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The study examined how internal auditors in Poland are remunerated. A content analysis of 157 job advertisements for internal auditors published by Poland-based employers and interviews with 24 internal auditors from the private and public sectors were conducted. The study found that internal auditors in Poland are offered contemporary bonuses such as a share of profits or long-term incentives, as well as bonuses determined by criteria such as the number of irregularities detected. In general, remuneration was criticised by internal auditors as unsatisfactory and falling short of their expectations. The remuneration packages used by some organisations do not adequately remunerate internal auditors for their performance and, consequently, do not incentivise them to work in line with the organisational and internal audit goals. To make them more effective and motivational, organisations should better align their structure with the expectations and needs of internal auditors. The findings of the study provide a preliminary framework for conducting research into the workplace situation of internal auditors. They can also help internal auditors who are considering a change of employer and help employers understand internal auditors' remuneration expectations. KEYWORDS: internal auditors, interviews, qualitative research, job advertisements, remuneration, grounded theory assumptions., 1. INTRODUCTION The diversity of remuneration systems makes them an interesting field of study for both practitioners and theorists. The way they are designed and developed by organisations has a [...]

Organizations increasingly turn to internal talent markets to facilitate employees' movement to new jobs within the firm. A key assumption in academic and practitioner accounts of these markets is that they are effective largely because employees are free to apply and be hired into open internal jobs. We draw on the career sponsorship and talent hoarding literatures to question this assumption, highlighting how individual managers facilitate (and hinder) mobility within these markets. We integrate signaling theory to extend this work, positing that signals of managers' willingness to support subordinates' advancement shapes which opportunities employees throughout the firm choose to pursue. Specifically, we argue that open jobs reporting to managers who have secured more promotions for their subordinates will be seen as particularly attractive, generating more internal applications. Our analysis of 96,712 internal applications submitted to 9,896 jobs over a five-year period within a large organization reveals that managers whose subordinates are more frequently promoted subsequently attract more, better, and more functionally diverse internal applicants for their open jobs. We complement these results with qualitative evidence from 30 interviews with managers across four organizations. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for the broader functioning of internal talent markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous increase in unemployment rates and their significant economic impact necessitate the rapid updating and modification of present models and policies implemented by governmental entities. To successfully handle the timely transmission of employment within the workforce, many contemporary models still need the incorporation of an individual’s job history. Consequently, in order to study the unemployment problem, this research presents a multi-order fractional nonlinear mathematical model that takes into account the Caputo fractional order derivative and three important variables: the number of skilled unemployed individuals, the number of employed individuals, and the number of open positions. The existence and uniqueness of the proposed model’s solution are demonstrated by using generalization of Picard fixed point theorem. The solution of the proposed model is bounded and non-negative. The reproduction number has been analyzed to determine the factors that would help create new job vacancies. The multi-order model utilizes real data to make predictions regarding the unemployed as well as the employed population for the Northern states of India (J&K, HP, Punjab, Haryana) with an average absolute error less than 21% and 3%, respectively. When compared to the actual data, the fractional order model better captures the characteristics of the unemployed population than the integer order model. The fractional-order model exhibits lower RMSE, MAE and MAPE values and higher correlation coefficient (r) value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

British occupation in the early nineteenth century forever changed the landscape of the Cape Colony’s master-servant relationships. The abolition of the trade, introduction of amelioration laws and final emancipation of the enslaved meant that slavery as a labour institution went into rapid decline just as the demand for labour was increasing because of British expansionist policies. Though desertion had plagued the Colony from the start, by the time final emancipation drew near in the 1830s, the opportunities available to escapees multiplied. Unlike runaways from periods prior, deserters chose to assimilate rather than exclude themselves from civil society. Employment opportunity, willing harbourers and identity subterfuge enabled runaways to carve out new lives within the Cape’s socio-economic frameworks. Using runaway advertisements from two of the Colony’s largest advertising platforms, the Zuid Afrikaan and the Government Gazette, this article sheds light on these assimilation tactics by investigating advertiser suppositions and sightings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the G7 labour market, analysing unemployment, job vacancies and the spread of both in terms of time series persistence from January 2002 to October 2023. Using fractional integration, we observe the series show long memory and persistence in all G7 countries. These findings differ slightly depending on the specification of the error term. If it is white noise, no evidence of mean reversion is found in any scenario except for US unemployment. With autocorrelated disturbances, mean reversion is found in unemployment rates in Canada, Germany, and the US. In France, this is the case for job vacancies, and in France and Italy, for spread. The UK is the only country that does not display any degree of reversion to the mean in the three series examined. Our results show evidence of a downward trend for unemployment and an upward trend for job vacancies in all G7 countries. Consequently, the reduction of the imbalance unemployment-vacancies seems permanent, which is a positive outcome for advanced economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social facets linked to conservation corridors and ecological networks have received relatively limited academic attention. This study explores the perspectives of researchers, NGO representatives, and landowners, as well as the community's ideas of conservation efforts and corridor potential in the Vhembe District, Limpopo, South Africa. Surveys and interviews were conducted with communities, regional stakeholders, and landowners. The findings revealed that the community participants strongly support corridor implementation. The results indicate that this support is driven by the anticipated socio-economic benefits in the form of jobs. However, the employment opportunities might not align with the resident's expectations. The study identifies several challenges to corridor establishment, including infrastructure and financial constraints. Moreover, the findings revealed a lack of supportive legislation and highlighted concerns over protected area's accessibility. The study contributes to the global academic discourse by emphasizing the importance of community engagement before corridor and network implementation. It also addresses the complex trade-offs inherent in such projects, regardless of location. The methodological approach employed in this research transcends its regional context and offers actionable insights applicable worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internally displaced persons (IDPs) in urban areas experience spatial, social and symbolic marginality because of interactions between the processes of displacement and the socio-spatial contexts in which they are relocated. While an increasing body of research has highlighted the agentic possibilities of urban margins, little is known about IDPs' coping practices beyond the urban contexts that produce their marginality. Drawing on a qualitative study in two urban settlements in Ethiopia, this paper disentangles how trans-local practices of mobilities, connections and attachment, and the circulation of resources support IDPs in coping with disadvantages in urban settings. The findings show first, that constellations of mobilities across different nodal places constitute strategies to diversify the sources of livelihood thereby coping with the effects of spatial disadvantages. Second that, that trans-local connection and attachment preserves a sense of belonging to trans-local 'homes' and acts as a symbolic resource against the processes of exclusion and othering. Third, that the trans-local social network facilitates the exchange of material and intangible resources, and expands IDPs' employment opportunities and social relations. This study contributes to our understanding of forced migrants' agency to transform places and produce fluid lived spaces to reduce the impact of marginalization in relocation contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 30 years, self-administered establishment surveys have increasingly transitioned away from using mail to more online and mixed-mode data collection. To examine the potential impact of this transition on survey participation, we evaluate several mail and web single- and mixed-mode designs implemented experimentally in a large-scale job vacancy survey. We find that neither response rates nor nonresponse bias significantly differed between the alternative designs. Subgroup analyses revealed that establishments of all size classes showed a preference for the mail mode in the concurrent mixed-mode design, but larger establishments were more likely to participate via web than mail in the single-mode designs. Potential cost savings (over 50 percent per respondent) were evident when utilizing the web mode in either a single- or sequential mixed-mode design. Qualitative follow-up interviews indicated a general preference for the web mode due to easier handling, smoother collaboration between colleagues, avoidance of a cumbersome mail return, and being seen as a modern sustainable solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of the tourism industry has generated a plethora of informal job opportunities. However, existing literature has not thoroughly explored the extensive involvement of local residents in rural areas in informal tourism employment. This study focuses on the Fujian Tulou villages in China and employs the fieldwork method to investigate the phenomenon of informal tourism employment among local residents in scenic-oriented rural communities. The findings indicate that the dearth of employment prospects in rural areas, coupled with China's distinctive rural land ownership system and the support from the rural social network, are the primary drivers motivating locals to participate in informal tourism employment. Locals employ tactics such as camouflage, tacit collusion, lurking, and covert actions to engage in informal tourism employment while navigating the regulations imposed by scenic area management. In efforts to standardize management within scenic areas, both local governments and tourism management companies are implementing measures such as offering formal employment opportunities and profit-sharing arrangements to incentivize the regularization of local employment in the tourism sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the career outcomes of neurosurgery skull-base fellowship graduates between 2019 and 2023. It highlights that approximately one-third of graduates are in academic positions, with about 40% practicing in the skull base specialty. The study suggests further research to understand the factors influencing career decisions in this subspecialty and potential gaps in employment opportunities. The data was collected through web searches, and the study recommends verification by fellowship directors for accuracy. [Extracted from the article]

Public awareness of the unequal distribution of economic opportunities across the territory of South Africa has been hampered by limited information and analysis. This paper makes use of a new source of spatial economic statistics to illuminate key features of the country’s economic geography. We reveal the striking concentration of employment in cities and discuss both the quantity and character of these jobs. The metros have a more favourable and diverse economic structure than towns and rural areas. However, most have performed poorly over the last decade, thereby dragging down the national economy. The release of the new dataset should encourage further research on spatial inequalities and labour market dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female workers have long been the face of the textile and garment manufacturing industry around the globe. They are considered as not only having naturally "nimble fingers," but also being naturally more "docile and willing" to work in difficult situations. There is an underlying assumption that employment of women in the manufacturing industry will increase their job opportunities, enhance their access to and/or control over valuable resources, and empower them in decision-making. The development of the textile and garment manufacturing industry in Ethiopia has unquestionably opened employment opportunities for women constituting more than 80% of the labor force. By filling in an existing gap in research through addressing the workers' self-perception of empowerment (referred to as mebkat in Amharic), this paper examines the emic views of how women perceive and experience empowerment. This is juxtaposed with an external definition of empowerment, as it is defined by the government and its international development partners, which presumes a positive correlation between employment and empowerment. Based on the case study of female factory workers in Hawassa Industrial Park in Southern Ethiopia and a closer analysis of research participants' understanding of empowerment, this paper argues that Ethiopia's budding manufacturing sector has not delivered on its promises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of sustainable additive manufacturing (AM) within the framework of African industrialization presents a promising avenue for economic advancement while addressing environmental concerns. This review explores the convergence of sustainable AM practices with the industrial landscape of Africa, highlighting potential benefits and challenges. Through efficient resource utilization and localized production capabilities, AM holds promise for enhancing industrial resilience, stimulating employment opportunities, and fostering innovation. However, the realization of these benefits necessitates navigating infrastructural limitations, technological disparities, and regulatory complexities. By critically examining sustainable AM strategies and their relevance to African contexts, this review aims to delineate actionable pathways for leveraging the transformative potential of AM. The role of AM in industrialization as expressed in the African Union Agenda 2063 are highlighted. This has the potential to increase the staggering ∼11% contribution of manufacturing to gross domestic product of Africa. Collaboration through the triple helix approach focusing on government, industry and academia is highly pivotal for the success of such nascent and ubiquitous AM technology which is able to address the sustainable development goals. Africa can leapfrog and harness sustainable AM as a catalyst for inclusive industrial development and sustainable growth across the continent. The implications of AM for an industrialised Africa and areas for future research direction are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of climate change, smallholder fishermen increasingly turn to non-fishing employment to sustain their livelihoods. Diversifying sources of income becomes paramount to mitigate the impact of unpredictable weather patterns on fish populations and, hence, household livelihoods. However, fishermen need convenient climate information access to navigate this transition effectively. With information about weather trends and forecasts, they can make informed decisions about when to fish and when to focus on alternative sources of income. This study offers novelty by investigating the impact of Internet-based climate information on non-fishing employment among smallholder fishermen in Indonesia. The study employs cross-sectional data collected from 503 smallholder fishermen in Indonesia, analyzed using a conditional mixed process (CMP) approach to tackle the endogeneity issue that may arise in the estimation. The results highlight that adopting Internet-based climate information among smallholder fishermen was positively and significantly associated with education, distance to fishing ports, social activity, fishing location, adoption of multiple gears, and access to the Internet among family members and relatives. However, the age of fishermen shows otherwise. Furthermore, our empirical findings confirm that Internet-based climate information significantly increases opportunities for non-fishing employment among fishermen. Disaggregate estimation by fishing boat size category strengthens this finding by showing a positive and significant coefficient in all categories. Therefore, this finding implies a need to improve and develop Internet-based climate information platforms in fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affordable and clean energy, eliminating poverty, and reducing inequality are important goals of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper examines the role of access to clean cooking fuels in promoting income growth and reducing income inequality. Using data from Chinese households, we show that a 10% increase in the adoption of clean cooking fuels would result in an increase in total annual household income of US$37 billion nationwide. Income growth from access to clean cooking fuels is greater for lower-income groups due to a shift to higher household income and reduced downward household income mobility, which contributes to a reduction in income inequality. The effect of access to clean cooking fuels on household income growth is primarily driven by improved health and increased labor supply. The use of clean cooking fuels also saves fuel collection time and cooking time, reducing time spent on household chores by about 0.4 h per day, thereby increasing labor supply in the job market and improving wage income. Improvements in income due to clean cooking fuels are influenced by external conditions, urbanization, education, employment opportunities, and good market conditions. With further promotion of clean cooking fuels, household income and inequality in China are expected to improve further by 2030 and contribute more widely to human well-being and achievement of the SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major objective of this research is to investigate wage variations and disparities within the construction job market by employing a comprehensive approach that intertwines the influence of Spanish-required language skills and the nuanced impact of locational variables. Given the large number of Hispanic workers in the construction workforce, understanding the dynamics of wages for job openings requiring Spanish is necessary. Initial findings revealed a lower mean wage for Spanish-required jobs compared to non-Spanish-required jobs across the United States. However, wage determination is multifaceted, influenced by many factors such as job types, experiences, and locations. To unravel this complexity, this study collected construction job information through web scraping, imported additional data from various sources, and utilized random forest and spatial visualization techniques to explain the dynamics shaping wage structures within Spanish-required and non-Spanish-required job openings. The results provide distinct contributions of language and location relative to wage dynamics, and there is no distinct disparity or benefit associated with Spanish language requirements. This study not only enhances our comprehension of wage patterns in the construction job market but also captures the multifaceted relationships inherent in labor markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited research exists on the experiences of loneliness among older ethnic minority people. Yet, the ageing population is increasingly diverse and health inequalities are growing. It is therefore important to explore how older ethnic minority people experience loneliness to ensure policies meet their needs. This article examines a sample (N = 17) of semi-structured qualitative interviews with older South and East Asian people in Greater Manchester (United Kingdom). Older co-researchers conducted the interviews as part of a larger research study. The findings encompass three themes relating to: expressions of loneliness, life course disadvantage and its impact on loneliness, and the role of ageing in place on loneliness. Reported disadvantages included: a lack of employment and educational opportunities, stress related to migration, and racial and sex discrimination. The findings highlight the consequences of accumulating such disadvantages, as well as the impact of ageing in place, on later experiences of loneliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Case competitions are growing in popularity, in part because they are believed to build the skills and employment opportunities that higher education institutions are struggling to provide. We add to the nascent research on case competitions and answer calls for more exploration of career-related aspects of case competitions by exploring their employability benefits and opportunities. Design/methodology/approach: We use extant research and experiential learning theory to identify four key benefits and their interrelationships. These are tested using survey data of 212 international case competition students. Findings: We confirm four dominant benefits of learning through feedback, broadened horizons, the development of skills and enhanced employment opportunities, and confirm the interrelationship between them. Importantly, we demonstrate the critical role that feedback plays in the development of skills and broadened horizons. Practical implications: The findings confirm that HIEs should encourage students to participate in extracurriculars, and in particular, case competitions. The implications provide guidance on how to structure extracurricular and case competition activities to maximize skill development and employment opportunities. Insights are also relevant to coach training. Originality/value: Prior work has focused on individual benefits and largely ignored the critical role of feedback. We build and test hypotheses on benefit interrelationships and validate the impact of feedback. We thereby extend experiential learning and research on the employability benefits of case competitions and extracurricular activities in general. Our insights are relevant to maximizing the value of extracurriculars and maximizing the value of case training and competitions, in particular to achieve employability advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family Science has been defined as a relationship-oriented, strengths-focused, evidence-based, preventive, and translational discipline, but capturing the breadth of employment opportunities available to family science alumni can be challenging. The goal of this study was to examine alumni experiences to better understand what family scientists do. Empirical findings from an online survey completed by 228 family science undergraduate alumni from multiple universities included their key employment characteristics, the functions they perform, and the knowledge and skills they deem most important in their current positions. Most alumni were employed in fields of practice within or related to Family Science. Recommendations for an expanded vision of Family Science are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe experiences and outcomes of the Society of Genitourinary Reconstructive Surgeons (GURS) fellowship match. In 2012, GURS developed a centralized fellowship match which has grown from 13 to 30 programs. GURS match statistics and case logs were reviewed from 2013-2024. Additionally, a 37-question survey evaluating satisfaction, procedural competency, fellowship experience, and employment opportunities were sent to graduates. Linear regression was performed to examine trends over time. Over the study period, program match success remained stable (94.7%; P =.50) while applicant success (63.3%) increased over time (P =.04). North American and female applicants experienced higher match success (72.8% and 73.6%) compared to their international (35.5%; P <.0001) and male counterparts (60.0%; P =.02). On case log analysis, mean surgical volumes per year increased in urethral reconstruction (mean=88.1; P =.02), male sexual health (n = 32.7; P =.03), genital reconstruction (mean = 16.4; P <.01) and abdominal reconstruction (mean = 24.5; P =.03). Male incontinence surgeries remained stable (mean = 30.5; P =.21) while female reconstruction declined (mean = 23.2; P =.01). With a survey response rate of 54.5% (97/178), training satisfaction was 95.9% which did not differ by gender (P =.54) or year of training (P =.22). Around 97.9% felt competent to enter unsupervised reconstructive practice, 94.8% reported an understanding of the relevant literature and 96.9% were satisfied with their job as a reconstructive urologist. Around 49.5% identified a different case mix in practice compared to fellowship, most commonly related to abdominal (44.9%) or genital reconstruction (16.3%). GURS fellowships have grown organically over the last decade and mirror the growth and evolution of the discipline with sustained high levels of graduate satisfaction, surgical experience, competence, scholarly inquiry and employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines experiences of workplace precarity and employment vulnerability among resettled refugees in the United States. Our study, which draws on eight months of participant observation at a refugee resettlement agency and in-depth interviews with refugees, provides important insights into the ways that refugees navigate (un)employment after initial resettlement and the precarities they encounter while on the job. Our findings suggest that the confluence of specific workplace experiences, familial expectations, and resettlement case processing creates distinct vulnerabilities for refugee men and women. Moreover, we find gender to be especially crucial to both work-family pressures and negative workplace encounters, limiting men's employment opportunities and undercutting women's labor market potential. We discuss associated vulnerabilities and gendered pressures and conclude by highlighting avenues for future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify the reality of employment of persons with intellectual disabilities according to the viewpoint of employers through highlighting the challenges of employing them and the proposed solutions to solve their unemployment problem. This study depended on the qualitative method by applying semi-structured interview with participants employers, this interview was prepared by the two researchers. The results showed three types of challenges facing the employment of persons with intellectual disabilities, which are: Challenges related to employers, challenges related to the person with an intellectual disability and challenges related to the responsible authorities. The study reviewed several solutions proposed by employers to increase their employment opportunities, most notably establishing a specialized government agency to train persons with intellectual disabilities and provide them with job opportunities, forming a cooperative partnership between centers and schools for persons with intellectual disabilities and training and employment agencies in the local community, and investing in media, especially modern media, to promote employment for persons with intellectual disabilities. Due to these results, this study recommended working to improve vocational rehabilitation programs for persons with intellectual disabilities in a manner that consisting with the skills required in the labor market, raising awareness among members of society about the rights of persons with intellectual disabilities in general and their right to employment and integration into the labor market in particular, and providing government support and facilities for employers when hiring persons with intellectual disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising prominence of micro-credentials started during the COVID-19 pandemic, where online resources offered competency-building opportunities for the work-from-home (WFH) human capital. During this pandemic, traditional universities faced total halt to face-to-face lectures, but ways paved for open and distance learning (ODL) universities to showcase their prowess in higher education by successfully continuing to offer programmes digitally. Lesson learnt from the lockdown, higher education institutions (HEIs) have begun implementing online programmes, including micro-credentials. This paper investigates the role of microcredentials in competency development and employment opportunities and the trends and challenges in offering micro-credentials. This study employed a triangulation approach for data collection from the workforce, universities, employers and statutory bodies. The findings indicated that the workforce desired more options to upgrade and upskill themselves, opting for shorter durations and lower fees. Employers surveyed, prefer employees with high-value skills and competencies. The findings also indicated that conventional HEIs have started to actively engage in short-term programmes for adult learners via ODL too. The implication of these findings indicates that ODL universities implementing micro-credentials must consider the acceptance and stackability of micro-credentials from different HEIs, with clear validation metrics, and allow transferability among ODL institutions in different countries, through AAOU as an international consortium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of international migration on the Bini people of Edo State, Nigeria who are renowned for their rich cultural heritage, arts and historical migration patterns. The primary objective is assessing how international migration affects their economic and social life. This study posits that migration is primarily motivated by the search for better employment opportunities with individuals making well-considered decisions to enhance their economic prospects using neoclassical theory. Furthermore, the new economic migration theory is applied to examine the broader impacts of migration on the Bini community’s lifestyle in Edo South. Data for this research were gathered through focused group interviews and structured questionnaires. A linear regression analysis was conducted to assess the role of remittances in the community’s economic dynamics. The analysis indicates that remittances are crucial in shaping the Bini people’s economic activities. It also suggests that these remittances should be strategically invested in business ventures to maximise the benefits. This study concludes that international migration plays a significant role in improving the livelihood of the Bini people enhancing their economic stability and growth. The findings highlight the need to channel remittances effectively into productive investments to benefit the community. The Bini people can better leverage the economic advantages provided by international migration leading to sustained community development and economic resilience by strategically investing in business ventures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Firms posting job openings in an online labor market were randomly assigned minimum hourly wages. When facing a minimum wage, fewer firms hired, but those they did hire paid higher wages. Hoursworked fell substantially. Treated firms shifted to hiring more productive workers. Using the platform's imposition of a market-wide minimum wage after the experiment, I find that many of the experimental results also hold in equilibrium, including the substitution towards more productive workers. However, there was also a large reduction in the number of jobs posted for which the minimum wage would likely bind. (JEL J22, J23, J31, J38) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses how hiring older workers adjusts to demographic change in the labour force by using information from more than 500,000 firms in Germany. We find robust evidence that firms faced with an ageing labour market hire relatively more older workers. However, the pace of this adjustment is relatively slow, particularly when ageing happens outside the firm. The tendency to employ older people is more considerable in East Germany, where the demographic change moves forward faster. Furthermore, part-time working models support hiring older workers, but this effect becomes less important in larger firms and East Germany. Finally, while partial retirement regulations enhance flexibility within the firm, they, unfortunately, diminish the employment opportunities for older external job seekers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the "1.03 Million Yen Barrier" issue in Japan, focusing on the impact of raising the minimum level of taxable income. The ruling party lost the majority in the House of Representatives election, prompting discussions on income tax policies. The article explains how raising the barrier would affect various groups, such as students with part-time jobs and part-timers with spouses, and highlights the need for adjustments in social security premiums. The essence of raising the barrier is seen as a measure to counter inflation tax, with historical data and economic indicators provided to support the discussion. [Extracted from the article]

This study examines the job postings for open innovation (OI) specialists to determine a universal archetype of what competencies and tasks are requested from said professionals and their implications for corporate sustainability and responsibility. This research uses Bayesian statistics and latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic modeling to measure multiple dimensions of the 341 sampled job postings. Our empirical findings unveil the pivotal role that OI specialists have in engaging with stakeholders and monitoring OI dynamics. Multiple dimensions are expected from OI specialists, addressing a multitude of concerns, such as the environment and technologies. Moreover, this study underlines the need for OI specialists to comprehend both internal and external stakeholders' needs. This research contributes to the literature as follows. First, it underlines the value of topic modeling analysis in job profiling research. Second, it bridges existing knowledge gaps on OI specialists' competencies and roles with empirical evidence obtained from a global dataset. Third, it outlines the current market expectations and requirements for OI specialists, which is useful to both candidates and companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's highly competitive job market, the employability of graduates holds paramount significance. Employers increasingly demand fundamental competencies and diverse employability skills from the current graduates. Studies have highlighted a noticeable gap between the skills employers seek and graduates' skills upon the completion of their studies. This gap in employability skills significantly impacts graduates, impeding their prospects of securing suitable employment opportunities. The disparities in skills and knowledge have sparked a debate on graduate employability, necessitating further research in this domain. Addressing that, the current study explored research trends, directions, and opportunities related to graduate employability. A bibliometric analysis was conducted on a dataset comprising 2335 journal articles on graduate employability published between 1981 and 2023 in Scopus and Web of Science databases. The results of bibliometric analysis revealed the most influential journal articles based on their publications, citations, and significance in the intellectual network. Through content analysis, this study shed light on the subject's intellectual structure, characterized by four major thematic clusters: (1) the attribution of broader skills to career enhancement; (2) the significance of generic skills (interpersonal, problem‐solving, and communication skills); (3) the need for work‐related training and employer engagement; and (4) the need for improved curriculum design to build adequate human capital. The study concluded with a discussion of practical policy implications, limitations of study, and recommendations for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the impact of sustainable assistive technology (SAT) on the employment opportunities (EOs) of university graduates with disabilities (GwDs) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and examined whether government support (GS) acts as a mediating factor on said impact. A sample of 205 GwDs from five universities in the KSA completed questionnaires online. Covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) of the resultant data revealed that assistive technology type (ATT), AT accessibility and usability (AU), and AT long-term viability (LV) have significant influences on the EOs of GwDs in KSA. GS was found to have an indirect positive effect on SAT effectiveness for improving EOs. The present findings support the supposition that SAT can be critical to empowering GwDs, particularly with respect to enhancing their EOs in the KSA. Additionally, the findings indicate that it is worthwhile for governments and other stakeholders to assess workplace SAT utilization regularly and to work to improve SAT accessibility, affordability, and usability. These findings support increased investment in and attention to SAT by researchers, funders, and non-profit organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The declining trend in the number of primary care physicians worldwide has led to shortages especially within socioeconomically deprived areas. Socioeconomically deprived areas in the context of this review are defined by regions where there are lower levels of income and access to essential services such as primary healthcare compared to other areas. This shortage contributes to a higher incidence of preventable hospital admissions, unnecessarily straining healthcare infrastructure and negatively affecting patient outcomes. Previous studies have often been limited in scope, focusing on isolated factors or specific regions. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review is to synthesise current research to provide a better understanding of the underlying causes of this high turnover, ultimately informing strategies to address the global shortage of primary care physicians. Methods: This systematic review followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Refer to S1 Table for the PRISMA 2020 checklist. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed (1970 to September 2024) and Embase (1974 to September 2024). The eligibility criteria included quantitative empirical studies that included a measurement of at least one of the factors behind increased primary care physician turnover or retention within socio-economically deprived or disadvantaged areas. However, the included studies were required to employ a specific methodology for classifying or defining socioeconomic deprivation. The references were screened, the studies selected, the data extracted, and the risk of bias assessed using the ROBINS-I tool, with both reviewers in agreement. Results: Thirteen studies were identified. The factors measured in the studies driving increased turnover in deprived areas included region of work (n = 7), income (n = 2), burnout (n = 2) and social values (n = 2). Some studies found additional challenges specific to socioeconomically deprived areas, such as familial concerns about regional safety, limited employment opportunities for spouses, or personal career development challenges. However, some studies identified increased hours and sickness presenteeism as stronger contributors to burnout. However, this link can be presumed to be stronger in deprived areas due to staffing shortages, though none of the studies in this systematic review have directly measured this correlation. Though longer-term methods of retention within socioeconomically deprived areas included more collaborative working environments and flexible working hours, this can also be applied to benefit healthcare settings across all regions. Conclusions: The studies reviewed have consistently highlighted the repeating cycle of persistent staff shortages contributing to an increased turnover rate within disadvantaged areas internationally. Therefore, implementation of targeted policies by governments and healthcare organisations is required to retain primary care physicians within these areas to ultimately improve and standardise patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural family income growth in China depends significantly on off-farm employment. Using data from the China Family Panel Studies, this research examines the influence of information and communication technology (ICT) on off-farm employment of rural workers and the underlying mechanism. We find that ICT has a positive impact on promoting off-farm employment among rural workers. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that ICT affects off-farm employment of rural workers by enhancing their risk preferences. Specifically, rural workers with higher risk preferences are more likely to engage in off-farm employment. In addition, the positive impact of ICT on off-farm employment is more pronounced among rural workers with stronger learning abilities, active learning habits, and higher learning frequency and social frequency of Internet use. This study provides valuable insights on how to improve off-farm employment opportunities for rural workers, thereby reducing the income gap between urban and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nPoints of interestThis article engages in a dynamic cross-national comparison of neoliberal restructuring in Denmark and Australia in relation to tightened eligibility to disability related income payments and workfare policies which have compelled people with disability into the labour force. Both jurisdictions share characteristics in using work capacity, as assessed by administrative ‘expertise’, to limit eligibility for disability pensions, and divert people into the labour force. However, they differ in the relative generosity of conditions of income support, as well as heterogenous approaches to supporting the development of employment opportunities. We argue that these observed differences conform to Esping-Andersen’s classic understanding of the social democratic versus liberal welfare states. Import­antly, however, we note both jurisdictions share a common history of austerity in relation to their disability pension schemes, with many people with disability at risk of being ‘caught in the middle’ between lacking opportunities for employment participation and limited social protection.Over the last four decades, disability related income transfers (also known in some contexts as ‘disability pensions’) have been the target of neoliberal restructuring and workfare regimes.Since 2000 Denmark and Australia have implemented several measures to limit the number of recipients of disability pension and compel individuals into the labour force.Denmark and Australia exhibit traits of social democratic and liberal welfare states in the heterogeneous ways the restructuring of disability pensions and employment rights has occurred.However, in both Denmark and Australia, tightening of eligibility criteria means that many people with disability risk being caught between lacking employment and limited social protection.Over the last four decades, disability related income transfers (also known in some contexts as ‘disability pensions’) have been the target of neoliberal restructuring and workfare regimes.Since 2000 Denmark and Australia have implemented several measures to limit the number of recipients of disability pension and compel individuals into the labour force.Denmark and Australia exhibit traits of social democratic and liberal welfare states in the heterogeneous ways the restructuring of disability pensions and employment rights has occurred.However, in both Denmark and Australia, tightening of eligibility criteria means that many people with disability risk being caught between lacking employment and limited social protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on studying the current state of employment of war veterans in Ukraine. In particular, the group of individuals recognized as war veterans within the framework of current legislation is determined. The key problems that war veterans face in the field of employment after returning from military service are analyzed. The analysis is based on current statistical research and relevant scientific works. The article identifies the main state and local measures aimed at facilitating the employment of war veterans. Particularly, the existing system of guarantees for employment is outlined. Special attention is given to state guarantees for the employment of persons with disabilities, due to the fact that a significant part of war veterans has disabilities as a result of combat injuries. A system of state incentives for employers to hire war veterans is also determined, which includes, among other things, methodological support and the provision of compensation payments to employers for the employment of war veterans. Additionally, the article highlights state measures to ensure education and retraining of veterans, which directly affects the prospects and opportunities for their successful employment. The paper examines new initiatives to improve the provision of employment of war veterans. In particular, the draft law № 10261 dated November 14, 2023 "On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On the Status of War Veterans, Guarantees of Their Social Protection" regarding employment guarantees for war veterans" was analyzed, which proposes the introduction of a standard number of war veterans at the enterprise, and the advantages of introducing the institute of veteran assistants were identified. The necessity for interinstitutional cooperation between various state authorities and local governments was identified, as well as ensuring a comprehensive approach to the process of reintegration of war veterans, in particular, within the framework of labor relations. The conclusions indicate the already existing evolution of legal mechanisms for ensuring employment of war veterans and the need for their further improvement of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the factors influencing emigration intentions among Kosovo's educated youth, with a particular focus on addressing the growing issue of brain drain. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the research explores economic, political, and social factors contributing to migration intentions. A survey of 150 respondents aged 18–35 reveals a significant disconnect between educational attainment and local employment opportunities, with high unemployment and underemployment driving dissatisfaction. The findings align with established migration theories, including Push-Pull Theory and Human Capital Theory, illustrating how push factors like political instability and poor job prospects in Kosovo contrast with the pull factors of better salaries and career opportunities abroad. Policy recommendations include increasing wages, improving job opportunities, fostering political stability, and supporting entrepreneurship to mitigate brain drain and promote a sustainable future for educated youth in Kosovo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in studying the relationship between education and its impacts on the labour market. While the relationship between education and wages has been extensively researched, the empirical evidence regarding employment opportunities remains poor. In this article, we examine the impact of education in improving labour market outcomes of working-age individuals in Kosovo, emphasizing its role in the probability of employment. Our analysis is based on an extensive dataset compiled from Kosovo Labour Force Survey for 2015, 2016 and 2017, which includes more than 75 thousand observations. Using the probit model, we analyse the impact of education on the probability of employment and labour force participation in Kosovo. Our findings show that, relative to those with no formal education, the likelihood of being employed increases by 26.9% for individuals with primary education, while for those with secondary and tertiary education, the likelihood increases by 55 and 76.6%, respectively. We see these significant changes in employment opportunities due to education as significant returns to investment in education that have driven the increasing trends in educational enrolment in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses the Ethiopia Skills Profile Survey (2017) to examine the gender differences in livelihood opportunities and activities between refugees and host communities. The results show a significant gender gap in participation in the labour market where refugee and host women are less likely to have employment, and that household characteristics influence women's economic opportunities. While having a female household head, access to agricultural land, and additional female adults increase both refugee and host female's participation in economic activities, higher numbers of children in the household significantly reduce refugee women's opportunities. In addition, higher educational attainment boosts both male and female refugees' participation in wage employment. Among refugees, both female and male Somali refugees have relatively better access to employment opportunities compared to other refugee groups, especially refugees from South Sudan and Sudan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The language used in job postings can deter applicants and contribute to the employment gap, which refers to high rates of youth unemployment occurring simultaneously with high levels of job vacancies. We tested youth preferences for job postings modified using a free online tool that uses natural language processing to make them more appealing to young and diverse candidates. Using data from 1050 respondents aged 18–35 with education below a postsecondary degree, we found a consistent and statistically significant preference for modified postings, irrespective of the extent or types of changes made. More traditionally disadvantaged respondents (i.e., with lower education, lower incomes, disabilities, women, and unemployed youth) displayed a stronger preference for modified postings. These findings suggest that this tool can help employers recruit disadvantaged youth and bridge the employment gap. Practitioner points: Augmented writing platforms have been developed to make job postings more inclusive. However, they can be costly, and none have been empirically tested.We use a diverse sample of Canadian youth to test the efficacy of the HireNext Job Posting Assessment (JPA), a free‐to‐use augmented writing platform.The JPA can be used as an effective tool for hiring managers and recruiters to attract young and diverse applicants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the social barriers facing students with sensory impairment in Tanzanian higher learning institutions across different settings. Twenty‐seven students were involved in semi‐structured interviews, focus group discussions and open‐ended questionnaires. Students with sensory impairment reported that across the different settings, other people view them as incapable and as a socio‐economic burden. They also revealed that they were viewed as beggars. Their perceptions of these negative views resulted in their social isolation, and difficulties in forming and maintaining friendships. The study recommends setting up awareness‐creation campaigns aimed at demonstrating the capabilities of disabled people in Tanzania. In addition, the law governing the employment of disabled people in Tanzania should be enforced accordingly to increase their employment opportunities in different sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD/Dyspraxia) is a commonly misunderstood and under-recognized specific learning difficulty (SpLD) in educational settings. This lifelong condition affects fine and gross motor coordination and significantly interferes with many activities of daily living, academic achievement, and employment opportunities. However, most Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are unaware of its prevalence within their context, even though 5% of the general population have DCD and the enrolment of students in UK Higher Education with a known disability has increased by 42.4% between 2018 and 2023. Thus, understanding the lived experiences of students with DCD within Higher Education in the UK remains a considerable gap in knowledge. Through the use of focus groups, the lived experiences of 10 students with DCD at two UK HEIs were investigated. The thematic analysis identified four main themes: 'Awareness of DCD', 'Participation in Higher Education for individuals with DCD', 'Wellbeing', and 'Everyday living'. Students shared that HEIs appeared to lack awareness of DCD and felt they had an inability to specify the correct support at university. Importantly, whilst the students in the study were not always confident in identifying the specific support they needed, they shared the strategies they used to aid their university experience. The students described the physical toll that many everyday living tasks can take, which subsequently negatively impact academic participation and wellbeing. On a positive note, many of the students discussed positive experiences at university, such as enjoying their own autonomy (and flexibility) to be independent and inform strategies for their own learning. Importantly, the findings from this work highlight the complexity and heterogeneity of DCD and the need for a tailored approach to supporting individuals with this condition. Given the importance of educational qualifications to enter the workplace, and the contribution of employment to quality of life, these findings help signpost areas where HEIs can improve the experiences of students with DCD that may also enhance academic success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-quality freelance media professionals are currently in high demand and stand for years to come. The difficulties faced by media professionals in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic have led to new job openings where innovation can freely express itself in the marketplace. Media professionals have never had a better chance to operate autonomously as independent contractors, freely supplying the market with their creative talents. Even if there were freelancing jobs before the COVID-19 outbreak, the confining scenario has created many new self-employment opportunities. With more independent workers emerging every year, freelancing has become a global trend. The United Arab Emirates (UAE), with its unique approach, is no exception to this global trend. The government is consistently paving new paths for independents, and networks of these entities are expanding both nationally and internationally, making the UAE a fascinating case study in the world of freelancing. This study employs a qualitative research approach, focusing on policy analysis. This paper's primary data sources are government policies, laws, regulations, and reports that address various aspects of freelancing within the media sector in the UAE. These sources are gathered from governmental sites, legal databases, and associated publications. By exploring the UAE's government policy, laws, and regulations on the freelance workforce, the advantages and disadvantages of freelancing, and the future of freelance media workers in the UAE, this research determines the present and future states of freelance media workers in the UAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Usually found bound to other complex molecules (e.g., lignin, hemicellulose), phenolic compounds (PC) are widely present in agro-industrial by-products, and their extraction is challenging. In recent times, research is starting to highlight the bioactive roles played by bound phenolics (BPC) in human health. This review aims at providing a critical update on recent advances in green techniques for the recovery of BPC, focusing on enzymatic-assisted (EAE) and fermentation-assisted extraction (FAE) as well as in the combination of technologies, showing variable yield and features. The present review also summarizes the most recent biological activities attributed to BPC extracts until now. The higher antioxidant activity of BPC—compared to FPC—coupled with their affordable by-product source make them medicinally potent and economically viable, promoting their integral upcycling and generating new revenue streams, business, and employment opportunities. In addition, EAE and FAE can have a biotransformative effect on the PC itself or its moiety, leading to improved extraction outcomes. Moreover, recent research on BPC extracts has reported promising anti-cancer and anti-diabetic activity. Yet further research is needed to elucidate their biological mechanisms and exploit the true potential of their applications in terms of new food products or ingredient development for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines harnessing talent economy as a catalyst for reducing youth unemployment in the Greater Tzaneen Municipality (GTM). It argues that youth unemployment remains a thorny issue in South Africa, ranking among the highest worldwide. The talent economy, a global and lucrative resource, is often overlooked in local municipalities, particularly in GTM, yet, it has the potential to play a pivotal role in addressing youth unemployment. Establishing a talent economy is fundamental for ensuring an integrated and inclusive economy. The paper asserts that a country's economy flourishes when the government develops and refines policies that maximize the potential of local communities. It suggests that focusing on talent, skills development, and competencies, rather than solely on traditional qualifications could revitalize employment opportunities. The paper employed literature-based methodology to assess the potential of the talent economy in reducing youth unemployment. This approach familiarizes researchers with the existing body of knowledge, ensuring an understanding of current discussions and historical context in the field. The findings reveal that investing in talent development and management will benefit the country's economic well-being, address skills shortages, and advance the overall economy. To unlock the potential of the talent economy and enable young people to participate effectively in the economy, it is essential for governments, businesses, and educational institutions to support a comprehensive approach to skills development, effective talent management, and strategic investment in creative industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the extent to which Neoliberalism features in undergraduate prospectuses of UK universities, using Michel Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France, and subsequent writers on Neoliberalism, as an analytical lens. Prospectuses convey an impression of the outcomes students might gain; the specific research question is, 'To what extent do the prospectuses of UK universities espouse neoliberal values for their prospective students?' In total, 122 prospectuses form the research sample. Only the non-programme-specific contents of the prospectuses are analysed. Word frequency counts are used, supported by content analysis. The data are segmented, using league tables and treating the Russell Group of universities as a distinct category. The study shows how prospectuses articulate higher education as a means of gaining advantage in labour markets. The study also shows how different types of universities use neoliberal terms in nuanced ways, suggesting universities orient their students towards specific and stratified employment opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writing this article meant we had to revisit questions that have arisen in recent decades with the advance of research into small towns: what have these studies been like? What do they problematize? What kind of analyses are carried out? For this last question, we tried to outline considerations about the approaches we built during the process of analyzing the Intermediate Region of Maringá, emphasizing the perspective of looking at the presence of small towns, seeking to understand their dynamics and roles. Therefore, we present a regional reading, through the systematization of data collected in the first stage of the research carried out within the Mikripoli Network: "Small towns, socio-spatial dynamics and regional development in Brazil", including the total population from the 2022 Demographic Census and the most recent publications on Gross Domestic Product per capita, the Gini Index and the Social Vulnerability Index. Reflections on the paths taken to study small towns are based on the researcher's own practices, as well as the experience of working in a network. The systematization and analysis of the data shows a persistent demographic decline in several municipalities, and the GDP data indicates that more than economic results, economic activities need to be socially inclusive, generating income and employment opportunities for the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose is to identify the key employability determinants for young Ukrainian migrants with tertiary education in light of the changing labour market conditions caused by the war. Design/methodology/approach. This paper conducts a structural and dynamic analysis of market changes in Ukraine and the countries hosting Ukrainian refugees, namely Poland and Germany, due to the war. The key determinants influencing the demand for professionals with tertiary education are identified through an analysis of job vacancies on employment websites in Ukraine, Poland, and Germany. Findings. Amidst a shrinking labour force in Ukraine due to migration and a shortage of vacancies, there is a noticeable increase in employability in the labour markets in Poland and Germany. The growth is particularly evident among females and in the service sphere, especially within the IT sphere. An analysis of employment websites in Ukraine, Poland, and Germany has identified the key determinants of demand for young professionals. The primary employability characteristics of Ukrainian migrants include professional skills, particularly digital skills relevant to specific jobs, as well as soft skills. These requirements differ by profession and country. In Poland, there are lower requirements for formal recognition of higher education diplomas in certain professions. However, employers, as in Germany, significantly emphasise on professional experience. Originality. Under the conditions of war and significant structural transformations in the labour markets in Ukraine and the countries hosting Ukrainian migrants, this study investigates the current employability changes among job seekers. Our research contributes to the understanding of labour markets by identifying key determinants of professional success for migrants with tertiary education, which can also act as an obstacle to integration into the host countries' labour markets if the required competencies are lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the migration-specific National Sample Surveys, this paper finds that the migration flow to Hyderabad has not only increased during the last two decades but also brought changes in the nature and pattern of migration to the city. Although the women migration outnumbered their male counterparts most recently, but most of them make associational movements. Male migration, on the other hand, is driven by combination of push–pull factors, including wage differentials, unemployment in the origin states, and better job prospects in Hyderabad. However, the recent decline in the WPR of migrants and an increased open unemployment among them indicates that the city is not capable of providing enough jobs to the aspirants who moved to the city in the quest for better opportunities. Particularly women, whose probability of work participation is relatively low in the city. Based on these results, it is argued that enhancing employment opportunities for female migrants not only can boost female labour force participation, but also raise per capita income, and drive sustained economic growth in the city. Moreover, targeted policies to support women's workforce inclusion would also promote gender equality and strengthen Hyderabad's role as a thriving, inclusive urban economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]