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2. Effectiveness of nirmatrelvir–ritonavir in preventing hospital admissions and deaths in people with COVID-19: a cohort study in a large US health-care system

Author

Lewnard, Joseph A, McLaughlin, John M, Malden, Debbie, Hong, Vennis, Puzniak, Laura, Ackerson, Bradley K, Lewin, Bruno J, Kim, Jeniffer S, Shaw, Sally F, Takhar, Harpreet, Jodar, Luis, and Tartof, Sara Y

Subjects
Prevention, Lung, Clinical Research, Aging, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Cohort Studies, Ritonavir, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, Hospitals, Antiviral Agents, Clinical Sciences, Medical Microbiology, Public Health and Health Services, Microbiology
Abstract

BackgroundIn the USA, oral nirmatrelvir-ritonavir is authorised for use in patients aged 12 years or older with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 who are at risk of progression to severe disease and hospitalisation. We aimed to establish the effectiveness of nirmatrelvir-ritonavir in preventing hospital admissions and death in people with COVID-19 in an outpatient prescribing context in the USA.MethodsIn this matched observational outpatient cohort study in the Kaiser Permanente Southern California (CA, USA) health-care system, data were extracted from electronic health records of non-hospitalised patients aged 12 years or older who received a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test result (their index test) between April 8 and Oct 7, 2022, and had not received another positive test result within the preceding 90 days. We compared outcomes between people who received nirmatrelvir-ritonavir and those who did not receive nirmatrelvir-ritonavir by matching cases by date, age, sex, clinical status (including care received, the presence or absence of acute COVID-19 symptoms at testing, and time from symptom onset to testing), vaccination history, comorbidities, health-care seeking during the previous year, and BMI. Our primary endpoint was the estimated effectiveness of nirmatrelvir-ritonavir in preventing hospital admissions or death within 30 days of a positive test for SARS-CoV-2.Findings7274 nirmatrelvir-ritonavir recipients and 126 152 non-recipients with positive SARS-CoV-2 tests were included in our study. 5472 (75·2%) treatment recipients and 84 657 (67·1%) non-recipients were tested within 5 days of symptom onset. Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir had an overall estimated effectiveness of 53·6% (95% CI 6·6-77·0) in preventing hospital admission or death within 30 days of a positive test for SARS-CoV-2, which increased to 79·6% (33·9-93·8) when nirmatrelvir-ritonavir was dispensed within 5 days of symptom onset. Within the subgroup of patients tested within 5 days of symptom onset and whose treatment was dispensed on the day of their test, the estimated effectiveness of nirmatrelvir-ritonavir was 89·6% (50·2-97·8).InterpretationIn a setting with high levels of COVID-19 vaccine uptake, nirmatrelvir-ritonavir effectively reduced the risk of hospital admission or death within 30 days of a positive outpatient SARS-CoV-2 test.FundingUS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and US National Institutes of Health.

Published
2023

3. Validation of Claims-Based Algorithm for Lyme Disease, Massachusetts, USA

Author

Cocoros, Noelle M., Kluberg, Sheryl A., Willis, Sarah J., Forrow, Susan, Gessner, Bradford D., Nutt, Cameron T., Cane, Alejandro, Petrou, Nathan, Sury, Meera, Rhee, Chanu, Jodar, Luis, Mendelsohn, Aaron, Hoffman, Emma R., Jin, Robert, Aucott, John, Pugh, Sarah J., and Stark, James H.

Subjects
United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Penicillin G, Medical research, Medicine, Experimental, Medical colleges, Lyme disease, Algorithms, Algorithm, Health
Abstract

Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vectorborne disease in the United States (1) and is an economic burden for patients and society (2-4). As a notifiable disease, standard Lyme [...]

Published
2023
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6. Misdiagnosis of Clostridioides difficile Infections by Standard-of-Care Specimen Collection and Testing among Hospitalized Adults, Louisville, Kentucky, USA, 2019-2020

Author

Ramirez, Julio A., Angulo, Frederick J., Carrico, Ruth M., Furmanek, Stephen, Oliva, Senen Pena, Zamparo, Joann M., Gonzalez, Elisa, Zhang, Pingping, Parrish, Leslie A. Wolf, Marimuthu, Subathra, Pride, Michael W., Gray, Sharon, Ferreira, Catia S. Matos, Arnold, Forest W., Isturiz, Raul E., Minarovic, Nadia, Moisi, Jennifer C., and Jodar, Luis

Subjects
Medical tests -- Analysis, Clostridium infections -- Risk factors -- Prevention, Diagnostic errors -- Prevention, Hospital patients -- Care and treatment, Health
Abstract

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a major cause of illness and death worldwide (1,2). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classifies CDI as an urgent public health threat [...]

Published
2023
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7. Diagnosis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Adults Substantially Increases When Adding Sputum, Saliva, and Serology Testing to Nasopharyngeal Swab RT–PCR

Author

Ramirez, Julio, Carrico, Ruth, Wilde, Ashley, Junkins, Alan, Furmanek, Stephen, Chandler, Thomas, Schulz, Paul, Hubler, Robin, Peyrani, Paula, Liu, Qing, Trivedi, Sonali, Uppal, Sonal, Kalina, Warren V., Falsey, Ann R., Walsh, Edward E., Yacisin, Kari, Jodar, Luis, Gessner, Bradford D., and Begier, Elizabeth

Published
2023
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13. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Lyme Disease Data and Seropositivity for Borrelia burgdorferi, China, 2005-2020

Author

Stark, James H., Li, Xiuyan, Zhang, Ji Chun, Burn, Leah, Valluri, Srinivas R., Liang, Jiaxin, Pan, Kaijie, Fletcher, Mark A., Simon, Raphael, Jodar, Luis, and Gessner, Bradford D.

Subjects
Medical research -- Evaluation, Medicine, Experimental -- Evaluation, Lyme disease -- Statistics -- Risk factors -- Diagnosis, Health
Abstract

Lyme disease is a tickborne zoonosis caused by genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato that occur primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, including North America, Europe, and some countries in Asia [...]

Published
2022
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17. Use of illness severity scores to predict mortality in interstitial lung disease patients hospitalised with acute respiratory deterioration

Author

Adegbite, David, Antico, Rupert, Bayley, Francesca, Begier, Beth, Bellavia, Maddalena, Bridgeman, Emma, Brzezinska, Julia, Campling, James, Chang, Natalie, Cloake, Julie, Clout, Madeleine, Croxford, Pip, Ellsbury, Gillian, Gessner, Bradford, Grace, Niall, Gray, Sharon, Griffiths, Oliver, Grimes, Charli, Grimwood, Lucy, Friedrich, Zsolt, Fleming, Leah, Fox, Kazminder, Jeenes-Flanagan, Milo, Jodar, Luis, Wright, Johanna Kellett, Kinney, Jane, Heath, Robyn, Helliker, Kate, Huber, Robyn, Langdon, Amelia, Lazarus, Rajeka, Arachchge, Sandi Nammuni, Mackay, Vicki, Marlow, Robin, Maseko, Zandile, Mattocks, Anya, Maughan, Katie, Manning, Nicola, Milutinovic, Katarina, Minou, Konstantina, Morley, Anna, Mona, Taslima, Mitchell, Claire, Morrison, Leigh, Osborne, Bethany, Perkins, Fiona, Riaz, Tawassal, Ruffino, Gabriella, Sequenza, Peter, Smart, Lily, Scott, Emma, Southern, Jo, Suppiah, Seevakumar, Taylor, Zoe, Tilzey, Grace, Turner, Anabella, Valentine, Gabriella, Vasquez, Marianne, Walters, Rhian, Ward, Lana, Wright, Louise, Williams, Rachel L., Hyams, Catherine, Robertshaw, Joe, Gonzalez, Maria Garcia, Szasz-Benczur, Zsuzsa, White, Paul, Maskell, Nick A., Finn, Adam, and Barratt, Shaney L.

Published
2023
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25. Infections, hospitalisations, and deaths averted via a nationwide vaccination campaign using the Pfizer–BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in Israel: a retrospective surveillance study

Author

Haas, Eric J, McLaughlin, John M, Khan, Farid, Angulo, Frederick J, Anis, Emilia, Lipsitch, Marc, Singer, Shepherd R, Mircus, Gabriel, Brooks, Nati, Smaja, Meir, Pan, Kaijie, Southern, Jo, Swerdlow, David L, Jodar, Luis, Levy, Yeheskel, and Alroy-Preis, Sharon

Published
2022
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27. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variant Beta (B.1.351) among persons identified through contact tracing in Israel: A prospective cohort study

Author

Singer, Shepherd R., Angulo, Frederick J., Swerdlow, David L., McLaughlin, John M., Hazan, Itay, Ginish, Netanel, Anis, Emilia, Mendelson, Ella, Mor, Orna, Zuckerman, Neta S, Erster, Oran, Southern, Jo, Pan, Kaijie, Mircus, Gabriel, Lipsitch, Marc, Haas, Eric J., Jodar, Luis, Levy, Yeheskel, and Alroy-Preis, Sharon

Published
2021
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28. Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 XBB.1.5-Adapted Vaccine Against COVID-19 Hospitalization Related to the JN.1 Variant in Europe: A Test-Negative Case-Control Study Using the id.Drive Platform

Author

Nguyen, Jennifer, primary, Mitratza, Marianna, additional, Volkman, Hannah, additional, de Munter, Leonie, additional, Tran, Thao Mai Phuong, additional, Marques, Catia, additional, Mustapha, Mustapha, additional, Valluri, Srinivas R., additional, Yang, Jingyan, additional, Antón, Andrés, additional, Casas, Irma, additional, Conde-Sousa, Eduardo, additional, Drikite, Laura, additional, Grüner, Beate, additional, Icardi, Giancarlo, additional, Luit ten Kate, Gerrit, additional, Martin, Charlotte, additional, Mira-Iglesias, Ainara, additional, Orrico-Sánchez, PhD. Alejandro, additional, Otero-Romero, Susana Otero-Romero, additional, Rohde, Gernot, additional, Stolz, Daiana, additional, Jodar, Luis, additional, McLaughlin, John M., additional, and Bollaerts, Kaatje, additional

Published
2024
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32. First evidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) outside of Hokkaido Island in Japan

Author

Ohira, Masayuki, primary, Yoshii, Kentaro, additional, Aso, Yasuhiro, additional, Nakajima, Hideto, additional, Yamashita, Toru, additional, Takahashi-Iwata, Ikuko, additional, Maeda, Norihisa, additional, Shindo, Katsuro, additional, Suenaga, Toshihiko, additional, Matsuura, Tohru, additional, Sugie, Kazuma, additional, Hamano, Tadanori, additional, Arai, Akira, additional, Furutani, Rikiya, additional, Suzuki, Yasuhiro, additional, Kaneko, Chikako, additional, Kobayashi, Yasuhiro, additional, Campos-Alberto, Eduardo, additional, Harper, Lisa R., additional, Edwards, Juanita, additional, Bender, Cody, additional, Pilz, Andreas, additional, Ito, Shuhei, additional, Angulo, Frederick J., additional, Erber, Wilhelm, additional, Madhava, Harish, additional, Moïsi, Jennifer, additional, Jodar, Luis, additional, Mizusawa, Hidehiro, additional, and Takao, Masaki, additional

Published
2023
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37. Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization associates with impaired adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2

Author

Mitsi, Elena, Reine, Jesus, Urban, Britta C., Solorzano, Carla, Nikolaou, Elissavet, Hyder-Wright, Angela D., Pojar, Sherin, Howard, Ashleigh, Hitchins, Lisa, Glynn, Sharon, Farrar, Madlen C., Liatsikos, Konstantinos, Collins, Andrea M., Walker, Naomi F., Hill, Helen C., German, Esther L., Cheliotis, Katerina S., Byrne, Rachel L., Williams, Christopher T., Cubas-Atienzar, Ana I., Fletcher, Tom E., Adams, Emily R., Draper, Simon J., Pulido, David, Beavon, Rohini, Theilacker, Christian, Begier, Elizabeth, Jodar, Luis, Gessner, Bradford D., and Ferreira, Daniela M.

Subjects
Streptococcus pneumoniae -- Physiological aspects, Immunological research, Immune response -- Health aspects, Host-bacteria relationships -- Research, Streptococcal infections -- Complications and side effects, Health care industry
Abstract

BACKGROUND. Although recent epidemiological data suggest that pneumococci may contribute to the risk of SARS-CoV-2 disease, cases of coinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during hospitalization have been reported infrequently. This apparent contradiction may be explained by interactions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and pneumococci in the upper airway, resulting in the escape of SARS-CoV-2 from protective host immune responses. METHODS. Here, we investigated the relationship of these 2 respiratory pathogens in 2 distinct cohorts of health care workers with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection identified by systematic screening and patients with moderate to severe disease who presented to the hospital. We assessed the effect of coinfection on host antibody, cellular, and inflammatory responses to the virus. RESULTS. In both cohorts, pneumococcal colonization was associated with diminished antiviral immune responses, which primarily affected mucosal IgA levels among individuals with mild or asymptomatic infection and cellular memory responses in infected patients. CONCLUSION. Our findings suggest that S. pneumoniae impair host immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and raise the question of whether pneumococcal carriage also enables immune escape of other respiratory viruses and facilitates reinfection. TRIAL REGISTRATION. ISRCTN89159899 (FASTER study) and ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03502291 (LAIV study)., Introduction Despite the widespread global effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, few reports have assessed potential interactions between upper airway bacterial colonization and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [...]

Published
2022
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38. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 BA.4/5 Bivalent mRNA Vaccine Against Symptomatic COVID-19 Among Immunocompetent Individuals Testing at a Large US Retail Pharmacy.

Author

Rudolph, Abby E, Khan, Farid L, Shah, Amy, Singh, Tanya G, Wiemken, Timothy L, Puzniak, Laura A, Jodar, Luis, and McLaughlin, John M

Abstract

Background Data on the effectiveness of BA.4/5 bivalent vaccine stratified by age and prior infection are lacking. Methods This test-negative study used data from individuals ≥5 years of age testing for SARS-CoV-2 with symptoms (15 September 2022 to 31 January 2023) at a large national retail pharmacy chain. The exposure was receipt of 2–4 wild-type doses and a BNT162b2 BA.4/5 bivalent vaccine (>2 months since last wild-type dose). The outcome was a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Absolute (vs unvaccinated) and relative (vs 2–4 wild-type doses) vaccine effectiveness (VE) were calculated as (1 − adjusted odds ratio from logistic regression) × 100. VE was stratified by age and self-reported prior infection. Results Overall, 307 885 SARS-CoV-2 tests were included (7916 aged 5–11, 16 329 aged 12–17, and 283 640 aged ≥18 years). SARS-CoV-2 positivity was 39%; 21% were unvaccinated, 70% received 2–4 wild-type doses with no bivalent vaccine, and 9% received a BNT162b2 BA.4/5 bivalent dose. At a median of 1–2 months after BNT162b2 BA.4/5 bivalent vaccination, depending on age group, absolute VE was 22%–60% and was significantly higher among those reporting prior infection (range, 55%–79%) than not (range, no protection to 50%). Relative VE was 31%–64%. Conclusions BNT162b2 BA.4/5 bivalent showed early additional protection against Omicron-related symptomatic COVID-19, with hybrid immunity offering greater protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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39. Multicountry Review of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype Distribution Among Adults With Community-Acquired Pneumonia.

Author

Grant, Lindsay R, Begier, Elizabeth, Theilacker, Christian, Barry, Rachid, Hall-Murray, Cassandra, Yan, Qi, Pope, Veneta, Pride, Michael W, Jodar, Luis, and Gessner, Bradford D

Subjects
COMMUNITY-acquired pneumonia, STREPTOCOCCUS pneumoniae, PNEUMOCOCCAL vaccines, ADULTS, DATABASES, POLYPOIDAL choroidal vasculopathy
Abstract

Background Nonbacteremic community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading presentation of severe pneumococcal disease in adults. Serotype-specific urinary antigen detection (UAD) assay can detect serotypes causing pneumococcal CAP, including nonbacteremic cases, and guide recommendations for use of higher valency pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs). Methods Adult CAP serotype distribution studies that used both Pfizer UADs (UAD1, detects PCV13 serotypes; UAD2, detects PCV20 non-PCV13 serotypes plus 2, 9N, 17F, and 20) were identified by review of an internal study database and included if results were published. The percentages of all-cause radiologically confirmed CAP (RAD + CAP) due to individual or grouped (PCV13, PCV15, and PCV20) serotypes as detected from culture or UAD were reported. Results Six studies (n = 2, United States; n = 1 each, Germany, Sweden, Spain, and Greece) were included. The percentage of RAD + CAP among adults ≥18 years with PCV13 serotypes equaled 4.6% to 12.9%, with PCV15 serotypes 5.9% to 14.5%, and with PCV20 serotypes 7.8% to 23.8%. The percentage of RAD + CAP due to PCV15 and PCV20 serotypes was 1.1–1.3 and 1.3–1.8 times higher than PCV13 serotypes, respectively. Conclusions PCV13 serotypes remain a cause of RAD + CAP among adults even in settings with pediatric PCV use. Higher valency PCVs among adults could address an important proportion of RAD + CAP in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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43. Safety and immunogenicity of a multivalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in healthy infants: A phase 2 randomized trial

Author

Simon, Michael W., primary, Bataille, Regine, additional, Caldwell, Nicole S., additional, Gessner, Bradford D., additional, Jodar, Luis, additional, Lamberth, Erik, additional, Peng, Yahong, additional, Scott, Daniel A., additional, Lei, Lanyu, additional, Giardina, Peter C., additional, Gruber, William C., additional, Jansen, Kathrin U., additional, Thompson, Allison, additional, and Watson, Wendy, additional

Published
2023
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46. Use of illness severity scores to predict mortality in interstitial lung disease patients hospitalised with acute respiratory deterioration

Author

Williams, Rachel L., primary, Hyams, Catherine, additional, Robertshaw, Joe, additional, Gonzalez, Maria Garcia, additional, Szasz-Benczur, Zsuzsa, additional, White, Paul, additional, Maskell, Nick A., additional, Finn, Adam, additional, Barratt, Shaney L., additional, Adegbite, David, additional, Antico, Rupert, additional, Bayley, Francesca, additional, Begier, Beth, additional, Bellavia, Maddalena, additional, Bridgeman, Emma, additional, Brzezinska, Julia, additional, Campling, James, additional, Chang, Natalie, additional, Cloake, Julie, additional, Clout, Madeleine, additional, Croxford, Pip, additional, Ellsbury, Gillian, additional, Gessner, Bradford, additional, Grace, Niall, additional, Gray, Sharon, additional, Griffiths, Oliver, additional, Grimes, Charli, additional, Grimwood, Lucy, additional, Friedrich, Zsolt, additional, Fleming, Leah, additional, Fox, Kazminder, additional, Jeenes-Flanagan, Milo, additional, Jodar, Luis, additional, Wright, Johanna Kellett, additional, Kinney, Jane, additional, Heath, Robyn, additional, Helliker, Kate, additional, Huber, Robyn, additional, Langdon, Amelia, additional, Lazarus, Rajeka, additional, Arachchge, Sandi Nammuni, additional, Mackay, Vicki, additional, Marlow, Robin, additional, Maseko, Zandile, additional, Mattocks, Anya, additional, Maughan, Katie, additional, Manning, Nicola, additional, Milutinovic, Katarina, additional, Minou, Konstantina, additional, Morley, Anna, additional, Mona, Taslima, additional, Mitchell, Claire, additional, Morrison, Leigh, additional, Osborne, Bethany, additional, Perkins, Fiona, additional, Riaz, Tawassal, additional, Ruffino, Gabriella, additional, Sequenza, Peter, additional, Smart, Lily, additional, Scott, Emma, additional, Southern, Jo, additional, Suppiah, Seevakumar, additional, Taylor, Zoe, additional, Tilzey, Grace, additional, Turner, Anabella, additional, Valentine, Gabriella, additional, Vasquez, Marianne, additional, Walters, Rhian, additional, Ward, Lana, additional, and Wright, Louise, additional

Published
2023
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48. Estimated Number of Symptomatic Lyme Borreliosis Cases in Adults in Finland in 2021 Using Seroprevalence Data to Adjust the Number of Surveillance-Reported Cases: A General Framework for Accounting for Underascertainment by Public Health Surveillance

Author

Olsen, Julia, primary, Angulo, Frederick J., additional, Pilz, Andreas, additional, Halsby, Kate, additional, Kelly, Patrick, additional, Turunen, Juha, additional, Åhman, Heidi, additional, Stark, James, additional, and Jodar, Luis, additional

Published
2023
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