions PD is strongly related to elevated PTSS and serves as a useful tool for screening EMS workers at risk of developing PTSD. Individuals with PDI scores of 19 or higher are good candidates for specialist consultations aimed at detecting and treating elevated PTSS.

Wstęp: Aktywność fizyczną definiuje się jako ruch ciała człowieka wykonywany przez mięśnie szkieletowe. Stanowi ona element zdrowego stylu życia i jest związana z celami takimi jak rozwój, zdrowie i dobre samopoczucie. Wykazuje korzystny wpływ na ciało człowieka, jak również jego psychikę. Cel pracy: Przedstawienie opinii społeczeństwa na temat aktywności fizycznej. Materiał i metody: Badania przeprowadzono za pomocą autorskiej ankiety. Uzyskano 198 kwestionariuszy a następnie przeanalizowano. Omówienie wyników: W badaniu wzięli udział kobiety (76,8%) oraz mężczyźni (23,2%). Średni wzrost kobiet wyniósł 169,5 cm, zaś mężczyzn 178,3 cm. Natomiast średnia waga kobiet wynosiła 65,7 kg a mężczyzn 79,2 kg. Z analizy wynika, że codzienną regularną aktywność fizyczną uprawia 61,1% ankietowanych. W odmienny sposób przedstawia się aktywność sezonowa, gdyż jedynie 29,3% badanych ją podejmuje. Najpopularniejszy sport stanowiła jazda na rowerze, którą wybrała blisko 1/3 respondentów. Również popularna była siłownia (29,8%). W sezonie zimowym badani najczęściej jeździli na nartach (19,7%) i łyżwach (19,2%), zaś latem na rolkach (18,6%). Mężczyźni częściej wybierali aktywności wpływające na dobrą kondycję fizyczną, zaś kobiety wolały ćwiczenia kształtujące sylwetkę. Analiza wykazała również, że dla 34,0% respondentów najważniejszym celem jest zdrowie. Stawiali także na sprawność (24,2%) i sylwetkę (23,2%). Prawie wszyscy badani określali swoją motywację jako wysoką (88,9%) oraz wierzą, że osiągną swój cel aktywności fizycznej (81,8%). Wnioski: Dane sugerują, że większość społeczeństwa wie jak ważna jest aktywność fizyczna na co dzień. Rodzaj sportu jest zróżnicowany w zależności od płci, pory roku oraz indywidualnych preferencji. Głównym celem aktywności jest utrzymanie zdrowia.

Introduction: Despite medical advances, the prevention and treatment of tropical diseases continue to be a current problem for communities. Purpose: To present the public awareness of tropical diseases. Material and method: The study was conducted by using an author's questionnaire. 158 questionnaires were collected and analysed. Results: The study included women (55.7%) and men (44.3%) of varying ages, nearly half of whom were studying or are studying a medical profession. The analysis showed that 92.4% of the respondents were aware of the factors causing contagious and parasitic diseases. Only 5.0% of respondents expressed opposition to prevention when travelling to tropical countries. Every fourth person planning a trip would not go to a specialist on this issue. Nearly 90% of respondents wanted to be vaccinated before travelling. On the other hand, only 15.2% of respondents knew that malaria is not currently prevented by a vaccine, but by chemoprophylaxis. One in five respondents said there was no need for hygienic food consumption, while more than half (53.8%) had not heard of the rule "cook, steam, peel or forget". Among the most important preventive measures, respondents most often selected hand washing (50.6%), taking care of hygiene (20.2%) and immunization (17.8%). Conclusions: Most of the respondents, especially those with medical education, demonstrated basic knowledge of tropical diseases. However, there is a great need for education, especially about visiting a doctor before travelling, types of prevention and methods of hygienic food consumption. The possibility of implementing programmes to supplement knowledge should be kept in mind. Keywords: tropical diseases; contagious diseases; awareness; society.

Introduction: Restrictions against the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in a decrease in other contagious diseases. However, their prevention and treatment are still a topical issue. Purpose: To present the public awareness on infectious diseases taking into account the knowledge of people with medical education. Material and method: The study was conducted by means of the author's questionnaire. 158 questionnaires were collected and analysed. Results: Men and women of different age took part in the survey. Half of the respondents had medical education. The analysis showed that as many as 89.2% of the respondents were aware of the pathogenic factor of influenza, which is the virus. Only a small percentage of respondents had information regarding the number of influenza infections in Poland (10.8%) and worldwide (21.5%). Medics were aware of this in 10.0% and 28.8% respectively. Influenza was admitted by 81.0% of the respondents, while for other infectious disease (except COVID-19) the result was 75.3%. The respondents indicated as the most common route of transmission of infectious diseases the droplet route (66.5%), while fever was the typical symptom (81.0%). Washing hands turned out to be the most important prophylactic behaviour of respondents (50.6%) and especially of students (93.7%). Conclusions: Awareness of infectious diseases among Poles is not at the highest level. Those with medical education have slightly higher knowledge, but it is necessary to introduce educational programmes and update knowledge.

Wstęp: Kompetencje to połączenie wiedzy z konkretnego zakresu, umiejętności i postaw. Grupą zawodową najczęściej podlegającą ocenie w tej kwestii są lekarze. Pacjenci po wyjściu z gabinetu dokonują oceny kompetencji pracownika służby zdrowia w odniesieniu do własnych spostrzeżeń. Cel pracy: Przedstawienie oceny kompetencji lekarzy przez społeczeństwo. Materiał i metody: Badania przeprowadzono za pomocą autorskiej ankiety. Zebrano 210 kwestionariuszy i poddano analizie. Omówienie wyników: W badaniu wzięli udział mężczyźni (29%) oraz kobiety (71%). Analiza wykazała, że według ¼ respondentów, lekarze nie odznaczają się kompetentnością. Zaledwie 45,72% osób wskazało na pozytywne odczucia dotyczące wizyty lekarskiej. Ankietowani w podobny sposób opowiedzieli się w kwestii braku czasu odnośnie przeprowadzenia badania (48,10%). Prawie 40% z nich nie wykazała zaufania do systemu służby zdrowia w odróżnieniu do ufności wobec specjalisty, której nie przejawia 13% respondentów. Wnioski: Dane sugerują, że lekarze w swojej pracy są dość dobrze oceniani przez pacjentów, szczególnie lekarze specjaliści. Istnieją jednak kontrowersje w kwestii sposobu realizacji świadczenia zdrowotnego.

Introduction: Society today is overly overwhelmed with advertisements for attractive products and ways to purchase them. The population is becoming richer and richer, which means they can spend more money on entertainment and their own pleasures. Purpose: To present the role of shopping in human life in 2021 from the perspective of consumers. Material and method: The study was carried out using the author's questionnaire. 260 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Results: Men (52.3%) and women (47.7%) participated in the study. More than half of them (53.8%) were employed and more than 30% were studying. One in three respondents earned cash income greater than the minimum national gross rate. Nearly 60% rated their material situation as good. The analysis showed knowledge of the term "consumerism" by 83.1% of people. The study showed that the respondents shopped several times a week (69.2%) and even daily (18.5%). In order to buy food products, they usually visited supermarkets (64.6%), and in buying products they were most often guided by quality (47.7%). They are most encouraged by sales (50.8%), as well as recommendations from friends (18.5%) and product ingredients (12.6%). The data shows that as many as 58.5% of respondents used shopping to improve their mood. They were also induced to buy products by advertisements in the media (49.2%). Conclusions: For consumers, apart from the price, the quality of the products is of primary importance. They buy mainly in large supermarkets and via the Internet. The advertisements in media, promotions and the desire to improve one’s mood are the reasons of increasing phenomenon of consumerism.

Introduction: Since the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) was classified as a pandemic infection on March 11, 2020, it has spread rapidly around the world. The total number of confirmed infections was 217,119,281 and the total deaths were 4,510,202 worldwide, as of August 31, 2021. The changes in life caused by these new threats also impacted patient care. Medics around the world have had to adapt to this new reality. There is a lot of research into the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the diagnosis and treatment of other diseases, including cancer. The aim of the study: Paying attention to the causes of delays in the diagnosis of cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic, with particular emphasis on oral cancer. Material and method: The research was done using the PubMed and Google Scholar articles about the topics of: covid-19 pandemic; oral cancer; healthcare; cancer diagnosis Description of the state of knowledge: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on the entire health system around the world. According to various studies, there were fewer cancer diagnoses between 2020 and 2021. Studies have identified the causes of these delays, such as: overwork and fatigue of health care workers, limited access to doctors due to quarantine, patients' fear of being infected in a health care facility, and the lack of follow-up visits, including dental visits. Summary:Undoubtedly, the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has put the people with chronic illnesses and those who are immunocompromised at the most risk. Solutions such as telemedicine during lockdown may be helpful in caring for cancer patients, but cannot replace a comprehensive examination by a doctor, especially in the case of oral cancer. As a result of the diagnostic delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant increase in the number of cancer deaths worldwide is expected.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic broke out in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Coronavirus disease is commonly transmitted through contact transmission and direct contact. Considering the transmission mechanism of the virus, healthcare workers are at high risk of becoming infected. SARS-CoV-2 has became a major stressor for medical staff, that can lead to burnout. The aim of the study: Paying attention to the correlation between COVID-19 pandemic and burnout among healthcare workers. Material and method: The research was done by the usage of the PubMed and Google Scholar articles about the topic of: burnout; healthcare workers, COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, stress. Description of the state of knowledge: According to various studies, the COVID-19 pandemic may have negative impact on the mental health of healthcare workers. Worsening systemic stressors may lead to professional burnout. Latest research has identified associations between burnout and inadequate psychological support, direct contact with infected patients, and working in the nursing profession. Summary: The results from all studies proved that the COVID-19 pandemic has tremendous impact on professional burnout among medical staff. It is essential to pay attention to the psychological wellbeing of healthcare workers.

Introduction: In the course of infectious diseases, various neurological symptoms can be observed. The aim of the study: The article focuses on the neurological symptoms presented in infectious diseases. Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed, Google Scholar, ReaserchGate database was carried out using the following keywords: neurological symptoms, infectious diseases, neuropathology. Description: Infectious diseases such as Lyme diseases, syphilis, group A beta-hemolytic Streptoccocus infection, rabies, tetanus, botulism, poliomyelitis, AIDS can be manifested by neurological symptoms. Symptoms that appear as a result of the development of the diseases include these simple, non-specific symptoms such as weakness, abdominal pain, fever or headache to more serious, life-threatening as respiratory failure, arrhythmias. Summary: Many infectious diseases can cause neurological symptoms. It is important to remember about the possibility of these diseases during the diagnostics of neurological conditions.

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) constitutes a group of brain developmental disorders and is characterized by difficulty with social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interest, or activities. ASD has no clear etiology and research is still ongoing to find it. Gut microbiota seems to have significant impact on the development of autism. The aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse available data about the role of gut microbiota and new methods of treatment of ASD. Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed and Google Scholar database was carried out using the following keywords: autism spectrum disorder, gut microbiota, probiotics. Description of the state of knowledge: In the studies we can found that symptoms from gastrointestinal tract occur more often in patients with ASD. Many studies confirm alterations in gut microbiota accompanying autism. The general changes are imbalance between Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla, increased population of Sutterella and higher level of cultured Clostridium species in the feces. Researchers try to find a reason of these microbiota changes and the main cause they indicate is using antibiotics. Restoration of microbial balance in the colon, for instance by probiotics or microbiota transfer therapy may have beneficial effect on treatment of ASD. Summary: Complicated relationship between gut microbiota and brain needs more studies, but at that point we can find its association with autism and ASD and also with anorexia nervosa, depression and other mood disorders and GI diseases. Among currently available methods of treatment we can distinguish behavioural treatment, pharmacological approach (risperidone and aripiprazole) and complementary and alternative medicine therapies. Understanding the impact of microbiota on autism opens up new paths of treatment, for instance probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation or microbiota transfer therapy. Although, there is a great need for more researches of their efficacy.

Introduction: Toxicity of animal venom is a defense mechanism known to mankind for centuries for many species of animals. We are still learning the possibilities of its use as a substance with therapeutic potential, because on its basis several drugs known and commonly used in medicine were created. Aim of the study: To review research on the known and potential use of animal toxins as medicinal substances. Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review literature data. Search for articles in the PubMed database was carried out using the following keywords: animal venoms, medical use, snake venoms, drugs from venom, Description of the state of knowledge: Animal venoms have been used by man since ancient times. Due to many different mechanisms, they are able to modulate the tissue functions of the human body. In the form of already known drugs have an effect, among others. on the cardiovascular, nervous and circulatory systems. Research is also being carried out on their use in the treatment of other diseases such as autoimmune diseases and cancer. Summary: Due to the variety of substances in animal venom and their therapeutic properties, it is possible to use them for the production of medicines. However, many studies are needed to better understand them.

Introduction: PPS appears at least 15 years after polio virus infection, followed by stabilization of the neurological condition. In the course of the disease, there are neurological, musculoskeletal and general symptoms. The aim of the study: The article focuses on the current knowledge about post-polio syndrome. Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed, Google Scholar, ReaserchGate database was carried out using the following keywords: post-polio syndrome, poliovirus, poliomyelitis Description: There is no treatment that would cure PPS patients. However, interdisciplinary management focused on symptomatic treatment can significantly improve the quality of life of patients. One of the first solutions proposed to improve the clinical condition of patients with PSS was physical rehabilitation. In the treatment of post-polio syndrome, in addition to the use of non-pharmacological agents, therapy with the use of immunoglobulin infusions, the use of coenzyme Q10 or L-citrulline treatment has been introduced. Summary: Despite the fact that there is no specific treatment in PPS, it has been proven that non-pharmacological intervention (motor rehabilitation, lifestyle change, orthoses, respiratory assistance) has a beneficial effect on relieving the symptoms of the disease

Introduction: Meditation can include any kind of practices during practitioners can calm their mind and expend their consciousness. Meditation practising have been known since a long time ago. However, in the West it is still gaining popularity since nowadays people are under more and more stress. Meditation is thought to be helpful in coping with chronic disorders or stress. The aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse available data about practising meditation and its effects on health. Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed database was carried out using the following keywords: meditation, stress, health. Description of the state of knowledge: Psychological stress contributes to the development of many disorders. Studies of the effects of meditation practises such as mindfulness meditation or yoga showed that they are beneficial for reducing stress, depression and anxiety. The study in which participated patients with active depression and anxiety showed a reduction of both depression and anxiety score after the course meditation comparing to control group. Yoga practising was also examined in many studies as a depression treatment and showed some promising results. Another study showed improvement in perceived stress after yoga practising on a group of distressed women. Summary: Many studies of meditation practises showed their beneficial effects on depression, mood, anxiety and stress. People should be more aware of the effects of practises such as mindfulness meditation or yoga and consider their role in addressing psychological stress. Meditation may be a useful practise in maintaining health and well-being. However, further researches of meditation practises are still needed.

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders that are characterized by persistent moderate to severe impairment in social skills and communication but also repetitive or stereotyped behaviours and interests. Many factors have been suggested to cause autism. However, its aetiology is still not fully understood. There are many kinds of treatments: behavioural treatment, pharmacological approach and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies. The aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse available data about aetiology and treatment of ASD. Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed database was carried out using the following keywords: autism spectrum disorder, aetiology, treatment. Description of the state of knowledge: The study that is one of the biggest population-based twin studies of autism shows that heritability of autism is around 55%. Literature reports that approximately 10% children with autism or ASD have other chromosomal or genetic disorder and the most common is Fragile X and it is the most common cause of autism. Several environmental risk factors were thought to be the cause of autism. Nevertheless, only some of them might have an influence on developing ASD. There are many forms of behavioural treatment, but only two drugs were approved for ASD symptoms treatment. CAM offers many different therapies but their efficiency is not strong enough. Summary: The aetiology of ASD remains unclear. Reports of different factors being cause of developing ASD are not consistent. When it comes to treatment, early diagnosis and intervention are very important and can result in better onset of the disorder. ASD is subject of many researches but still even more is needed to answer the questions of aetiology and successful treatment of ASD.

Introduction: Bee products have been used by man for centuries. However, their therapeutic options are not fully understood. Aim of the study: To review research on the possibilities of using the medicinal properties of bee products. Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review literature data. Search for articles in the PubMed database was carried out using the following keywords: apitherapy, honey, bee venom, propolis, royal jelly, bee pollen. Description: Apitherapy is a healing method known to mankind since the oldest times. Due to the diverse composition, substances produced by bees show a number of activities, which include Antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antibacterial and anticancer effect. Thanks to numerous mechanisms, they have a beneficial effect on wound healing, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Summary: Numerous properties and a wide range of activity of each bee product brings the possibility of using them in the therapy of many diseases.

Introduction: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is one of the most common genetically determined causes of infant and young child death. The aim of the study: Review of medical literature on therapeutic strategies used in the treatment of SMA. Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed database was carried out using the following keywords: spinal muscular atrophy, nusinersen, zolgensma, reldesemtiv, branaplam, olesoxime. Description: Therapeutic mechanisms in SMA are directed to: 1) modification of pre-mRNA splicing of the SMN2 gene; 2) gene therapy; 3) neuroprotection; 4) improving skeletal muscle function. Summary: The gigantic advances in the development of therapeutical strategies resulted in the approval of two drugs for the treatment of SMA and the commencement of clinical studies on numerous with bundles.

Introduction: Eating disorders are severe psychiatric disorders. Anorexia nervosa (AN) has a mortality rate among the highest of any psychiatric illnesses. Anorexia nervosa is characterised by extreme weight loss and fear of gaining weight. Lifestyle and diet have a major influence on gut microbiota composition. Thus, studies of this subject may have potential in better understanding pathophysiology of AN. The aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse available data about correlations between anorexia nervosa and gut microbiota. Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed database was carried out using the following keywords: anorexia nervosa, gut microbiota, diet. Description of the state of knowledge: Intestinal microbiota plays an important role in weight regulation. Alterations in bidirectional brain-gut microbiota interactions can be responsible for a number of diseases including irritable bowel syndrome or functional gastrointestinal disorders. Studies show differences of gut microbiota composition between AN patients and normal-weight control groups. Composition of intestinal microbiota changes during nutritional rehabilitation. However, the differences between AN and control groups are still present even after substantial weight gain. Moreover, some correlations according to BMI are observed. Also there might be a correlation between increased intestinal permeability and gastrointestinal complaints common in AN. Summary: Studies showed alterations in intestinal microbiota composition in anorexia nervosa patients comparing to normal-weight individuals. However, more studies of this subject are needed. Knowing more correlations between gut microbiota, diet and weight may be helpful in understanding anorexia nervosa and improving its treatment.

Communication is an important element of medical care at all its stages. It is particularly important in the care of terminally ill patients. Then the psychological support of the patients and their families seems to be a prime matter while taking care of them. The purpose of this study is to discuss important aspects in communication with a palliative patient such as start time of conversations, culturally sensitive communication, positive emotion communication (PEC), communication with a pediatric patient and talking about spirituality and beliefs. This analysis of scientific publications presents the current state of communication between doctors and patients and also provides guidance on what actions should be taken to improve it. The number of evidence showing the advantages of early and honest dialogue with terminally ill patients (especially pediatric patients) and their families is increasing. As a result of research on communication-based on positive emotions, it has been shown that it is equally important to relieve the negative emotions of the patient and to build a sense of strength and connection. Research shows that insufficient knowledge of clinicians prevents effective communication with culturally diverse patients. Almost all of the parents do not regret talking to their children about their deadly diseases. Supporting them makes it easier to accept the loss of their child and increases their satisfaction. Clearly defining the concept of spirituality can help physicians properly talk about religion and beliefs with patients.

Introduction: There is common statement, that schizophrenia patients are more likely to smoke comparing to the total world population. The aim of the study: The aim of this article is to find out why do schizophrenic patients smoke, how does it affect them and what can be the cause of susceptibility to smoking. Material and method: The research of the scientific articles was made on a database of PubMed and Google Scholar. Description of the state of knowledge: Many different associations were found during the research such as these describing that patients with schizophrenia have up to two to five times higher risk of developing type II diabetes. Also patients with diagnosed schizophrenia are characterized by low neuronal activity of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. In post mortem studies in schizophrenic patients a decrease in the number of M1 and M2 receptors in the brain was found, mainly in the dorsal lateral part of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cingulate cortex, and decreased number of nicotinic receptors in the hippocampus, thalamus, cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex The key process of undergoing of nicotine is the induction of the cytochrome P450 1A2 enzyme (CYP 1A2), thus increasing the metabolism of antipsychotic therapeutics, e.g. olanzapine, clozapine what explain why usage of nicotine is told to be self-treatment in schizophrenic people. Summary: This article gathers scientific research on the relationship between schizophrenia and susceptibility among patients to smoking addiction and its impact on both mental and physical health. However, not all mechanisms are known yet.

Introduction: Eating disorders are severe psychiatric disorders. nervosa (AN) has a mortality rate among the highest of any psychiatric illness. Its etiology is multifactorial and not fully understood yet. Patients with AN have an intense fear of gaining weight and they continuously seek to their “ideal” weigh. Many studies focus on changes at the endocrine an neuronal level which can be a result of the illness or occur premorbid. The aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse available data about aspects of anorexia nervosa. Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed database was carried out using the following keywords: anorexia nervosa, neuroimaging, endocrinology. Description of the state of knowledge: Emotional and psychological aspects of anorexia nervosa are very important in understanding this condition. Food restrictions may have a compulsive quality which were compared to those of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but with the focus on eating, weight and shape. Another aspects concerns neuronal alterations. Many studies with the use of neuroimaging showed changes in the right inferior prefrontal lobe, the right superior prefrontal lobe and the right parietal region, insula and orbitofrontal cortex in patients with anorexia nervosa. Also there is a variety of changes in endocrine system such as disturbances on the axis of Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal or growth hormone axis. Summary: The perception of anorexia nervosa has changed over year. It is known now that its etiology is complex. There are changes on many levels and it is still not known which one of them were premorbid. More studies are needed to have a better understanding of this condition and to be able to treat it better.

Introduction: Wine is worldwide known drink with a long history. It is popular in many cultures and diets. It is a component of Mediterranean diet, which is an example of healthy eating. Red wine seems to be an essential component of the diet, since moderate consumption of wine is associated with lower risk and mortality from cardiovascular disease. The aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse available data about health properties of wine. Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed database was carried out using the following keywords: wine, alcohol, cardiovascular, polyphenols. Description of the state of knowledge: Pro-health properties of alcohol depends mainly on the content of polyphenols. The most biologically active polyphenol is resveratrol. Light drinking of wine has multiple beneficial effects. It decreases level of total plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and increases high-density lipoprotein, lowers blood fibrinogen, thromboxane A, platelet stickiness, reducing insulin resistance, inhibits inflammation, improves endothelial function, fibrinolysis and increases plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide. In addition it may have neuroprotective effect and beneficial effect on gut microbiota. Summary: Moderate wine consumption can be beneficial for our health, may protect against cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, certain types of cancer, type 2 diabetes, neurological disorders and metabolic syndrome. Nevertheless, any amount of alcohol consumed can lead to alcohol addiction and there is a very thin line between drinking small amounts and abuse. Furthermore, there are studies indicating that small amounts of alcohol can also have a negative impact on health. This subject still needs more studies and clinical trials.

Introduction: Biofeedback (BFB) is about improving conscious control over emotional states and some physiological activities. It is a non-invasive, painless and completely safe technique of self-regulation of the body and mind through psychophysiology. The aim of the study: The aim of this article was to present the effects of Biofeedback therapy in psychiatric and psychological clinical situations Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. A search of articles was carried out in the PubMed and Google Scholar database. Description of the state of knowledge: Biofeedback is a promising form of behavioral therapy. It can support the work of the mind in healthy people and intensify the treatment of many psychological and psychiatric conditions. The analysis of the research shows that the effectiveness of BFB therapy is high in conditions such as: anxiety disorders, increased stress levels, ADHD, depressive disorders, and insomnia. Summary: The versatile effectiveness of BFB should therefore lead clinicians to encourage this form of therapy during therapeutic treatment of their patients.

Introduction: Depression during pregnancy seems to be dominated by the postpartum depression. It is important to remember about this condition and its symptoms as they are easy to be mistaken with mood changes and other behavioural changes common during pregnancy. Although we know the risk factors for this condition, we still do not know its complex etiology. Moreover, there is also not enough information about the treatment. The aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse causes and possibilities of treatment depression during pregnancy. Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed and Google Scholar database was carried out using the following keywords: depression, treatment, pregnancy. Description of the state of knowledge: Currently the most common treatment for pregnant women suffering from depression are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, especially citalopram, escitalopram, paroxetine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine and sertraline. However, their potential side effects affecting the fetus is a controversial issue. The results of many studies are not consistent. Summary: It is still not known how to treat depression during pregnancy properly. Psychotherapy, considered as a basic way of treatment, is always recommended. However, the usage of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors is still open to debate.

Introduction: Explanation of pathogenesis and selection of an effective therapeutic form to treat children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is still one of today's challenges. The aim of the study:Review the research regarding the content of individual trace elements and toxic elements in the hair and in the serum of autistic children. Material and method:Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed database was carried out using the following keywords: autism, ASD, trace elements, toxic elements. Description: There are significant differences in the concentrations of essential trace elements and levels of toxic metals in hair and serum in children with autism spectrum disorders compared to healthy children. Many children with autism spectrum disorders suffer from a deficiency of essential trace elements (including Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, J, Ni, Cr and others) and high toxic metal loads (Pb, Hg, Cd, Al.). Summary: The deficiency of essential trace elements and the presence of toxic heavy metals seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis and severity of autistic disorders.