Search

Our aim is to identify periods of restrictive versus expansionary economic policy in the euro area in the last two decades. We firstly conducted the study for identifying the dominant trend in fiscal policies and then in monetary policies. We studied several fiscal outputs, focusing on the cyclical adjusted primary balance. We also analysed the European long-term and short-term interest rates. The study was conducted for several windows, namely for 3-, 4- and 5-year periods. Additional procedures were conducted for robustness checks, namely the study of structural breaks in the analysed time series as well as a study of them recurring to Markov-Switching Regimes models. For most of the analysed periods and subperiods of the series, we concluded for the presence of expansionary policies either in the fiscal or in monetary European domains. Finally, the results and the analysis of dependencies in the euro area economy favour the evidence that economic authorities in the euro area have sought to coordinate monetary and fiscal policy to stabilise the economy.

The purpose of the article/hypothesis: The aim of this article is to examine the effectiveness of trading systems built on the basis of technical analysis tools in 2015–2020 on the DAX stock exchange index. Efficiency is understood as generating positive rates of return, taking into account the risk incurred by the investor, as well as achieving better results than passive strategies. Presenting empirical evidence implying the value of technical analysis is a difficult task not only because of a huge number of instruments used on a daily basis, but also due to their almost unlimited possibility to modify parameters and often subjective evaluation. Methodology: The effectiveness of technical analysis tools was tested using selected investment strategies based on oscillators and indicators following the trend. All transactions were carried out on the Meta Trader 4 platform. The analyzed strategies were comprehensively assessed using the portfolio management quality measures, such as the Sharpe measure or the MAR ratio (Managed Account Ratio). Results of the research: The test results confirmed that the application of described investment strategies contributes to the achievement of effective results and, above all, protects the portfolio against a significant loss in the period of strong turmoil on the stock exchange. During the research period, only two strategies (Ichimoku and ETF- Exchange traded fund) would produce negative returns at the worst possible end of the investment. At the best moment, however, the „passive” investment achieved the lowest result. Looking at the final balance at the end of 2019, as many as four systems based on technical analysis were more effective than the „buy and hold” strategy, and at the end of the first quarter of 2020 – all of them. When analyzing the management quality measures, it turned out that taking into account the 21 quarters, the passive strategy had the lowest MAR index. The Sharpe’s measure is also relatively weak compared to the four leading strategies.

he purpose of the article is to identify the factors determining the rate of entrepreneurship in selected regions of Poland and the Czech Republic, two neighboring countries, within the period 2007 – 2017. This period includes the time of the financial and economic crisis, which could have influenced the entrepreneurship determinants in the regions under study in varying degrees. The differentiation of the impact of selected variables on the entrepreneurship rate had its basis in many elements. To achieve this objective, the following research methods were used: presentation of statistical data, statistical and econometric research methods – the logarithmic panel model with delays. The article also emphasizes the importance of entrepreneurship for the development of a country’s economy. Considering the high level of competitiveness in local and global markets, enterprises should pay increasing attention to micro-environment and some regional conditions, because an enterprise depends on these conditions and may influence many of them. The results of the research and thus the contribution and their added value are as follows: an increase in local entrepreneurship is positively transferred to the growth of international entrepreneurship, while R&D expenditure and average remuneration in the economy are the crucial factors influencing the development of entrepreneurship.

The textile industry is a significant sector of the Polish economy and is characterized by a strong potential. Its development can be ensured by activities in the areas of finance, technical infrastructure, environmental protection, and demographic conditions. The development of the textile sector is significantly affected by factors such as quality of commune and poviat roads, length of the sewerage network, expenditure on environmental protection, expenditures on innovative activity and on research and development, and costs related to employment and population of working age. The aim of this paper is to determine the attractiveness level of individual Polish regions for the development of the textile sector in relation to five microclimates, which somehow define the most important determinants of the development of this sector of the economy. In order to achieve this aim, the following research methods are used: presentation of statistical data and statistical methods of research. The authors test the research hypothesis that the growth potential of textile industry enterprises is the largest in the most prosperous provinces.

The purpose of this article is to empirically analyse the relationship between marketable securities (government bonds and treasury bills) and bank deposits in European markets. Using a proper data...

Głównym celem opracowania jest analiza dostępności kredytowej. Do podjęcia tego tematu skłoniły nowe przesłanki, związane ze zmianą warunków działania podmiotów gospodarczych w następstwie wybuchu pandemii COVID-19. W połowie roku 2020. zaobserwowano w Polsce, po raz pierwszy od 2009 występowanie w układzie m/m następujących zjawisk: spadek zadłużenia kredytowego sektora przedsiębiorstw niefinansowych, większy niż w okresie globalnego kryzysu finansowego, deklaracja sektora bankowego dotycząca zaostrzenia polityki kredytowej. W takich okolicznościach powstało pytanie o możliwość nadmiernego ograniczania podaży kredytu przez banki, w związku ze skutkami pandemii COVID-19. Efekty pandemii zwiększają prawdopodobieństwo problemów związanych z terminową obsługą zadłużenia. Tendencja polegająca na ograniczaniu podaży kredytu występuje pod nazwą credit crunch. Odpowiedzi na pytanie badawcze, czy w Polsce występuje zagrożenie credit crunch, poszukiwano na podstawie przeglądu literatury oraz badań empirycznych. Mając na uwadze duże znaczenie finansowania kredytowego przedsiębiorstw dla ich aktywności inwestycyjnej, waga dostępności kredytowej jest szczególnie istotna w okresach kryzysu. Wnioski wynikające z przedstawionego materiału analitycznego dają podstawę do stwierdzenia, że zjawisko credit crunch w Polsce nie występuje. Przeprowadzone rozważania teoretyczne oraz analiza empiryczna działalności kredytowej w Polsce wykazały, że nie potwierdziły się obawy dotyczące załamania na rynku podaży kredytów. Sytuacja sektora bankowego w połowie roku 2021 wyglądała dość optymistycznie w krótkim terminie (oprócz nierozwiązanej kwestii mieszkaniowych kredytów walutowych i związanych z nią konsekwencji), ale w perspektywie długoterminowej istotną rolę będzie odgrywać zdiagnozowana pułapka niskiej strukturalnej dostępności kredytowej i chronicznie słabego ukredytowienia polskiej gospodarki. W połączeniu z niską rentownością sektora, wynikającą głównie z wysokich obciążeń fiskalnych będzie to stanowić istotny czynnik hamujący rozwój sektora bankowego w Polsce. Zmiana tego stanu wymaga istotnej rewizji i konsekwentnej realizacji strategii gospodarczej dla Polski poprzez intensyfikację i promowanie przedsięwzięć inwestycyjnych. Z drugiej strony pożądane jest racjonalne (np. elastyczne w zależności od koniunktury gospodarczej) podejście do obciążeń fiskalnych sektora bankowego.

Research background: The core of coordinating a monetary and fiscal policy (policy mix) is based on combining both policies to achieve goals related to price stability, as well as economic growth and employment. In turn, the decisions of economic authorities in the monetary-fiscal game have a significant impact on economic variables in the economy. In the economic literature, the importance of monetary and fiscal policy coordination is emphasized as it has a positive effect on the stability of the economy. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to identify the dependencies between variables in the scope of fiscal policy and monetary policy under existing economic conditions and then assess their impact on the economy in the EU countries. Methods: To achieve this objective, the following research methods were used: a review of the scientific literature, a presentation of statistical data, and statistical research methods. Findings & Value added: The rationale for adopting such issues is to examine the impact of the financial crisis on the decisions of central banks and governments in the EU. The financial crisis has affected a change in the approach to conducting monetary and fiscal policy. The changing economic conditions forced economic authorities to take many decisions that affected the interaction between the central bank and the governments in the EU Member States. In many EU countries in the discussed period, there were significant interdependencies between variables in both monetary and fiscal policy. Istota koordynacji polityki pieniężnej oraz fiskalnej (policy mix) opiera się na takiej kombinacji tych dwóch polityk gospodarczych, aby możliwe było osiągnięcie celów dotyczących zarówno stabilności cen, jak i wzrostu gospodarczego oraz zatrudnienia. Z kolei decyzje podejmowane w grze monetarno – fiskalnej władz gospodarczych w sposób istotny oddziałują na zmienne ekonomiczne w gospodarce. W literaturze ekonomii podkreśla się istotność koordynacji polityki monetarnej i fiskalnej co pozytywnie oddziałuje na stabilność gospodarki. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja zależności pomiędzy zmiennymi z zakresu polityki fiskalnej i polityki monetarnej w istniejących warunkach ekonomicznych a następnie ich wpływ na gospodarkę w krajach UE. Do osiągnięcia postawionego celu wykorzystano następujące metody badawcze: przegląd literatury naukowej, prezentację danych statystycznych oraz statystyczne metody badawcze. Uzasadnieniem podjęcia danej tematyki jest zbadanie wpływu ostatniego kryzysu finansowo-gospodarczego na decyzje banków centralnych i rządów w krajach UE. Kryzys finansowy wpłynął na zmianę podejścia do prowadzenia polityki pieniężnej i fiskalnej. Zmieniające się warunki gospodarcze wymusiły podejmowanie wielu decyzji przez władze gospodarcze, które wpłynęły na interakcje pomiędzy bankiem centralnym a rządem w krajach UE. W wielu krajach UE w omawianym okresie zanotowano istotne współzależności pomiędzy zmiennymi z zakresu polityki pieniężnej i fiskalnej.

The topic of farms that deal with environmental constraints is an ongoing agricultural policy issue, including within the Common Agricultural Policy. We propose empirical evidence based on a sample of Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) farm households, evaluate the influence of chosen factors on financially sustainable farm development and verify less-favoured area (LFA) farms&rsquo, growth compared with non-LFA households. To specify farm households, we use the Sustainable Growth Challenge (SGC) model and DuPont decomposition based on financial measures and indicators that were adopted from corporate finance. It is concluded that the differences in SGC and revenue growth values between LFA and non-LFA farms mainly results from the system of subsidising LFA farms that receive compensation for farming in areas with adverse environmental conditions. Generally, the impact of agricultural policies on LFA and non-LFA farms is significant and may weaken the effect on LFA. With the exception of education, other sociodemographic factors do not highly influence farm efficiency. Along with improvements in the quality of human capital (e.g., higher education level), awareness of subsidies, and debt and innovative solutions increases. The interest in precision agriculture and agriculture 4.0 is also growing, which directly translates into better technological and financial efficiency of farms.

The aim of the paper is to compare the sensitivity of a government's fiscal policy and a central bank's monetary policy, which are in Nash equilibrium in the case of a non-cooperative game between the government and the central bank in Czechia, Hungary, and Romania. The analysis for each country is conducted from the date of its accession to the European Union. The research period for Czechia and Hungary includes the quarters 2004Q2-2019Q2, and for Romania, 2007Q1-2019Q2. The study has demonstrated that in Romania the government's response to interest rate changes is the strongest and the central bank's response to changes in the budget deficit turned out to be the weakest. On the other hand, the strongest response of the central bank to changes in the budget deficit turned out to be in Hungary, which means that the central bank in Hungary makes a significant correction of interest rates as a result of changes in the budget deficit.

Publikacja ma charakter monografii opisującej kompleksowo kwestię obciążeń regulacyjnych i fiskalnych sektora bankowego i ich konsekwencje dla poziomu kredytowania w perspektywie czasowej – przed pandemią COVID-19 i w trakcie jej trwania. Stanowi kompendium wiedzy z dziedziny szeroko pojętych finansów, o istocie i mechanizmach funkcjonowania zewnętrznych obciążeń sektora bankowego oraz wiążących się z nimi problemach. Autorzy podejmują próbę ukazania tego typu regulacji w kontekście bezpieczeństwa i stabilności finansowej systemu bankowego, a także w szerszym ujęciu systemu finansowego. Przedstawiają aktualny (na 2021 rok) stan obciążeń, zwracając uwagę na określone instrumenty polityki fiskalnej i regulacyjnej. Za pomocą modelu ekonometrycznego dokonują operacjonalizacji głównego celu opracowania, którym jest określenie i analiza wpływu obciążeń zewnętrznych na potencjał udzielania kredytów przez sektor bankowy, a także próba wskazania scenariuszy bazowych. W dotychczasowych badaniach rzadko podejmowano próby łączenia wymagań regulacyjnych i fiskalnych w kontekście m.in. pogłębionej analizy wymagań w zakresie należności nieobsługiwanych – Non-Performing Loans. Przeważały publikacje monotematyczne, skoncentrowane na wąskim ujęciu tego typu obciążeń zewnętrznych. Oryginalne w tej publikacji jest zebranie informacji na temat wymagań regulacyjnych i fiskalnych wobec sektora bankowego, a zwłaszcza przedstawienie tego zagadnienia w czasie pandemii COVID-19. Jest to jedna z pierwszych pozycji ujmujących w sposób tak kompleksowy i wieloaspektowy tego typu problematykę. Monografia finansowana ze środków Dziekana Wydziału Ekonomiczno-Socjologicznego. Praca powstała w wyniku realizacji projektu badawczego nr UMO-2017/26 / D / HS4 / 00954 finansowanego ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki.

The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become popular among organizations, the public, and external stakeholders. Recently, it has been appreciated by capital markets the indexes of which are constructed in such a way as to account for companies’ CSR. One of these indexes is the Respect Index of the Warsaw Stock Exchange. This paper analyses the financial condition of Respect Index companies in Poland using the desk research method. The analysis utilizes indicators of the so-called Du Pont’s pyramid (for all companies under consideration) and stock market indices such as a book value per share (BVPS) and a price-to-earnings ratio (P/E) (for the banking and insurance sectors and all other sectors, respectively). The analysis shows that the financial condition of the studied Respect Index companies in the years 2013 – 2015 was stable in the period of analysis, despite the not-so-optimistic financial situation of their industries. Socially responsible management can often result in good financial position and increase in the company’s rate, which may be indicated by the fact that the Respect Index increased by 40% in 2009-2015 compared to a lower increase WIG (18%) or WIG20 (-20%) decline. To find out more about the relationship between the stability of companies’ financial results and their CSR, more investigations and analyses of companies included in the Respect Index as well as other companies dedicated to CSR issues need to be conducted.

The aim of the article is to identify a degree of inclusive growth and to examine the influence of determinants of inclusive growth in the European Union (EU-27) countries, with particular emphasis on factors related to the influence of governments and central banks. The study took advantage of the weight correlation method, which was used to build an inclusive growth measure for the EU-27 for the years 2000, 2008, and 2020. For the construction of the inclusive growth rate, 42 factors were selected that affect inclusive growth in the economic, financial, and non-wage area. These determinants are found in the area of the influence of economic authorities, and mainly in the area of authorities responsible for conducting monetary and fiscal policy and general governance. On the basis of the built-up indicator of inclusive growth, it was noticed that among the 27 EU countries in the studied three years, only four countries distinguished themselves with the highest inclusive growth over the last 21 years, these are: Denmark, Luxembourg, Sweden, and Finland. On the other hand, invariably, three countries recorded the lowest inclusive growth, i.e., Bulgaria, Croatia, and Romania. The added value of the structure of the inclusive growth indicator was a possibility to observe which of the three areas: economic, financial, or non-wage, had a significant impact on the position of a given country in the compiled inclusive growth ranking.

The aim of the article is to present the General Government expenditure on public services in the European Union countries, including selected aspects of fiscal policy and public governance. In order to achieve this aim, the varius research methods are used. The data used in the study comes from the following databases: Eurostat, OECD, PORDATA. The survey covers the period of 2007–2016. We note that expenditure on public services is an important determinant of fiscal policy and public governance. The originality of the analysis presented in the article is intended to emphasize the importance of GG spending on public services such as health and education spending in the socio-economic development of the country.

The main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of the central bank’s interest rates on investments in the euro area. The results of the analysis indicate that in 1999-2016 the European Central Bank’s main interest rate lagged by two quarters had an inversely proportionally and statistically significant influence on the level of investment outlays in the euro area. The disturbances that euro-area economies were experiencing in the analysis period due to the recent financial crisis considerably weakened the monetary policy’s effect on the real economy. However, the relationship between the ECB’s main interest rate and investment outlays was statistically significant, implying that the interest rate played a role in the central bank’s influence on investments.

The article has two main objectives, first to describe the overall income situation, as well as the share of off-farm income in total incomes of farms in Canada and the United States (according to the orientation of production and “socio-economic” type), second, to review and assess the current selected tools affecting off-farm income generation. The share of non – farm income varies, depending on the orientation of the production and socio – economic household type. Especially in case of the US wherein the decrease in the share of non – farm income in total incomes was highly visible. Within the framework of agriculture policies and rural areas development, the instruments influencing the off-farm incomes directly and indirectly might be extracted. However, it should be highlighted that more important role will be assigned to instruments stimulating growth in non – farm employment on rural areas.

Bezpieczeństwo i stabilność finansową na poziomie makro- i mikroekonomicznym tworzy wiele wzajemnie powiązanych komponentów, na które oddziałują liczne czynniki. Holistyczne podejście do bezpieczeństwa finansowego zaprezentowane w książce należy uznać za oryginalne. W opinii autorów bezpieczeństwo finansowe państwa jest tworzone przez instytucje nadzorcze i sieć bezpieczeństwa finansowego, bezpieczeństwo obrotu gospodarczego i bezpieczeństwo konsumenta na rynku usług finansowych. Po globalnym kryzysie finansowym, który obnażył wiele słabości współczesnego świata finansów i nadzoru nad nim ze strony państwa, nastąpiła zmiana paradygmatu regulacyjno-nadzorczego w zakresie ochrony konsumenta usług finansowych. Obecnie na polskim rynku wydawniczym nie ma publikacji, która obejmowałaby tak szeroki zakres zagadnień, jaki zaproponowali autorzy w tej monografii. Na uwagę zasługuje również aktualność prezentowanych treści w zakresie polityki fiskalnej i monetarnej w kontekście pandemii COVID-19 oraz zachwiania podwalin systemów finansowych i gospodarek narodowych. Z recenzji dr. hab. Krzysztofa Waliszewskiego, prof. UEP Publikacja sfinansowana ze środków Dziekana Wydziału Ekonomiczno-Socjologicznego Publikacja powstała w wyniku realizacji projektu badawczego nr UMO-2017/26/D/HS4/00954 finansowanego ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki

The importance of the central bank and the government conduct- ing their policies has increased recently, with more attention being given to the effectiveness of policy mix. The non-cooperative models of the monetary and fiscal game are frequently employed to study interactions between both authorities. The models assume that the authorities take into account each other’s choices when making decisions. It is also important to remember when seeking equilibrium in the non-cooperative models that in the Nash Equilibrium (which is sought in this study) the parties try to come up with the best response to the opponent’s decision. The aim of the paper is to present the Nash Equilibrium in a non-cooperative game between the government and the central bank using a non-cooperative model of a fiscal-monetary game (a policy-mix MODEL). This study demonstrates that in the Nash Equilibrium in the model, the budget deficit and interest rate of an EU member state depend on the exogenous data (external to the model), such as inflation target, base inflation and the Maastricht deficit limit. This study is enhanced by an analysis of the government and central bank’s sensitivity to the deep parameters of economic variables.

The aim of this article is to present the essence of policy mix and the extraordinary actions undertaken by the monetary and fiscal authorities in Poland in response to the recent financial crisis. In the article, the hypothesis has been put forward that the challenges faced by monetary and fiscal authorities have contributed to carrying out coordinated actions, especially in support of economic growth during the recent financial crisis. As a result, in Poland during the last financial crisis, it seemed to observe greater cooperation between monetary and fiscal authorities.

During the financial crisis it was observable, significant increase in budgetary expenditure in the euro area. This was associated with an increase inter alia in public investment expenditure. Fiscal authorities trying to stimulate the economy have decided to increase spending to inhibit the effects of the financial crisis such as the decline in investment, employment and overall GDP in the euro area. Also, the monetary authorities cutting interest rates to the lowest levels in history, aimed at encouraging businesses to borrow and invest. However, the financial crisis is causing too much uncertainty in the financial markets, causing aversion of entities to borrow, invest, increasing spending. Thus, the level of investment in the economy has been significantly reduced. Gross fixed capital formation of businesses fell up to about - 20% of GDP. During the financial crisis, despite a coordinated fiscal and monetary policy in the euro zone, the economic authorities did not prevent EMU, before a significant decline in investment and economic activity. However, it should be noted that without the ECB's anti-crisis measures and the fiscal authorities the recent financial crisis could even lead to the collapse of the euro zone.