Search

Background. Intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) constitutes less than 5% of overall cases of extrapulmonary disease and mostly affects the ileocecal region. The presentation and radiologic findings in enteric tuberculosis can mimic Crohn’s disease (CD). Case Presentation. We present a case report of an African woman who presented to a Kenyan hospital with lower gastrointestinal bleeding while on anticoagulation for valvular atrial fibrillation, and was diagnosed with intestinal tuberculosis after colonoscopy, biopsy, and positive staining for tuberculous bacilli. Conclusion. Intestinal tuberculosis causing gastrointestinal bleeding is rare but should be suspected in patients living in TB endemic regions.

There are two distinct climatological precipitation maxima at the south side of the Alps and an area of reduced precipitation between them. The westernmost maximum was explained by deflection of the large-scale southern rotational flow towards the west leading to a convergence in this barrier jet. The explanation for the lack in precipitation in between must consider smaller scale relief characteristics. Thus relief shapes are examined at the meso-beta scale with special emphasis on slope and concavity/convexity. Dry simulations are performed in a 10-km resolution using a fully compressible nonhydrostatic numerical model, with three values of nondimensional mountain height (Nh/U = 0.5, 1.25 and 2.5), two flow directions (from S and SW) and three different idealized topographies. The results suggest a correlation between regions of uplift on the windward side and concavity for a moderately blocked flow (Nh/U = 1.25). Two uplift regions, corresponding to the climatological precipitation maxima occur on both sides of idealized Trentino Mts. only for the southerly flow. Adding idealized Dinarides enhances the eastern area of uplift, both in magnitude and spatial extent. Zusammenfassung An der Alpensüdseite existieren zwei ausgeprägte klimatologische Niederschlagsmaxima, die durch eine Region reduzierten Niederschlags getrennt sind. Das westliche Maximum kann durch die Ablenkung der großskaligen Südanströmung unter Rotation nach Westen erklärt werden, die zu Konvergenz in diesem ,,barrier jet'' führt. Für die Erklärung der trockenen Zwischenzone ist die Berücksichtigung der kleinskaligen Reliefeigenschaften notwendig. Deshalb werden hier Reliefformen auf der Meso-Beta-Skala untersucht, wobei ein besonderes Augenmerk auf der Steigung und der Krümmung (Konkavität/Konvexität) der Orographie liegt. Es wurden trockene Simulationen mit einem voll kompressiblen, nicht-hydrostatischen Modell mit 10 km Auflösung durchgeführt. Dabei wurden drei dimensionslose Gebirgshöhen (Nh/U = 0,5, 1,25, 2,5), zwei Strömungsrichtungen (aus S und SW) und drei verschiedene idealisierte Topographien untersucht. Die Resultate für leicht blockierte Anströmung (Nh/U = 1.25) legen eine Korrelation zwischen Aufwindregionen auf der Luvseite und der Konkavität nahe. Lediglich für Südanströmung treten beidseits der idealisierten Trentino Berge zwei Aufwindregionen auf, die mit den klimatologischen Niederschlagsmaxima korrespondieren. Das Hinzunehmen der idealisierten Dinarischen Alpen verstärkt die östliche Aufwindregion in Bezug auf Amplitude und räumliche Ausdehnung.

Intense precipitation events are common on the SE slopes of the Alps and the climatological maximum of precipitation is located in the area of the Julian and Carnic Alps. Mesoscale intensification of rainfall in the area is explained. Two cases of intense precipitation were studied with fine mesh mesometeorological modelling using the ALADIN-SI model and verifying its results with all available ground-based raingauge measurements. For the first case of 5-8 November 1997 mesoscale topographically induced direct lifting was the main reason for precipitation intensification in the area. For the second case of 3-5 November 1998 this forcing was further modified by a mesofront moving along the eastern edge of the Alps in the opposite direction to the flow at upper levels. In the predicted precipitation the most noticeable feature was the shift of the forecasted precipitation fields by some 20 km with respect to the measured one leading to overestimation at the SW side, and underestimation at the NE side of the mountain ridge. The role of discrepancy sources of differences between the forecasted and raingauge precipitation are evaluated.