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The managerial role is often seen as complex and stressful without a formal introduction for managers. A good introduction can make a big difference if you are newly employed, which often involves much stress, and therefore, it is important to support those new to work with good introduction. Aim: This master´s thesis aimed to investigate how workplace introduction contributes to job satisfaction for first-line managers. Method: This study used qualitative semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions. The interviewed persons worked for a global technology company in Sweden. A questionnaire guide was used during the interviews conducted in the spring of 2024. The sampling process resulted in six male first-line managers with an average age of 49 years. Three had earlier experience as managers. The interview data was analyzed in two domains using qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. Result: Within the domain of experience of workplace introduction, three categories were found: Experience of support, experience of courses and training, and factors that can affect workplace introduction. The categories found in the domain of experience of job satisfaction were positive experience that can contribute to job satisfaction, experience that can negatively affect job satisfaction, and factors that can affect job satisfaction. A theme emerges from the categories: the key to job satisfaction is support. Conclusion: The managers feel job satisfaction, and workplace introduction seems to some extent to contribute positively to job satisfaction and mainly support from work colleagues, managers, and staff., Betyg i Ladok 240529.

Hormonal contraception (HC) and menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) are commonly used medicines, but their safety profiles are uncertain due to conflicting research. This thesis aims to examine the potential risks associated with HC and MHT by utilizing large-scale population-based cohorts. In Paper I, we prospectively examined the link between oral contraceptives (OCs) and MHT use with the risk of stroke in the UK Biobank (UKB). Cox regression with time-varying exposures was used to investigate if treatment effects vary with time and to avoid immortal time bias. We included time-varying covariates to account for potential confounding factors that change over time and might affect the exposure level. Our research showed higher stroke risk during the initial period after initiating both treatments and increased stroke risk with MHT use regardless of menopause timing. In Paper II, we calculated the hazard rate of the first incidence of depression following OC use. To avoid the influence of healthy-user bias, we estimated the risk in first-time users and excluded previous users in the reference group. A unique aspect of our study was the sibling analysis, which explored the causal relationship between OC use and depression by examining female sibling pairs in the UKB. Our findings showed that initiating OC was associated with a higher risk of depression, especially among adolescents and during the initial phase of treatment. Paper III explored the genetic predisposition to venous thromboembolism (VTE) among OC users in the UKB. Using polygenic risk scores, we demonstrated that women with a high genetic liability for VTE have a significantly increased risk when initiating OC. This suggests that genetic screening may be beneficial in personalising contraceptive advice and mitigating the risk of thrombotic events. In Paper IV, we investigated the association between different types of contemporary MHT and the risk of cardiovascular disease, building upon our findings from Pa

Objective Anxiety and depression symptoms are common in individuals with eating disorders. To study these co-occurrences, we need high-quality self-report questionnaires. The 19-item self-rated Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale for Affective Syndromes (CPRS-S-A) is not validated in patients with eating disorders. We tested its factor structure, invariance, and differences in its latent dimensions. Method Patients were registered by 45 treatment units in the Swedish nationwide Stepwise quality assurance database for specialised eating disorder care (n = 9509). Patients self-reported their anxiety and depression symptoms on the CPRS-S-A. Analyses included exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) in split samples, and testing of invariance and differences in subscales across eating disorder types. Results Results suggested a four-factor solution: Depression, Somatic and fear symptoms, Disinterest, and Worry. Multigroup CFA indicated an invariant factor structure. We detected the following differences: Patients with anorexia nervosa binge-eating/purging subtype scored the highest and patients with unspecified feeding and eating disorders the lowest on all subscales. Patients with anorexia nervosa or purging disorder show more somatic and fear symptoms than individuals with either bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder. Conclusion Our four-factor solution of the CPRS-S-A is suitable for patients with eating disorders and may help to identify differences in anxiety and depression dimensions amongst patients with eating disorders.

OBJECTIVES: Oral contraceptives (OC) and menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) contain exogenous sex hormones and are used by millions of women around the world. However, their effect on development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is still debated and the current literature suggests that they may exert opposite effects on the risk of RA. The present study aimed to estimate the effects of exogenous hormones on development of RA, both during the reproductive lifespan and later in life. METHODS: The association between OC and RA, as well as between MHT and late-onset RA (LORA), was investigated using time-dependent Cox regression modelling in white British women from the UK Biobank (N = 236 602 and N = 102 466, respectively) and replicated in women from all ethnic groups. RESULTS: OC use was associated with a decreased risk of RA in ever-users (hazard ratio [HR]=0.89; 95% CI = 0.82-0.96), as well as in current (HR = 0.81; 0.73-0.91) and former users (HR = 0.92; 0.84 -1.00), compared with never-users. In contrast, MHT use was associated with an increased risk of LORA in ever-users (HR = 1.16; 1.06-1.26) as well as in former users (HR = 1.13; 1.03-1.24) compared with never-users. CONCLUSION: OC use appears to protect against RA, while MHT may increase the risk of LORA. This study provides new insights into the possible inverse effect of exposure to different exogenous sex hormones on the risk of RA.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Enligt Världshälsoorganisationens amningsrekommendationer bör kvinnor exklusivt amma sitt barn upp till sex månaders ålder. Amning har hälsofrämjande effekter på både kvinnor och barn. Under amningsperioden kan kvinnor erfara utmaningar som kan försvåra amningen. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva kvinnors erfarenheter av amningens fysiska och psykiska utmaningar. Metod: En empirisk studie med kvalitativ design och induktiv ansats tillämpades. Totalt samlades 32 bloggar in och analyserades genom tematisk analys enligt Braun & Clarke. Resultat: Det framkom att kvinnor möter utmaningar i samband med amning. Ett huvudtema formades "När amning inte blir en framgång” och fem underteman “En fysisk utmaning” som fokuserar på hur amning påverkar kvinnor fysiskt. “Det saknade stödet” belyser brister med det professionella stödet och omgivningens stöd. “Omgivningens påverkan” beskriver hur samhällets syn på amning kan ha en inverkan på kvinnor. "Förväntningar som inte infrias” där kvinnors förväntningar på amning inte stämmer överens samt “Den känslomässiga påverkan” som beskriver hur amningen berör kvinnor psykiskt. Konklusion: Amningsutmaningar var en vanlig företeelse som påverkade kvinnor både fysiskt och psykiskt. Utmaningarna försvårade amningen vilket bidrog till en känslomässig påverkan med såväl förtvivlan som besvikelse att inte lyckas upprätthålla en amning. Trots amningsutmaningarnas negativa inverkan, upplevde kvinnor amningstiden som betydelsefull., Introduction: According to World Health Organization breastfeeding recommendations, women should exclusively breastfeed their children up to six months of age. Breastfeeding has health- promoting effects on both women and children. During the breastfeeding period, women can experience challenges which can make breastfeeding difficult. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe women's experiences of the psychical and psychological challenges of breastfeeding. Method: An empirical study with av qualitative design and inductive approach was applied. A total of 32 blogs were collected and analyzed through thematic analysis according to Braun & Clarke. Results: It emerged that women face challenges in relation to breastfeeding. A main theme was formed “When breastfeeding is not a success" and five sub-themes “A physical challenge” which focuses on how breastfeeding affects women physically. “The missing support” which illustrates shortcomings with professional support and the support of the entourage. “The influence of the entourage” which highlights how society’s view of breastfeeding can have an impact on women, “Expectations that are not fulfilled” where women’s expectations of breastfeeding do not match and “The emotional impact” which describes how breastfeeding affects women psychologically. Conclusion: Breastfeeding challenges were a common occurrence which affected women both physically and psychologically. The challenges made breastfeeding difficult, which contributed to an emotional impact with both despair and disappointment at not being able to maintain breastfeeding. Despite the negative impact of the breastfeeding challenges, women experienced the breastfeeding period as significant.

Bakgrund Barns smärta utgörs av många olika dimensioner, och har länge varit ett eftersatt område som har präglats av myter och missuppfattningar. Barn som uppsöker sjukvården och som genomgår smärtsamma procedurer är särskilt utsatta då kommunikationen med ett barn måste anpassas i samband med vårdbesöket. Sjuksköterskan bör förstå komplexiteten kring att behandla smärta hos ett barn och vilka faktorer som utgör en smärtupplevelse samt vad smärta innebär. Barn är inte små vuxna och detta är av stor vikt för en sjuksköterska att förstå i samband med omvårdnaden när ett barn behöver uppsöka sjukvården. Syfte Syftet var att undersöka icke-farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder vid procedursmärta hos barn. Metod Detta arbete redovisas med hjälp av en icke-systematiska litteraturöversikt där resultatet baserats utifrån 16 originalartiklar med kvantitativ ansats. Artiklarna som inkluderades inhämtades från databaserna CINAHL och PubMed med hjälp av sökord i olika kombinationer som var relevanta för att besvara syftet. Artiklarnas kvalitet granskades sedan med hjälp av en kvalitétsgranskningsmall. En integrerad dataanalys användes för att sammanställa resultatet. Resultat I resultatsammanställningen identifierades två huvudkategorier samt fem underkategorier för att strukturera upp samt för att kunna besvara syftet. Att barns smärta är komplex och flerdimensionell tyder på att ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt är av stor vikt och att anpassningar bör göras utifrån ålder och barnets mognadsgrad när det kommer till vilka icke-farmakologiska åtgärder som bör användas under procedurer. Att ta hjälp av rätt verktyg leder till en minskad smärtupplevelse samt minskar även oro och ångest som barn upplever när de genomgår en smärtsam procedur. Slutsats Denna litteraturöversikt visar på värdefulla metoder och distraktionstekniker som sjuksköterskor kan och bör använda sig av för att minska procedursmärta, ångest och oro hos barn. Att barn får möjlighet att bli distraherade under proc, Background Children's pain consists of many different dimensions and has long been a neglected area that has been characterized by myths. Children seeking medical care and undergoing painful procedures are particularly vulnerable as communication with a child must be adapted. The nurse should understand the complexity of treating pain in a child and what factors make up a pain experience and what pain means. Children are not small adults, and this is of great importance for a nurse to understand in connection with the care when a child needs to seek medical care. Aim The aim was to investigate non-pharmacological nursing interventions for procedural pain in children. Method This work is presented using a non-systematic literature review where the results are based on 16 original articles with quantitative approach. The articles used were retrieved from the databases CINAHL and PubMed using keywords in various combinations. The quality of the articles was then reviewed using a quality review template. An integrated data analysis was used to compile the results. Results In the summary of results, two main categories were identified and five subcategories to give the result a structure to answer the purpose of the study. Children's pain is complex and multidimensional suggests that a person-centered approach is of great importance and that adjustments should be made based on the age and maturity of the child when it comes to which non-pharmacological measures should be used during procedures. Conclusions This literature review demonstrates valuable methods and distraction techniques that nurses can and should use to reduce procedural pain, anxiety and worry in children. That children could be distracted during procedures, regardless of the technology used, is valuable for the overall experience and future care encounters.

AIM: Research on the effect of oral contraceptive (OC) use on the risk of depression shows inconsistent findings, especially in adult OC users. One possible reason for this inconsistency is the omission of women who discontinue OCs due to adverse mood effects, leading to healthy user bias. To address this issue, we aim to estimate the risk of depression that is associated with the initiation of OCs as well as the effect of OC use on lifetime risk of depression. METHODS: This is a population-based cohort study based on data from 264,557 women from the UK Biobank. Incidence of depression was addressed via interviews, inpatient hospital or primary care data. The hazard ratio (HR) between OC use and incident depression was estimated by multivariable Cox regression with OC use as a time-varying exposure. To validate causality, we examined familial confounding in 7,354 sibling pairs. RESULTS: We observed that the first 2 years of OC use were associated with a higher rate of depression compared to never users (HR = 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.55-1.88). Although the risk was not as pronounced beyond the first 2 years, ever OC use was still associated with an increased lifetime risk of depression (HR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01-1.09). Previous OC use were associated with a higher rate of depression compared to never users, with adolescent OC users driving the increased hazard (HR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.12-1.25). No significant association were observed among adult OC users who had previously used OCs (HR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.95-1.04). Notably, the sibling analysis provided further evidence for a causal effect of OC use on the risk of depression. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the use of OCs, particularly during the first 2 years, increases the risk of depression. Additionally, OC use during adolescence might increase the risk of depression later in life. Our results are consistent with a causal relationship between OC use and depression, as supported by the sibling analys

Problemformulering: - Hur påverkas svenska små till medelstora byggföretag av den nedåtgående konjunkturen? - Hur planerar och agerar svenska små till medelstora byggföretag strategiskt vid den nedåtgående konjunkturen? Syfte: Syftet i studien är att undersöka om och hur byggföretag påverkas av nuvarande konjunkturnedgång samt hur ledningen på tio olika byggföretag agerar och eventuellt förändrar företagets strategier vid en nedåtgående konjunktur. Vi vill skapa en förståelse hur ledningen inom byggsektorn planerar och handlar för att ta sig igenom en kris på bästa möjliga sätt. Metod: En kvalitativ studie har genomförts på tio olika byggföretag varav en respondent från varje företag. Totalt har det i studien genomförts tio intervjuer som sedan har analyserats med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Studien har genomförts med en abduktiv forskningsansats för att komma fram till en slutsats. Slutsats: Författarna till studien har funnit att majoriteten av alla deltagande byggföretag har märkt av den nuvarande konjunkturnedgången. De påverkas på så sätt att efterfrågan på projekt sjunker och konkurrensen blir tuffare, men majoriteten av företagen har inte påverkats sysselsättningsmässigt än. Författarna har även funnit att det strategiska planerandet och agerandet i den nedåtgående konjunkturen skiljer sig åt mellan företagen. Sett till resultaten antas detta bero på att de undersökta företagen riktar sig mot olika typer av kunder samt att lågkonjunkturen är i ett tidigt skede och att byggbranschen har en viss fördröjning innan det märks av i större utsträckning., Problem formulation: - How are small to medium-sized Swedish construction companies affected by the downturn in the economy? - How do small to medium-sized Swedish construction companies plan and act strategically in the downturn? Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate if and how construction companies are affected by the current economic downturn, as well as how the management of ten different construction companies act and possibly change the company's strategies during the downturn. We want to create an understanding of how the management in the construction sector plans and acts to get through a crisis in the best possible way. Method: A qualitative research has been carried out on ten different construction companies, with one respondent from each company. In total, the study has carried out ten interviews which were analyzed using a thematic analysis. The study has been carried out with an abductive research approach in order to reach a conclusion. Conclusion: The authors of the study have found that the majority of all participating construction companies have noticed the current economic downturn. They are affected in such a way that demand for projects drops and competition becomes tougher, but the majority of companies have not yet been affected in terms of employment. The authors have also found that the strategic planning and action in the down economy differ between the companies. Looking at the results, it is assumed that this is due to the fact that the investigated companies target different types of customers, and that the recession is in an early stage and that the construction industry has a certain delay before it is felt to a greater extent.

Studien undersöker hur vårdnadshavare till tonåringar mellan 15-18 år ser på kampanjmaterial från IQ och Systembolaget, vidare hur detta formar konversationerna från vårdnadshavarnas perspektiv om ämnet alkohol. Studien utförs i tre intervjuer i form av fokusgrupper med vårdnadshavare till tonåringar. I intervjuerna fick deltagarna ta del av fem olika kampanjer från både Systembolaget och IQ som är riktade till just vårdnadshavare kring ämnet alkohol och minderåriga. De teoretiska ramverk i studien är encoding/decoding av Stuart Hall (1973), Risksamhället av Ulrich Beck (2009) samt Tvåstegshypotesen av Lazarsfeld och Katz (1955). Målet är att se om dessa kampanjer når ut till den tänkta målgruppen, om kampanjerna används som stöd i konversationerna mellan vårdnadshavare och tonåringar samt vilka faktorer som spelar en roll i konversationerna kring alkohol. Analysmetoden som används är tematisk efter Braun och Clarkes (2006). Där ska vi generalisera mönster och hitta teman i svaren. Resultatet vi fick fram genom studien visar att kampanjmaterialet som finns är tillgängligt om behovet finns. De använder materialet till en viss del som stöd i konversationerna och de anser att det är en efterfrågestyrd kommunikation.

Background: Due to aging populations and prolonged dying trajectories in many high-income countries including Sweden, more people will need extended periods of care and support at the end-of-life (EOL). In light of these changes, EOL care provision is increasingly recognized as a public health issue to be addressed not only within but also beyond the health care system. However, shifting EOL care provision requires that caregivers in other settings, such as elder care and home environments, perceive themselves to be sufficiently competent and prepared to handle various aspects of EOL care. Such competence can be denoted as death literacy. Building on the field of health promotion, interventions applying new public health approaches have been prominent in efforts to strengthen capacity to engage with dying, death, and loss in wider society. However, there is limited research about feasible means for fostering EOL competence-building and evaluating it in practice. Aim: The overall aims of this thesis are to explore how to support development of EOL competence, referred to as death literacy (Studies I, II, IV), and assess one means of conceptualizing and measuring EOL competence (Studies III-IV). Methods: These aims were addressed in four empirical studies deriving from two large data collections. Studies I and II used a multi-case participatory action research design to explore competence for EOL communication and the feasibility of a card-based tool designed to support reflection and conversation about EOL values and preferences, the DöBra cards, in elder care settings. Study I explored changes in elder care staff’s reasoning about EOL communication throughout five series of workshops (n=20) designed to promote EOL communication competence, using longitudinal qualitative analysis. Study II built on follow-up interviews (n=6) with participants from Study I and meetings (n=8) with staff from four additional services. Inductive qualitative content analysis was used to e

Syftet med studien var att få en inblick i och förståelse för hur socialarbetare upplever arbetet med barn som är utsatta för hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck (HRV). Vi har genomfört en kvalitativ undersökning med sex semistrukturerade intervjuer av socialarbetare från olika delar av Sverige. Empirin analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Vidare har vi använt Lipskys teori om gräsrotsbyråkrater och Honneths teori om erkännande för att analysera och få en djupare förståelse för empirin. Resultatet visade att socialarbetare upplever flera utmaningar i arbetet med barn som lever i en hederskontext. De upplever att det saknas verkningsfulla arbetsmetoder gällande familjearbete och att föräldrarätten fortfarande väger tungt inom socialt arbete. Detta kan få negativa konsekvenser för barn som kan tvingas till umgänge med våldsutövande föräldrar. Studien visade även att det finns kunskapsluckor i ämnet HRV, både inom socialt arbete samt inom förskola och skola - verksamheter som lyfts fram som viktiga för att upptäcka förekomsten av HRV. Samverkan anses vara en framgångsfaktor i arbetet mot HRV och något som kan försvåra samverkan är kunskapsluckor., The purpose of this study was to gain an insight and understanding of how social workers experience their work with children who’s been exposed to honor-based violence (HBV) and oppression. We have conducted a qualitative study with six semi-structured interviews with social workers from different parts of Sweden. The data was analyzed with a qualitative content analysis method. Additionally, we have used Lipsky’s theory about Street-level bureaucrats and Honneth’s recognition theory to analyze and gain a deeper understanding of empiricism. The result showed that social workers experience several challenges in their work with children who live in a context of honor-based violence. They lack effective working methods regarding family work and parental rights weigh heavily still within social work. This can cause negative consequences for children who could be forced to interact and spend time with violent parents. The study also showed that there are knowledge gaps on the subject of HBV, not only in social work but also in preschool, and school alike - institutions highlighted of paramount importance for the discovering of the prevalence of HBV. Collaboration is considered a strong success factor in the work against HBV, whereas knowledge gaps can contribute to difficulties in the subject.

Syftet med föreliggande studie är att ta reda på vilka arbetssätt som gynnar elevers språkutveckling och vilka språkliga kunskaper lärare anser att eleverna utvecklar. Studien syftar även till att ta reda på varför lärare väljer att arbeta med just högläsning. Studiens ansats är av kvalitativ design med semistrukturerade intervjuer som metod för insamling av data från nio verksamma lärare. Resultatet genererade tre kategorier som presenterar högläsningens centrala syfte, hur den används i praktiken och elevernas utveckling. Slutsatsen är att en variation av interaktiv högläsning får positiva effekter på elevers språkutveckling samtidigt som det bidrar till delaktighet och gemenskap. Interaktiv högläsning handlar om själva arbetet kring boken, det vill säga diskussioner, begreppsgenomgångar och utrymme för egna reflektioner.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur åtta förskollärare beskriver sitt förhållningssätt till alla barn för att ge dem möjligheter till att utveckla sitt lärande, samt vilken betydelse förhållningssättet har för barnen. Studien utgår ifrån en kvalitativ forskningsansats, där den valda metoden var att genomföra åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet tematiserades och analyserades med stöd av det sociokulturella perspektivet. Resultatet visade att förskollärarna behöver tänka på hur de agerar i barngruppen för att alla barn ska få en likvärdig utbildning. Studiens slutsats synliggör att förskollärarens förhållningssätt är betydelsefullt för barnens utveckling och lärande, men att de behöver förhålla sig till och bemöta barnen genom att vara stöttande, näravarande, utmanande samt se varje barn som kompetetna individer.