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A resistência da madeira a fungos xilófagos é uma característica desejável em madeiras comerciais e nas empregadas na arborização urbana. Isso porque a ação desses fungos pode levar à perda das propriedades físicas, redução da resistência mecânica e durabilidade da madeira. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a resistência de madeiras tropicais a fungos apodrecedores. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a resistência natural da madeira de 28 espécies arbóreas tropicais submetidas à ação de Ganoderma philippii, através da análise da perda de massa obtida em um ensaio in vitro. Segundo os critérios de classificação de resistência a fungos da ASTM D2017 (2005), a maioria das espécies foi considerada altamente resistente, exceto Amburana cearensis, Pterocarpus rohrii, Joannesia princeps e Basiloxylon brasiliensis consideradas resistentes. A comparação dos valores de perda de massa obtidos entre todas as espécies arbóreas, após a ação de Ganoderma philippii, demonstrou que Joannesia princeps, Amburana cearensis, Pterocarpus rohrii, Basiloxylon brasiliensis, Barnebydendron riedelii, Parkia pendula, Cariniana legalis, Copaifera langsdorffii, Terminalia mameluco, Spondias venulosa, Astronium concinnum e Zeyheria tuberculosa tiveram perda de massa estatisticamente maior que as demais espécies.

The use of agricultural residues as an alternative in the formulation of substrates is a relevant possibility in the production of forest species seedlings, reducing simultaneously the costs and the accumulation of these products in the environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of substrates composed of coffee production residues for Joannesia princeps Vell. seedlings development. We used experimental design entirely randomized with three treatments in eight replications with 14 seedlings per plot (formulate 1: 10% vermiculite and 90% coconut fiber; formulate 2: 10% vermiculite, 30% carbonized rice peel and 60% coconut fiber; formulate 3: 10% vermiculite, 30% carbonized coffee husk and 60% coconut fiber). The substrates were fertilized using 4000 g m-3 of Osmocote®. Evaluations of the seedlings height and diameter were carried out at 150 days and 210 days after the transplanting of the seedlings into tubes. There was no statistically significant difference in the treatment level for the two evaluations. Carbonized coffee husk is presented as an alternative component to carbonized rice husk for substrate formulation in the production of J. princeps seedlings.

Canopy species can act changing abundance, survival and spatial distribution of other species below. The present study investigated the potential of four native species from the Atlantic Forest (Bixa arborea Huber, Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd., Joannesia princeps Vell. and Senna multijuga var. verrucosa (Vogel) H.S. Irwin & R.C. Barneby) at two spacings (2 × 2 and 3 × 3 m) in facilitating natural regeneration in areas undergoing forest restoration in southeastern Brazil. Circular plots were established under the canopies of each individual of these species and in open areas. All regenerating tree species were counted and identified. Joannesia princeps and S. multijuga var. verrucosa supported a greater richness of species under their canopy compared to the control area, but did not differ from the other species. The richness of regenerating trees under Bixa arborea and Inga laurina canopy did not differ from the control area. A greater abundance of regenerating trees was found below Inga laurina, Joannesia princeps and S. multijuga var. verrucosa. Trees planted at 2 × 2 m spacing sheltered a greater richness of regenerating tree species than at 3 × 3 m spacing. The species Joannesia princeps and S. multijuga var. verrucosa and the use of 2 × 2 m spacing are therefore recommended for accelerating the natural succession of degraded areas. Knowledge of the best combinations of species and spacing schemes to use to restore Atlantic rain forest is valuable because this design can guide the structuring and composition of regenerated forests.

The Petroleum-based lubricants cause harmful effects on the environment due to its non-degradable and highly toxic properties. The shortage of mineral oil reserves leads to finding an alternative for petroleum and its product. The present study analyzes rheological properties of Joannesia Princeps oil for evaluate its potential to work as electric vehicle lubricant. Test samples prepared with multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles to change the enhancement in rheological properties. It was observed that MWCNT and CeO2 made 14% and 12% improvement in viscosity at lower shear rate respectively, however no significant change was observed at higher shear rate.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Joannesia princeps (SOJP) has been used in folk medicine as anthelmintic treatment and cutaneous wound healing. Aim of the study: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the pharmacological activity of seed oil of Joannesia princeps, administered systemically and topically, on acute pain and inflammation. Materials and methods Male swiss mice were treated orally and topically with seed oil of Joannesia princeps in models of acute pain (acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin-induced licking behaviour and tail flick tests) and acute inflammation (carrageenan- and histamine-induced paw oedema; arachidonic acid-, capsaicin- and croton oil-induced ear oedema and air pouch tests), besides the open field model in the motor performance evaluation. Results Seed oil of Joannesia princeps showed systemic action against acute pain in abdominal writhing test (37% and 56% inhibition in the number of writhes at doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg, respectively) and in the second phase of formalin-induced licking behaviour test (29%, 47 and 52% inhibition in the licking time at doses of 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg, respectively), as well as reducing croton oil-induced ear oedema by 72%, leukocyte recruitment and production of TNF-α and IL-6 in the air pouch tests. In addition, topical administration of SOJP inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema by 39% at dose of 500 μg/paw and inhibited histamine-induced oedema by 43 and 52% at doses of 300 and 500 μg/paw, respectively. SOJP also decreased croton oil-induced ear oedema by 67% at dose of 500 μg/paw and arachidonic acid-induced ear oedema by 63% at dose of 500 μg/paw, reducing the production of TNF-α, IL-1β and MIP2 in both. In addition, no adverse effects were observed at doses up to 2000 mg/kg. Conclusions Seed oil of Joannesia princeps presents antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions through its topical and systemic administration, promoted by inhibition of leukocyte recruitment and cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and MIP-2).

Living collection such as tree in botanical garden has hazard risk. Tree hazard risk must be evaluated to give safety for visitor and employee. However, standing tree with decay wood inside is often the cause of tree failure. Internal tree defect such as wood decay cannot be seen only from visual investigation but must be done with ArborSonic acoustic tomograph to get accurate result. The objective of this research was to diagnostics wood decay in the stand of Joannesia princeps Vellozo tree using visual investigation and ArborSonic measurement technology. The result shows Joannesia princeps has severe damage cause of wood decay especially in the base of the trunk. Wood decay percentage range from 21-49%. The alleged caused of this damage is stem borer and termites. This information give advantage for Bali Botanical Garden manager to minimize this tree hazard risk by doing activity such as crown pruning, give hazard risk tree sign to limit activity around this tree and do pest management.

Acid rain has been detected in natural protected areas of the Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil. We evaluated the effects of simulated acid rain on the leaf blade surface of Joannesia princeps, aiming to assess the species potential as biosensor of acidic precipitation. Seedlings were subjected to simulated rain prepared with pH 4.5 H2SO4-acidulated water and, in the control treatment, pH 6.0 deionized water. Severe microstructural damage was detected in the youngest leaves, consisting in wilting of epidermal common cells, which resulted on alteration of the epidermal relief due to formation of grooves among these wilted cells. Stomatal guard cells were also structurally altered, no longer presenting the turgid aspect which was visible in the control treatment. Epidermal microrelief is characterized by the presence of cuticular striae, which might have been crucial to determine the species susceptibility due to increased roughness and decreased wettability. The implications of this hypothesis are further discussed in light of recent research addressing the responses of native tree species to acid rain. The micromorphological alterations found occurred prior to the onset of visible symptoms, and therefore suggest the use of J. princeps as a biosensor of the impact by acid precipitation.

The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of the attributes that determine the physiological quality of Joannesia princeps seeds. Seeds were collected, individually from, 40 mother plants in the Horto Florestal Municipal Laerth Paiva Gama, in Alegre-ES, which constituted the georeferenced sampling mesh. For germination, the seeds tegument was cracked and was held the imbibition in gibberellic acid GA3 500 mg L-1 for 24 h in environmental chamber with temperature adjusted to 30 ºC. The seeds were sown in plastic bags of ± 600 cm3 containing soil+sand+manure in the proportion of 1:1:1. On the 65th day after sowing, the following variables were analised: emergence (E), emergence speed index (IVE), root length (CR), diameter of base (DC), shoot length of the aerial part (CPA), fresh mass of the root system (MFSR), fresh mass of the aerial part (MFPA), dry mass of the root system (MSSR) and dry mass of the aerial part (MSPA). Data were subjected to descriptive statistics, geostatistics and kriging. With the exception of CPA and MFSR, it was found spatial dependence for the other studied variables: E, IVE, CR, DC, MFPA, MSSR e MSPA; varying of 14,0 a 47,5 m, so that the lowest range for the CR and longer range and degree of spatial dependence for the IVE. The analysis of the spatial distribution of the physiological quality of seeds of J. princeps can be used as a tool to define the sampling region of seeds with high and low vigor. RESUMO Objetivou-se analisar a distribuição espacial dos atributos que determinam a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Joannesia princeps. As sementes foram coletadas, individualmente, de 40 plantas matrizes no Horto Florestal Municipal Laerth Paiva Gama, em Alegre-ES, que constituíram a malha amostral georreferenciada. Para a germinação, as sementes tiveram o tegumento trincado e foi realizada a embebição em solução de ácido giberélico GA3 500 mg L-1 durante 24 h em câmara tipo BOD a 30 ºC. A semeadura foi realizada em sacos plásticos de ± 600 cm3 contendo terra+areia+esterco na proporção de 1:1:1. No 65º dia após a semeadura foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: emergência (E), índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE), comprimento da raiz (CR), diâmetro do coleto (DC), comprimento da parte aérea (CPA), massa fresca do sistema radicular (MFSR), massa fresca da parte aérea (MFPA), massa seca do sistema radicular (MSSR) e massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA). Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva, geoestatística e interpolação por krigagem. Com exceção do CPA e da MFSR, verificou-se dependência espacial para as demais variáveis estudadas: E, IVE, CR, DC, MFSR, MFPA, MSSR e MSPA; com alcance variando de 14,0 a 47,5 m, sendo o menor alcance obtido para o CR e o maior alcance e grau de dependência espacial para o IVE. A análise da distribuição espacial da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de J. princeps pode ser utilizada como uma ferramenta para definição da região de amostragem de sementes com alto e baixo vigor.

A phytochemical study of chloroform-methanol and methanol extracts of Joannesia princeps Vell. Leaves led to the isolation of twenty eight compounds, including two α-ionones (2, 5), three glycosylated monoterpenes (1, 3, 4), eight phenolic compounds (6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 17, 18, 24), two gallotannins (10, 11), twelve flavonoids (7, 15, 16, 19, 20–23, 25–28), and one lignan (13). The structural characterization of the isolated compounds was performed by spectroscopic data and comparison with the literature. All compounds were isolated from this species and from the genus Joannesia for the first time. The chemotaxonomic importance of these metabolites is therefore summarized.

A baixa qualidade de mudas pode advir de problemas na irrigação e/ou nutrição das mudas em sua fase de formação em viveiros. Em relação à irrigação, problemas podem surgir referentes à má distribuição da água ou mesmo seu manejo, levando ao deficit ou ao excesso de irrigação, enquanto o excesso pode lixiviar nutrientes, o deficit pode prejudicar o desenvolvimento da planta. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a eficiência de irrigação de um sistema de irrigação por microaspersão já instalado em um viveiro de mudas de espécies florestais e também avaliar a eficiência de um sistema de subirrigação de mudas florestais nativas cultivadas em tubetes. A avaliação da eficiência da microaspersão foi realizada em um viveiro de mudas de espécies nativas florestais na cidade de Itutinga - MG, o delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC) em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, estando o equipamento de irrigação na parcela (três níveis: MA-20, Rondo e Inverted Rotor Spray) e três espécies florestais na subparcela. Na avaliação de eficiência em tubetes de 300 cm³, as categorias da subparcela foram: araucária (Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze.), jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman) e cutieira (Joannesia princeps Vell.). Em tubetes de 110 cm³ os três níveis da subparcela foram as espécies: mutamba (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.), angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera macrocarpa Benth.) e peroba-rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron Muell.). A avaliação da eficiência da subirrigação foi realizada em uma estufa localizada na Universidade Federal de Lavras, em dois tanques de subirrigação em três repetições. As maiores eficiências de aplicação foram obtidas para o emissor modelo MA-20. Não houve diferenças significativas entre a eficiência de aplicação dos microaspersores em relação às espécies estudadas, em ambos os tubetes. A eficiência de irrigação no tanque de tubetes de 300 cm³ foi 90,42%, enquanto para tubetes de 110 cm³ foi 92,17%. Os tanques de subirrigação mostraram-se como alternativa interessante para irrigação de mudas das espécies florestais testadas, apresentando alta eficiência para os dois tamanhos de tubetes avaliados.

Hylax bahiensis Bechyné (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a new pest of forest species, including eucalyptus (hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis), Joannesia princeps, Mimosa artemisiana, Croton urucurana, Croton floribundus, and Senna multijuga is recorded. The insect attack in clonal eucalyptus plantations and in forest restoration areas between 2010 and 2013 in the states of Espírito Santo, Bahia and Minas Gerais, Brasil, was observed for the first time. The outbreaks generally occurred from September to March. This new potential pest can affect the growth, productivity, and quality of the trees. We recommended monitoring this leaf-eating beetle especially during the critical period of its occurrence.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as mudas de espécies arbóreas plantadas para fins de restauração florestal em uma área pós-mineração de bauxita. Foram alocadas 20 parcelas de 9 × 6 m nas quais foram mensurados diâmetro ao nível do solo, altura e diâmetro da copa das mudas plantadas. Também foram calculados a porcentagem de mortalidade e o valor de importância (VI) das espécies. Foram registrados 540 indivíduos arbóreos vivos (22,9% de mortalidade) e 45 espécies. As espécies com maiores VIs foram Solanum lycocarpum (14,7%) e Schinus terebinthifolius (10,8%). S. terebinthifolius, S. lycocarpum e Joannesia princeps contribuíram com 30,4% de cobertura de copa. A altura média das mudas plantadas variou de 0,40 m a 3,90 m. As espécies utilizadas na restauração da área minerada proporcionaram benefícios ecológicos para a área, como cobertura do solo, atenuando processos erosivos e a invasão por gramíneas exóticas agressivas. ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the seedlings of tree species planted for forest restoration in a bauxite mining. We allocated twenty plots of 9 × 6 m and diameter at ground level, height and canopy diameter of planted seedlings. Also were calculated the mortality percentage and the importance value (VI) species. We recorded 540 alive individuals (22.86% mortality) and 45 species. The species with the highest VIs were Solanum lycocarpum (14.7%) and Schinus terebinthifolius (10.8%). S. terebinthifolius, S. lycocarpum and Joannesia princeps, contributed 30.4% canopy cover. Average height of seedlings planted ranged from 0.4 m to 3.9 m. The species used in the restoration of the mined area provided ecological benefits to the area, such as soil coverage, thus ameliorating erosion and invasion of aggressive exotic grasses.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior A cidade de Ipatinga, Minas Gerais possui uma indústria siderúrgica e uma grande frota circulante de veículos que aumenta a emissão de poluentes atmosféricos, que constituem fatores de risco à saúde humana, além de comprometem a qualidade da vegetação. Objetivou-se avaliar a composição da atmosfera na cidade de Ipatinga, bem como os efeitos anatômicos e histoquímicos nos nectários extraflorais (NEFs) de Joannesia princeps VELL. (Euphorbiaceae), os teores de macro, micronutriente e metais pesados em folhas, determinar os níveis de deposição particulada sobre as folhas e avaliar a cor verde das folhas de plantas expostas à campo utilizando o SPAD. Mudas de J. princeps foram dispostas em estantes de exposição colocadas dentro da área cercada de cada estação da Rede Automática de Monitoramento da Qualidade do Ar e Meteorologia (RAMQAM) de Ipatinga, nos bairros Bom Retiro, Cariru, Cidade Nobre e Veneza e uma estante de referência foi montada no Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (PERD). O experimento teve duração de 126 dias. Foi coletado o material particulado depositado nas folhas e a sintomatologia foi avaliada mensalmente. Para a análise anatômica e histoquímica, foram coletados NEFs do primeiro ao quarto nó da base e ápice peciolar. Foram realizados os seguintes testes histoquímicos: Reação com ácido periódico - reagente de Schiff (PAS), Xilidine Ponceau, Sudan Black B e Cloreto Férrico. Foi procedida a quantificação de macro, micronutrientes e metais pesados na matéria seca de folhas coletadas ao fim do período de exposição. O índice SPAD foi determinado em folhas marcadas. O mês com a maior temperatura e precipitação pluviométrica foi fevereiro e as maiores médias de temperatura, foram registradas nos bairros Cidade Nobre e Veneza. Ventos vindos de norte nordeste (NNE) e nordeste (NE) predominaram em todos os bairros. No bairro Bom Retiro, observou-se as maiores médias mensais, horárias e ocorrência de registros de níveis de ozônio acima do ideal para a vegetação. Nesse bairro, foi registrado as maiores concentrações de precursores nitrogenados e sulfurados de ozônio. Quanto aos poluentes hidrocarbonetos, percebeu- se que as maiores médias de concentração da maioria desses poluentes foram encontrados nos bairros Cidade Nobre e Veneza. As plantas expostas no bairro Cariru, receberam maior deposição particulada e no bairro Cidade Nobre e PERD, a deposição foliar de particulado foi menor. No bairro Cariru, foram observadas mais lesões foliares e no PERD, menos lesões foliares em plantas de J. princeps. Quanto aos danos anatômicos nos NEFs, observou-se necroses nos tecidos, formação de tecido de cicatrização e hiperplasia de células. Nos NEFs de plantas expostas na cidade de Ipatinga, os danos superficiais foram mais intensos. Já no PERD, os NEFs apresentaram aspecto sadio. Em plantas expostas no bairro Cariru, observou-se que células do parênquima nectarífero dos NEFs reagiram negativamente ao teste com XP e para o teste com Sudan Black B, as células do parênquima nectarífero e epiderme secretora apresentaram colorações tênues. Altos teores de cromo e alumínio foram observados em folhas de plantas expostas na cidade de Ipatinga. Conclui-se que a vegetação na cidade de Ipatinga é impactada pela poluição atmosférica da indústria siderúrgica, pelo aterro sanitário do Vale do Aço, pela fábrica de celulose de Belo Oriente e pelo tráfego de veículos local. No PERD, a vegetação nativa sofre menos impactos relacionados à poluição atmosférica. A espécie J. princeps pode ser utilizada como bioindicadora e biomonitora de ambientes poluídos e sugerem-se mais estudos abrangendo períodos maiores de tempo para se avaliar o comportamento da espécie durante a variação sazonal de poluentes na atmosfera de Ipatinga. The city of Ipatinga, Minas Gerais has a steel industry and a large current fleet of vehicles that increases the emission of air pollutants, which are risk factors to human health, and furthermore, compromise the vegetation quality. This study aimed to evaluate the composition of the atmosphere in the city of Ipatinga, as well as the anatomical effects and histochemical in extrafloral nectaries (EFN) of Joannesia princeps VELL. (Euphorbiaceae), macro levels, and micronutrient heavy metals sheets, determine the particulate deposition levels on the leaves and assess the green color of leaves of plants exposed to the field using the SPAD. J. princeps seedlings were placed on display shelves placed inside the fenced area of each station Automatic Network of Air Quality Monitoring and Meteorology (ANAQMM) Ipatinga, in neighborhoods Bom Retiro, Cariru, Cidade Nobre and Veneza and a bookcase reference was set up in the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (PERD). The experiment lasted 126 days. It was collected particulate material deposited in the leaves and the symptomatology was assessed monthly. For anatomical and histochemical analysis were collected EFN first to fourth node of the base and petiole apex. The following histochemical tests were performed: Reaction with periodic acid - Schiff reagent (PAS), Xilidine Ponceau, Sudan Black B and ferric chloride. It was proceeded the quantification of macro, micro and heavy metals in dry leaves material collected at the end of the exposure period. The SPAD index was determined on marked leaves. The month with the highest temperature and rainfall was February and the highest average temperature, were recorded in the districts Cidade Nobre and Veneza. Winds north northeast (NNE) and east (NE) predominated in all districts. In the neighborhood Bom Retiro, there was the highest monthly and hourly avarages and occurrence of ozone levels records above ideal for vegetation. In this neighborhood, it has registered the highest concentrations of nitrogen and sulfur ozone precursors. As for the hydrocarbon pollutants, it was observed that the highest average concentration of most of these pollutants were found in the neighborhoods Cidade Nobre and Veneza. Plants exposed in Cariru neighborhood received more particulate deposition and in Cidade Nobre neighborhood and PERD, leaf deposition of particulate was lower. In the neighborhood Cariru, were observed more foliar injury and in the PERD, less leaf lesions J. princeps plants. The anatomical damage in the EFN was observed in tissue necrosis, scar tissue formation and hyperplasia of cells. EFN in plants exposed in the city of Ipatinga, surface damage was more intense. But in the PERD, the EFN showed healthy appearance. In plants exposed in the neighborhood Cariru noted that nectariferous parenchyma cells of EFN negative reaction to the test pattern XP and for Sudan Black B nectariferous parenchyma cells and secretory epidermis showed a faint staining. High levels of chromium and aluminum were observed in leaves of plants exposed in the city of Ipatinga. We conclude that the vegetation in the city of Ipatinga is impacted by air pollution in the steel industry, the landfill Steel Valley, the Belo Oriente pulp mill and the local vehicle traffic. The PERD, native vegetation suffers less impact related to air pollution. The species J. princeps can be used as a bioindicator and biomonitor of polluted environments and are suggested more studies covering longer periods of time to evaluate the kind of behavior during the seasonal variation of pollutants in the atmosphere of Ipatinga.

Joannesia princeps (Cotieira) is a well known medicinal plant in Brazil, however, the therapeutic effects of oil obtained from its seeds have still not been demonstrated. The beneficial effects of J. princeps seed oil on cutaneous wound healing on the back of experimental mice were investigated. An excisional lesion in male Swiss mice (n=20 per group) was topically treated with mineral oil or J. princeps seed oil once a day beginning on the day of lesion until the third day after wounding. Animals were killed and lesions collected after 14 days. Murine skin fibroblast cultures were treated with J. princeps seed oil and fibroblast activity was evaluated. In the in vivo assay, J. princeps seed oil increased wound contraction and migratory tongue length, but reduced neutrophil and macrophage number when compared with the control group. Blood vessel number, collagen deposition, and VEGF levels were increased in treated lesions when compared with control lesions. However, J. princeps seed oil reduced myofibroblast density and carbonyl protein levels when compared with the control group. In the in vitro assay, treatment with J. princeps seed oil increased fibroblast migration and proliferation, but reduced myofibroblastic differentiation in vitro. In conclusion, J. princeps seed oil accelerates wound closure increasing angiogenesis, keratinocyte migration, and fibroblast activity while reducing inflammatory response and oxidative damage.

Fluoride in simulated rain: symptomatology and effects on leaf structure and growth of wood plants). The objectives of this study was to characterize the effects of fluoride on seedlings and young plants of native woody species from Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (MG) and on the leaf blade structure of the most sensitive of the studied tree species. This work was carried out to gain information on diagnosing criteria for bioindication and to throw some light on the mechanisms of plant resistance and tolerance in order to assist in the revegetation programs of highly affected areas. The employed species were Gallesia gorazema Moq. (Phytolac- caceae), Genipa americana L. (Rubiaceae), Joannesia princeps Vell. (Euphorbiaceae), Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. (Legu- minosae, Caesalpinioideae) and Spondias dulcis Forst. f. (Anarcadiaceae). Seedlings and young plants of those species were submitted to rain with dissolved fluoride (30 mg.L -1 ), during 20 min daily, for 10 consecutive days. Apical and marginal necrosis occurred in the leaf blades of all species just after the first simulated rain. Two days after treatment, S. dulcis, in the young plant stage, showed to be the most sensitive species by exhibiting large necrotic areas, while G. americana was the most resistant species. At the young plant stage, the species that accumulated more fluoride were also the most sensitive ones; such a relation was not observed in plants at the seedling stage. The pollutant at the level employed caused drastic alterations in the leaf blade of S. dulcis and also damaged all of its anatomical structure. The high susceptibility of S. dulcis to fluoride suggests that this species possess potential features to be employed as a bioindicator. However, for a better characterization of the responses of S. dulcis to fluoride and its usage in biomonitoring programs, more studies are required. RESUMO - (Fluor em chuva simulada: sintomatologia e efeitos sobre a estrutura foliar e o crescimento de plantas arboreas). Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: caracterizar os efeitos do fluor em especies arboreas nativas, nos estadios de plântula e muda; identificar injurias provocadas pelo fluor na estrutura da lâmina foliar da especie mais sensivel; fornecer subsidios para selecao de caracteristicas a serem utilizadas na bioindicacao; e contribuir com informacoes sobre a resistencia ou tolerância das plantas, visando ao reflorestamento de areas impactadas pela chuva com fluor. As especies analisadas foram Gallesia gorazema Moq. (Phytolaccaceae), Genipa americana L. (Rubiaceae), Joannesia princeps Vell. (Euphorbiaceae), Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) e Spondias dulcis Forst. f. (Anacardiaceae). Plântulas e mudas dessas especies, provenientes do Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (MG), foram submetidas a 20 min diarios de chuva com fluor (30 mg.L -1 ), por 10 dias consecutivos. Necroses apicais e marginais foram observadas em todas as especies analisadas, logo apos a primeira chuva simulada. S. dulcis, no estadio de muda, foi a especie mais sensivel ao fluor, pois apresentou extensas necroses com apenas dois dias de tratamento, enquanto que G. americana foi a especie mais resistente. Nas mudas, as especies que acumularam mais fluor foram tambem as que apresentaram maior sensibilidade a esse poluente; essa relacao nao foi verificada nas plântulas. A concentracao de fluor utilizada promoveu alteracoes drasticas na lâmina foliar de S. dulcis com extensas areas necrosadas, danificando toda a sua estrutura anatomica. A sensibilidade ao fluor observada em S. dulcis indica que essa especie apresenta potencial para ser usada como bioindicadora. Entretanto, estudos detalhados serao necessarios para a melhor caracterizacao das respostas de S. dulcis ao fluor visando a sua utilizacao em programas de biomonitoramento ambiental.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Joannesia princeps Vell. (Euphorbiaceae) é uma espécie florestal de ampla distribuição no território brasileiro e cujo potencial para uso como bioindicadora tem sido recentemente estudado. O presente trabalho objetivou analisar morfofisiologicamente e quimicamente a estrutura foliar e os nectários extraflorais de J. princeps expostos ao nevoeiro ácido. No experimento I, mudas foram submetidas ao nevoeiro ácido com H2SO4 até o pH=3,0 e para controle, pH=6.0, durante 21 dias. Durante o experimento foram realizadas analises: sintomatológica, biométrica, de índice de clorofilometria por extensão, de trocas gasosas e da fluorescência da clorofila a. Ao final, foram coletadas amostras foliares para estudos em microscopia de luz, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e quantificação de clorofilas e carotenoides. Os testes histoquímicos foram realizados a fim de detectar a presença de carboidratos, lipídeos, terpenoides e proteínas. No experimento II, plantas jovens foram submetidas ao nevoeiro ácido (pH=3,0) e como referência, utilizou-se plantas não expostas ao poluente. Neste experimento foram realizadas analises: sintomatológica, de pigmentos fotossintetizantes (clorofilometria e concentração), da fluorescência da clorofila a, dos compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs), das alterações anatômicas em microscopia de luz e histoquímica para detecção da presença de carboidrato, lipídeos, alcaloides e terpenoides. No experimento I o crescimento das folhas jovens foi menor em plantas expostas ao nevoeiro ácido. Estas apresentaram diminuição do índice de clorofilometria e redução na razão clorofila total/carotenoide. Não houve diferença significativa nos parâmetros de tocas gasosas, fluorescência da clorofila a entre os tratamentos. As necroses causadas pelo nevoeiro ácido apresentam-se como pontos negros nos nectários e como pontos negros com aréolas amarelas ou bronzeadas nos folíolos. O surgimento das necroses iniciou após a segunda exposição ao nevoeiro ácido e intensificou de forma exponencial entre o 7o e 13o dia, diminuindo posteriormente até o equilíbrio. As alterações anatômicas observadas foram: colapso celular, hiperplasia, hipertrofia e acúmulo de compostos fenólicos. Nos nectários de plântulas submetidas ao nevoeiro ácido observou-se o descolamento das ceras epicuticulares e perfurações na cutícula. As células apresentaram aspecto plasmolizado e houve aceleração da senescência dos nectários no segundo nó. Os testes histoquímicos detectaram lipídios e proteínas estruturais, amido e terpenoides nos mesmos tecidos de plantas de ambos os tratamentos, os quais apresentaram resultado negativo para alcaloides. No experimento II necroses venais e intervenais surgiram no segundo dia de exposição ao nevoeiro ácido nas folhas em expansão. As análises de pigmento fotossintetizantes, fluorescência da clorofila a não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Os testes histoquímicos detectaram amido, lipídios estruturais e terpenoides nos mesmos tecidos de plantas de ambos os tratamentos. Dos COVs coletados, 16 são comuns aos dois tratamentos, a saber: nonano; decano; mesytilene; β-myrcene; acetato de 3-hexen-1-ol; limoneno; β-ocimeno; hexanol-2- etil; 4,8,dimetil-1,3,7-nonatrieno; dodecane; decanal; octadecano e ciclohexanol-5- metil-2; tridecano; nonadecano; tetracontano. Funções distintas são atribuídas a estes compostos, desde estruturais até infoquímicos, atuando na atração ou repulsão de artrópodes. As respostas elicitadas pelo nevoeiro ácido acarretam o aparecimento de necroses que podem ser observadas e contabilizadas. Os aspectos fisiológicos e químicos permitem compreender a interação entre a planta e o ambiente na presença de nevoeiro ácido. Joannesia princeps Vell. (Euphorbiaceae) is a forest species widely distributed in Brazil and whose potential for use as a bioindicator has been studied recently. The present study aimed to analyze morfofisiologicamente and chemically leaf structure and extrafloral nectaries J. princeps exposed to acid mist. In the first experiment, seedlings were subjected to acid mist with H2SO4 until pH = 3.0 and control pH = 6.0 for 21 days. During the experiment analyzes were performed: symptomatology, biometrics, index chlorophilometry by extension, gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Finally, leaf samples were collected for studies using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and quantification of chlorophylls and carotenoids. The histochemical tests were performed in order to detect the presence of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and terpenoids. In the second experiment, young plants were subjected to acid mist (pH = 3.0) as a reference and was used plants not exposed to the pollutant. In this experiment analyzes were performed: symptomatology, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyilometry and concentration), the chlorophyll a fluorescence, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), anatomical changes under light microscopy and histochemistry for the presence of carbohydrates, lipids, alkaloids and terpenoids. In the first experiment the growth of young leaves was lower in plants exposed to acid mist. These showed a decrease in the rate of clorofilometry and reduction in the ratio total chlorophyll / carotenoid. There was no significant difference on leaf gas and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, between treatments. Necroses caused by acid mist appear as black spots in nectaries and as black spots with yellow or tan circle around their. The emergence of necrosis began after the second exposure to acid mist and intensified exponentially between 7o and 13o days, decreasing thereafter until the balance. The anatomical changes observed were: cellular collapse, hyperplasia, hypertrophy and accumulation of phenolic compounds. Nectaries in seedlings subjected to acid mist was observed detachment of the waxes and punctures the cuticle. Cells presented plasmolized appearance and was accelerated senescence of nectaries on the second node. Histochemical tests detected lipids and structural proteins, starch and terpenoids in the same tissues in plants of both treatments, which were negative for alkaloids. In experiment II venal and interveinal necrosis appeared on the second day of exposure to acid mist in expanding leaves. Analyses of photosynthetic pigment, chlorophyll a fluorescence showed no statistically significant differences. The histochemical tests detected starch, structural lipids, and terpenoids in the same plant tissues in both treatments. VOCs collected, 16 are common to the two treatments, namely nonane; Dean; mesytilene; β-myrcene; 3-hexen-1-ol acetate; limonene; β-ocimene; -2-ethyl hexanol; 4,8, dimethyl-1 ,3,7-nonatrieno; Dodecane; decanal; Cyclohexanol and octadecane-5-methyl-2; tridecane; nonadecane; tetracontano. Different roles are assigned to these compounds, structural and infochemicals, acting on the attraction or repulsion of arthropods. The responses elicited by acid mist cause the onset of necrosis that can be observed and recorded. The physiological and chemical aspects allow us to understand the interaction between the plant and the environment in the presence of acid mist.

The absolute configuration of assufulvenal [(10 R )-3-((10 R , E )-1 β ,11-cycloguai-4-en-15-ylidene)-guaia-1,4,11-trien-15-al], a novel pigment from the root bark of Joannesia princeps was determined by multiple scattering X-ray experiments.

The novel natural products joannesialactone, (−)-α-barbatenal, 4-hydroxy-10-epirotundone, and the E- and Z-isomers of 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl-α- l -rhamnopyranoside and the 3-O-rhamnosides of the dimeric proanthocyanidins afzelechin-(4α → 8)-epiafzelechin-3-O-vanillate, afzelechin-(4α → 8)-epicatechin-3-O-vanillate, afzelechin-(4α → 8)-epiafzelechin-3-O-syringate and afzelechin-(4α → 8)-epicatechin-3-O-syringate have been isolated from the root bark of Joannesia princeps, along with the antibiotic principle cyperenal, the colouring matter assufulvenal, curcusones C and D and 16 further known compounds. Structure determination was achieved manily by spectroscopic studies and/or by comparison with authentic substances.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:51:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Romulo Andre Beltrame.pdf: 2586849 bytes, checksum: b107982280bfe2f4d8a7440e230b39e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior O sucesso na fase de produção de mudas de espécies florestais esta diretamente relacionado com a qualidade fisiológica das sementes utilizadas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo obter informações sobre a propagação da cutieira (Joannesia princeps) e da qualidade fisiológica de suas sementes, além de estudar aspectos morfológicos e biométricos dos frutos, sementes e plântulas. Inicialmente, objetivou-se avaliar tratamentos físicos, químicos e níveis de sombreamento na emergência e desenvolvimento inicial das plântulas. Sementes intactas (T1) e com o tegumento trincado (T2) foram avaliadas quanto à absorção de água. As sementes foram submetidas a tratamentos pré-germinativos: (T1) semente intacta (testemunha), (T2) tegumento trincado, (T3) tegumento removido, (T4) imersão em ácido sulfúrico (95%) por 5 minutos, (T5) imersão em ácido sulfúrico (95%) por 10 minutos e (T6) imersão em ácido sulfúrico (95%) por 15 minutos. Posteriormente, avaliou-se a relação entre tratamentos de embebição com GA3 em diferentes tempos (zero, seis, 12 e 24 h), e níveis de sombreamento (sol pleno, sombreamento com uma e duas telas) na emergência e desenvolvimento de plântulas. Avaliou-se: emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimento da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, diâmetro do coleto, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular. Ainda, aspectos morfológicos e biométricos de frutos, sementes e plântulas foram estudados. Nos frutos foram avaliados os atributos qualitativos em relação à morfologia externa. A análise biométrica teve como base a tomada das dimensões do comprimento, diâmetro e espessura. As sementes foram avaliadas em relação à morfologia externa e interna. As avaliações das plântulas foram conduzidas periodicamente no sexto, sétimo, 14º, 21º, 28º, 35º e 42º dia. Utilizaram-se 15 plântulas normais e sadias para as descrições. Por fim, objetivou-se estudar e analisar a distribuição espacial dos atributos que determinam a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Joannesia princeps. As sementes foram coletadas, individualmente, de 40 árvores matrizes no Horto Municipal de Alegre-ES e o experimento conduzido em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Produção Vegetal do CCAUFES. As sementes tiveram o tegumento trincado e foi realizada a embebição em ácido giberélico GA3 500 mgL-1 durante 24 h em câmara tipo BOD com temperatura ajustada para 30 ºC. A semeadura foi realizada em sacos plásticos de ±600 cm3 contendo terra+areia+esterco na proporção de 1:1:1. Foram avaliados os seguintes atributos: emergência (E), índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE), comprimento da raiz (CR), diâmetro do coleto (DC), comprimento da parte aérea (CPA), massa fresca do sistema radicular (MFSR), massa fresca da parte aérea (MFPA), massa seca do sistema radicular (MSSR) e massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA). Maiores valores de emergência são obtidos em sementes intactas (30%) e sementes trincadas (33%). A germinação é estimulada pelo GA3, atingindo 97% de emergência na imersão por 24 horas, no sombreamento com duas telas. Os maiores valores do IQD foram obtidos em sol pleno e os menores no sombreamento com duas telas. Observou-se que as raízes mudaram o tom de sua coloração de esbranquiçada para branco-amarelada do 14º para o 21º dia após a semeadura. O hipocótilo, nos estádios iniciais apresenta coloração avermelhada passando para verde após o 14º dia transcorrido da semeadura. Os demais órgãos não apresentaram mudanças consideráveis. No entanto, biometricamente, todos os órgãos apresentaram um acréscimo nas suas dimensões, conforme a evolução do desenvolvimento. Com exceção do CPA, verificou-se dependência espacial para as demais variáveis estudadas: E, IVE, CR, DC, MFSR, MFPA, MSSR e MSPA; com alcance variando de 6,10 a 48,67 m, sendo o menor alcance e maior IDE obtidos para a MFSR; maior alcance para a MSSR e menor IDE para o IVE The success in production of seedlings of forest species is directly related to physiological quality of seeds used. This study aimed to obtain information about the spread of cutieira (Joannesia princeps) and physiological quality of seeds, besides studying aspects morphological and biometrical of fruits, seeds and seedlings. Initially, the objective this work was evaluate physical and chemical treatments and shading levels in the germination and initial development of cutieira seedlings. Intact seeds (T1) and with integument cracked (T2) were evaluated as water absorption. The seeds were subjected to pre-germination treatments: (T1) intact seeds (control), (T2) with seed coat cracked, (T3) with the seed coats removed, (T4) immersion at sulfuric acid (95%) for 5 minutes, (T5) immersion at sulfuric acid (95%) for 10 minutes, (T6) immersion at sulfuric acid (95%) for 15 minutes. Subsequently, we evaluated the relationship between soaking treatments with GA3 at different times (zero, six, 12 and 24 h), and shading (full sun, with one and two shade screens ) on emergence and seedling development. We evaluated: emergency, emergency speed index, shoot length and root, diameter of the base, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root system. Still, aspects morphological and biometrical of fruits, seeds and seedling of Joannesia princeps. In fruits were evaluated qualitative attributes relative to external morphology. The biometric analysis was based having with base the dimensions the length, diameter and thickness. The seeds were evaluated in attempt to external and internal morphology. The seedling assessments were conducted periodically in the sixth, seventh, 14th, 21th, 28th, 35th and 42th day. We used 15 normal and healthy seedlings for descriptions. Lastly, the objective was to study and analyze the spatial distribution on the attributes that determine the physiological quality of seeds Joannesia princeps. Seeds were collected, individually, 40 mother trees in the Horto City Alegre-ES and experiment conducted in the greenhouse of the Department of Plant Production CCAUFES. The seeds have had cracked the integument was performed and the imbibition in gibberellic acid GA3 500 mgL-1 for 24 h in environmental chamber with temperature adjusted to 30 ºC. The seeds were sown in plastic bags of ± 600 cm3 containing soil + sand + manure in the ratio of 1:1:1. Were evaluated the following attributes: emergence (E), emergence speed index (IVE), root length (CR), diameter of base (DC), shoot length of the aerial part (CPA), fresh mass of the root system (MFSR), fresh mass of the aerial part (MFPA), dry mass of the root system (MSSR) and dry mass of the aerial part (MSPA). Higher values of emergency were obtained intact seeds (30%) and cracked seeds (33%). The germination is stimulated by GA3, reaching 97% in emergency when immersion is for 24 hours in the shade with two screens. The highest values of IQD were obtained in the full sun and minors in shading with two shade screens. It was observed that the roots havechanged their color of whitish for yellowish-white of the 14th to the 21th day after sowing. The hypocotyl, in the early stages has reddish color passing to the green on 14th day after sowing elapsed. The other organs showed no considerable changes. However, biometrically, all organs had an increase in its dimensions, according to in the progression of development. With the exception of CPA and MFSR, it was found spatial dependence for the other studied variables: E, IVE, CR, DC, MFPA, MSSR e MSPA; with range varying of 14,0 a 47,5 m, being the lowest range for the CR and longer range and IDE for the IVE

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a deposição de serapilheira de espécies arbóreas nativas da Mata Atlântica e o aporte potencial de nutrientes em um sistema agroflorestal (SAF). No local do experimento foram determinados 40 pontos amostrais nas entrelinhas do cafezal, nos quais foram colocados coletores de serapilheira. As folhas depositadas foram coletadas a cada mês, durante um ano, pesadas e separadas por espécie. Foram coletadas folhas frescas e senescentes das espécies arbóreas do SAF e determinado o seu teor de macronutrientes. Entre as espécies estudadas, a cutieria (Joannesia princeps Vell.) apresentou a mais alta produção de serapilheira (76,41 kg MS indivíduo-1 ano-1), seguida de capixingui (Croton floribundus Spreng.), guapuruvu (Schizolobium parahyba Vell.) e fedegoso (Senna macranthera (Collad)). As árvores de cutieira e capixingui apresentaram maior queda de folhas em fevereiro, fedegoso em novembro e guapuruvu em julho. A cutieira destacou-se pela alta capacidade de aporte de nitrogênio (438,5 g indivíduo-1 ano-1) e o capixingui de cálcio (581 g indivíduo-1 ano-1) e potássio (299,7 g indivíduo-1 ano-1). Apesar do alto teor de nitrogênio nas folhas frescas de fedegoso (2,83%), a alta translocação e a baixa deposição de serapilheira fizeram com que o aporte potencial de nitrogênio fosse baixo, em comparação com as outras espécies. As árvores de capixingui e cutieira apresentam grande potencial de aporte de nutrientes ao sistema e, mais especificamente aos cafeeiros, durante a época em que a cultura apresenta alta demanda nutricional. This work aimed to study litter fall deposition of native species from the Atlantic Forest and its potential nutrient input in the agroforestry system. Forty sampling points were determined in the experimental site between the coffee rows where litter collectors were placed. The deposited leaves were collected each month over a year, selected by species, and their dry weight was determined. Fresh and senescent leaves were also collected and their macronutrient was also determined. Among the studied species, cutieira (Joannesia princeps Vell.) presented the highest litter production (76.41 kg MS individual-1 year-1), followed by capixingui (Croton floribundus Spreng.), guapuruvu (Schizolobium parahyba Vell.) and fedegoso (Senna macranthera (Collad).). Cutieira and capixingui trees showed the highest leaf fall in February, fedegoso in November and guapuruvu in July. Cutieira showed high nitrogen input capacity (438.5 g tree-1 year-1), capixingui showed high calcium (581 g tree-1 year-1) and potassium (299.7 g tree-1 year-1) . Despite the high nitrogen content in the fedegoso fresh leaves (2.83%), high translocation and low litter fall resulted in small nitrogen input compared to the other species. Capixingui and cutieira showed high potential of nutrient input to the agroforestry system, and in particular, to coffee plants, during the highest nutrient demand period.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a deposição de serapilheira de espécies arbóreas nativas da Mata Atlântica e o aporte potencial de nutrientes em um sistema agroflorestal (SAF). No local do experimento foram determinados 40 pontos amostrais nas entrelinhas do cafezal, nos quais foram colocados coletores de serapilheira. As folhas depositadas foram coletadas a cada mês, durante um ano, pesadas e separadas por espécie. Foram coletadas folhas frescas e senescentes das espécies arbóreas do SAF e determinado o seu teor de macronutrientes. Entre as espécies estudadas, a cutieria (Joannesia princeps Vell.) apresentou a mais alta produção de serapilheira (76,41 kg MS indivíduo-1 ano-1), seguida de capixingui (Croton floribundus Spreng.), guapuruvu (Schizolobium parahyba Vell.) e fedegoso (Senna macranthera (Collad)). As árvores de cutieira e capixingui apresentaram maior queda de folhas em fevereiro, fedegoso em novembro e guapuruvu em julho. A cutieira destacou-se pela alta capacidade de aporte de nitrogênio (438,5 g indivíduo-1 ano-1) e o capixingui de cálcio (581 g indivíduo-1 ano-1) e potássio (299,7 g indivíduo-1 ano-1). Apesar do alto teor de nitrogênio nas folhas frescas de fedegoso (2,83%), a alta translocação e a baixa deposição de serapilheira fizeram com que o aporte potencial de nitrogênio fosse baixo, em comparação com as outras espécies. As árvores de capixingui e cutieira apresentam grande potencial de aporte de nutrientes ao sistema e, mais especificamente aos cafeeiros, durante a época em que a cultura apresenta alta demanda nutricional. This work aimed to study litter fall deposition of native species from the Atlantic Forest and its potential nutrient input in the agroforestry system. Forty sampling points were determined in the experimental site between the coffee rows where litter collectors were placed. The deposited leaves were collected each month over a year, selected by species, and their dry weight was determined. Fresh and senescent leaves were also collected and their macronutrient was also determined. Among the studied species, cutieira (Joannesia princeps Vell.) presented the highest litter production (76.41 kg MS individual-1 year-1), followed by capixingui (Croton floribundus Spreng.), guapuruvu (Schizolobium parahyba Vell.) and fedegoso (Senna macranthera (Collad).). Cutieira and capixingui trees showed the highest leaf fall in February, fedegoso in November and guapuruvu in July. Cutieira showed high nitrogen input capacity (438.5 g tree-1 year-1), capixingui showed high calcium (581 g tree-1 year-1) and potassium (299.7 g tree-1 year-1) . Despite the high nitrogen content in the fedegoso fresh leaves (2.83%), high translocation and low litter fall resulted in small nitrogen input compared to the other species. Capixingui and cutieira showed high potential of nutrient input to the agroforestry system, and in particular, to coffee plants, during the highest nutrient demand period.

From the methanolic extract of the seeds of the Brazilian Joannesia princeps 3,3'-bisdemethylpinoresinol and six new sesquineolignans were isolated besides the known neolignans americanol A, isoamericanol A and isoamericanin A which were found to be the major constituents. A method was developed to distinguish americanol- from isoamericanol-type compounds spectroscopically.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a estrutura de um estande de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual Submontana no Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (19o29'-19o48'S e 42o28'-42o38'W). Os indivíduos de porte arbóreo foram amostrados pelo método de quadrantes. Adotaram-se dois procedimentos distintos, dos quais um com inclusão dos indivíduos mortos e em outro não. Foram alocados 200 pontos amostrais, dispostos em 20 linhas paralelas, ao longo de uma encosta. Foram encontradas 143 espécies, pertencentes a 109 gêneros reconhecidos e 38 famílias botânicas. A análise fitossociológica demonstrou predominância das espécies Bixa arborea, Guatteria schomburgkiana, Joannesia princeps, Aparisthmium cordatum, Pseudopiptadenia contorta e Carpotroche brasiliensis. O tamanho das populações e sua distribuição pelo ambiente foram os fatores decisivos para o destaque apresentado por essas espécies, com exceção de P. contorta, que esteve representada por poucos indivíduos, contudo de grandes dimensões. As distribuições diamétricas e de alturas evidenciaram poucos indivíduos de grande porte, fato que aliado ao histórico do local, que registra um incêndio em 1967, e à baixa ocorrência de espécies associadas a ambientes climácicos, sugere que o trecho de floresta estudado encontra-se em estádio médio de sucessão secundária. The objective of the present work was to study the structure of a stand of Submontane Semi-deciduous Forest, in Rio Doce State Park (19o29'-19o48'S e 42o28'-42o38'W). In order to sample the tree component, the point-centered-quarter method was employed according to two different protocols: in one including the dead individuals, and in the other excluding them. A total of 200 sampling points were allocated in 20 parallel lines, along a hillside. A total of 143 species, belonging to 109 recognized genera and 38 botanical families was found. The main species were Bixa arborea, Guatteria schomburgkiana, Joannesia princeps, Aparisthmium cordatum, Pseudopiptadenia contorta and Carpotroche brasiliensis. The size of the populations and their distribution throughout the environment determined the prominence of these species, with the exception of P. contorta, which was represented by few large individuals. The diameter and height distributions evidenced few individuals of great size, a fact probably linked to a history of burning a 1967. The fire history and the low occurrence of climax species suggest that the forest stand studied is in a medium stage of secondary succession.

A 15-year-old boy ingested the core of two seeds of a fruit of Joannesia princeps, a large tree sometimes found planted in sidewalks on streets in Brazilian towns. Four hours after the ingestion, he had several episodes of vomiting and diarrhea, but recovered spontaneously th same day. Poisoning by the ingestion of seeds of Joannesia princeps is possibly not rare, considering that the tree gives plenty of fruit and the seeds have an agreeable flavor, but is probably underestimated as mild cases are unlikely to be reported. Ingestion by small children, that could lead to potentially more severe cases, is in part probably prevented by the hardness of the shells covering the seeds. Um jovem de 15 anos de idade ingeriu o interior de duas sementes de um fruto de Joannesia princeps, uma árvore frondosa não raramente utilizada na arborização de cidades brasileiras. Após 4 horas de ingestão o paciente apresentou diversos episódios de vômito e diarréia, mas recuperou-se espontaneamente no mesmo dia. O envenenamento pela ingestão de sementes de Joannesia princeps pode ser mais comum do que se pensa, considerando o fato de que a arvore produz muitos frutos , e que as sementes têm um sabor agradável, lembrando o do amendoim; o número de casos deve ser subestimado em função de serem eles, em geral, leves e autolimitados. A ingestão por parte de crianças, potencialmente mais grave, é provavelmente em parte prevenida pelo fato do fruto ser consistente e as sementes, portanto, de difícil acesso. Não é recomendável que se utilizem árvores, arbustos e outras plantas venenosas para ornamentação em vias e jardins públicos.

Seedlings and young saplings of some woody species were exposed to simulated low-pH acid rain, in order to develop a response screening for tropical tree species by determination of the symptoms of foliar injury and growth responses, as well as to identify anatomical alterations in the leaf blade of the most sensitive species. Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms, Genipa americana L., Joannesia princeps Vell., Mimosa artemisiana Heringer & Paula and Spondias dulcis Forst.f. were exposed daily to 20 min of acid rain, pH 3.0, for 10 consecutive days. The degree of leaf damage and the anatomical alterations observed were efficient parameters to determine the sensitivity to acid rain. At the end of the experiment J. princeps was the most sensitive species as determined by foliar injury and seedling growth. The degree of leaf damage was similar among the seedlings, except in S. dulcis, which showed reduced percentage of foliar injury. Necrotic and chlorotic spots on the leaf blade occurred. In the most sensitive species, J. princeps, necrotic blade tissues showed accumulation of phenolic compounds, hypertrophy and collapsed cells. Most of the structural alterations were observed in the adaxial epidermis, the palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma and the abaxial epidermis. Long-term experiments with seedlings of S. dulcis and saplings of G. integrifolia are suggested, to characterise the response of these species that presented fewer symptoms but whose growth was affected under acid rain.

Two models are developed to illustrate how age or diameter may control the radial increases in wood specific gravity (SG), a feature common to lowland tropical trees. In the age-dependent model, trees of the same age produce new secondary xylem of the same SG regardless of their diameters, i.e., SG is dependent on age. In the radius-dependent model, trees of the same radius produce new secondary xylem of the same SG regardless of their ages. Then, predictions of the two models are tested on radial wood samples from the trunkwood of Joannesia princeps Vell., growing in a 17-year-old plantation in Espirito Santo, Brazil. For this cohort, tests of four predictions supported the age-dependent model over the radius-dependent model: final specific gravity was independent of radius (smaller trees did not have smaller final specific gravities), the slope of the radial increase in SG with tree radius was negatively dependent on tree radius (smaller trees had steeper slopes), the coefficient of variation (CV) of SG of the final wood was the same or less than the CV of SG of the initial wood, and the CV of SG of the final wood was much less than the CV of the tree radius. Thus, for plantation trees of the same age, the SG of wood produced is primarily a function of age, not radius of the tree. Forest trees show similar relationships but with the effects of age and radius confounded because tree ages are unknown.