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118 results on '"John Christie"'

2. Joining or Exiting the Defined Benefit Division Superannuation Scheme of UniSuper

Author

John Christie

Subjects
superannuation, pension, universities, defined benefit, indexed pension, retirement, australia, Business, HF5001-6182
Abstract

The Defined Benefit Division of UniSuper is a large defined benefit superannuation scheme in Australia for public universities. Unlike public service superannuation schemes in Australia, it is not guaranteed by the employers. This has previously led to a reduction in benefits of the scheme due to expected funding shortfalls. This paper examines longstanding and more recent issues with the funding of the Defined Benefit Division. Recent changes to superannuation laws in Australia may result in further benefit reductions for the scheme in the future. Should new eligible employees join the Defined Benefit Division? What form of retirement benefit should be taken by retiring Defined Benefit Division members? The paper examines these two key questions. Employees who are contemplating joining the Defined Benefit Division, or those Defined Benefit Division members about to retire, have some very important decisions to make.

Published
2023
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3. Stock Market Crashes in Australia: A Brief Technical Note

Author

John Christie

Subjects
stock market crashes, australia, Business, HF5001-6182
Abstract

This paper analyses the three stock market crashes in Australia which have occurred since the All Ordinaries Index was established in 1980. The index behaves in an approximately exponential manner leading up to each market crash and this behaviour can be interpreted as a sign of a looming market crash.

Published
2021
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4. Autologous Transplantation Using Donor Leukocytes Loaded Ex Vivo with Oncolytic Myxoma Virus Can Eliminate Residual Multiple Myeloma

Author

Nancy.Y. Villa, Masmudur M. Rahman, Joseph. Mamola, Julia D’Isabella, Elizabeth Goras, Jacquelyn Kilbourne, Kenneth Lowe, Juliane Daggett-Vondras, Lino Torres, John Christie, Nicole Appel, Anna L. Cox, Jae B. Kim, and Grant McFadden

Subjects
myxoma virus (MYXV), multiple myeloma (MM), minimal residual disease (MRD), autologous stem cells transplantation (ASCT), tumor micreoenvironment (TME), carrier cells, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy of monoclonal plasma cells that remains incurable. Standard treatments for MM include myeloablative regimens and autologous cell transplantation for eligible patients. A major challenge of these treatments is the relapse of the disease due to residual MM in niches that become refractory to treatments. Therefore, novel therapies are needed in order to eliminate minimal residual disease (MRD). Recently, our laboratory reported that virotherapy with oncolytic myxoma virus (MYXV) improved MM-free survival in an allogeneic transplant mouse model. In this study, we demonstrate the capacity of donor autologous murine leukocytes, pre-armed with MYXV, to eliminate MRD in a BALB/c MM model. We report that MYXV-armed bone marrow (BM) carrier leukocytes are therapeutically superior to MYXV-armed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or free virus. Importantly, when cured survivor mice were re-challenged with fresh myeloma cells, they developed immunity to the same MM that had comprised MRD. In vivo imaging demonstrated that autologous carrier cells armed with MYXV were very efficient at delivery of MYXV into the recipient tumor microenvironment. Finally, we demonstrate that treatment with MYXV activates the secretion of pro-immune molecules from the tumor bed. These results highlight the utility of exploiting autologous leukocytes to enhance tumor delivery of MYXV to treat MRD in vivo.

Published
2020
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5. Does multilingualism affect the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease?: A worldwide analysis by country

Author

Raymond M. Klein, John Christie, and Mikael Parkvall

Subjects
Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

It has been suggested that the cognitive requirements associated with bi- and multilingual processing provide a form of mental exercise that, through increases in cognitive reserve and brain fitness, may delay the symptoms of cognitive failure associated with Alzheimer′s disease and other forms of dementia. We collected data on a country-by-country basis that might shed light on this suggestion. Using the best available evidence we could find, the somewhat mixed results we obtained provide tentative support for the protective benefits of multilingualism against cognitive decline. But more importantly, this study exposes a critical issue, which is the need for more comprehensive and more appropriate data on the subject. Keywords: Bilingualism, Alzheimer's disease, Dementia, Brain reserve

Published
2016
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6. Methods for the evaluation of biomarkers in patients with kidney and liver diseases: multicentre research programme including ELUCIDATE RCT

Author

Peter J Selby, Rosamonde E Banks, Walter Gregory, Jenny Hewison, William Rosenberg, Douglas G Altman, Jonathan J Deeks, Christopher McCabe, Julie Parkes, Catharine Sturgeon, Douglas Thompson, Maureen Twiddy, Janine Bestall, Joan Bedlington, Tilly Hale, Jacqueline Dinnes, Marc Jones, Andrew Lewington, Michael P Messenger, Vicky Napp, Alice Sitch, Sudeep Tanwar, Naveen S Vasudev, Paul Baxter, Sue Bell, David A Cairns, Nicola Calder, Neil Corrigan, Francesco Del Galdo, Peter Heudtlass, Nick Hornigold, Claire Hulme, Michelle Hutchinson, Carys Lippiatt, Tobias Livingstone, Roberta Longo, Matthew Potton, Stephanie Roberts, Sheryl Sim, Sebastian Trainor, Matthew Welberry Smith, James Neuberger, Douglas Thorburn, Paul Richardson, John Christie, Neil Sheerin, William McKane, Paul Gibbs, Anusha Edwards, Naeem Soomro, Adebanji Adeyoju, Grant D Stewart, and David Hrouda

Subjects
biomarkers, liver disease, kidney disease, prostate-specific antigen, monitoring trials, simulation of biomarker studies, elf test, elucidate, renal cancer, renal transplantation, diagnosis of cirrhosis, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Background: Protein biomarkers with associations with the activity and outcomes of diseases are being identified by modern proteomic technologies. They may be simple, accessible, cheap and safe tests that can inform diagnosis, prognosis, treatment selection, monitoring of disease activity and therapy and may substitute for complex, invasive and expensive tests. However, their potential is not yet being realised. Design and methods: The study consisted of three workstreams to create a framework for research: workstream 1, methodology – to define current practice and explore methodology innovations for biomarkers for monitoring disease; workstream 2, clinical translation – to create a framework of research practice, high-quality samples and related clinical data to evaluate the validity and clinical utility of protein biomarkers; and workstream 3, the ELF to Uncover Cirrhosis as an Indication for Diagnosis and Action for Treatable Event (ELUCIDATE) randomised controlled trial (RCT) – an exemplar RCT of an established test, the ADVIA Centaur® Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) test (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Ltd, Camberley, UK) [consisting of a panel of three markers – (1) serum hyaluronic acid, (2) amino-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen and (3) tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1], for liver cirrhosis to determine its impact on diagnostic timing and the management of cirrhosis and the process of care and improving outcomes. Results: The methodology workstream evaluated the quality of recommendations for using prostate-specific antigen to monitor patients, systematically reviewed RCTs of monitoring strategies and reviewed the monitoring biomarker literature and how monitoring can have an impact on outcomes. Simulation studies were conducted to evaluate monitoring and improve the merits of health care. The monitoring biomarker literature is modest and robust conclusions are infrequent. We recommend improvements in research practice. Patients strongly endorsed the need for robust and conclusive research in this area. The clinical translation workstream focused on analytical and clinical validity. Cohorts were established for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and renal transplantation (RT), with samples and patient data from multiple centres, as a rapid-access resource to evaluate the validity of biomarkers. Candidate biomarkers for RCC and RT were identified from the literature and their quality was evaluated and selected biomarkers were prioritised. The duration of follow-up was a limitation but biomarkers were identified that may be taken forward for clinical utility. In the third workstream, the ELUCIDATE trial registered 1303 patients and randomised 878 patients out of a target of 1000. The trial started late and recruited slowly initially but ultimately recruited with good statistical power to answer the key questions. ELF monitoring altered the patient process of care and may show benefits from the early introduction of interventions with further follow-up. The ELUCIDATE trial was an ‘exemplar’ trial that has demonstrated the challenges of evaluating biomarker strategies in ‘end-to-end’ RCTs and will inform future study designs. Conclusions: The limitations in the programme were principally that, during the collection and curation of the cohorts of patients with RCC and RT, the pace of discovery of new biomarkers in commercial and non-commercial research was slower than anticipated and so conclusive evaluations using the cohorts are few; however, access to the cohorts will be sustained for future new biomarkers. The ELUCIDATE trial was slow to start and recruit to, with a late surge of recruitment, and so final conclusions about the impact of the ELF test on long-term outcomes await further follow-up. The findings from the three workstreams were used to synthesise a strategy and framework for future biomarker evaluations incorporating innovations in study design, health economics and health informatics. Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN74815110, UKCRN ID 9954 and UKCRN ID 11930. Funding: This project was funded by the NIHR Programme Grants for Applied Research programme and will be published in full in Programme Grants for Applied Research; Vol. 6, No. 3. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

Published
2018
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8. Contributors

Author

Barnes, Peter J., primary, Behnisch, Robert, additional, Boura, Alan L.A., additional, Brocklehurst, Walter E., additional, Burg, Richard W., additional, Bush, Karen, additional, Christensen, Søren Brøgger, additional, Collier, Harry O.J., additional, Ennis, Madeleine, additional, Flower, Roderick J., additional, Green, Alan F., additional, Lorenz, Wilfried, additional, McGrath, John Christie, additional, Michel, Martin C., additional, Moser, Heinz, additional, Rainsford, Kim D., additional, Selwyn, Sydney, additional, Shanks, Robert G., additional, Shen, T.Y., additional, Tiligada, Katerina, additional, and Woodruff,, H. Boyd, additional

Published
2024
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14. Greater Transplant-Free Survival in Patients Receiving Obeticholic Acid for Primary Biliary Cholangitis in a Clinical Trial Setting Compared to Real-World External Controls

Author

C. Fiorella Murillo Perez, Holly Fisher, Shaun Hiu, Dorcas Kareithi, Femi Adekunle, Tracy Mayne, Elizabeth Malecha, Erik Ness, Adriaan J. van der Meer, Willem J. Lammers, Palak J. Trivedi, Pier Maria Battezzati, Frederik Nevens, Kris V. Kowdley, Tony Bruns, Nora Cazzagon, Annarosa Floreani, Andrew L. Mason, Albert Parés, Maria-Carlota Londoño, Pietro Invernizzi, Marco Carbone, Ana Lleo, Marlyn J. Mayo, George N. Dalekos, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Douglas Thorburn, Xavier Verhelst, Aliya Gulamhusein, Harry L.A. Janssen, Rachel Smith, Steve Flack, Victoria Mulcahy, Michael Trauner, Christopher L. Bowlus, Keith D. Lindor, Christophe Corpechot, David Jones, George Mells, Gideon M. Hirschfield, James Wason, Bettina E. Hansen, Richard Sturgess, Christopher Healey, Anton Gunasekera, Yiannis Kallis, Gavin Wright, Thiriloganathan Mathialahan, Richard Evans, Jaber Gasem, David Ramanaden, Emma Ward, Mahesh Bhalme, Paul Southern, James Maggs, Mohamed Yousif, Brijesh Srivastava, Matthew Foxton, Carole Collins, Yash Prasad, Francisco Porras-Perez, Tom Yapp, Minesh Patel, Roland Ede, Martyn Carte, Konrad Koss, Prayman Sattianayagam, Charles Grimley, Jude Tidbury, Dina Mansour, Matilda Beckley, Coral Hollywood, John Ramag, Harriet Gordon, Joanne Ridpath, Bob Grover, George Abouda, Ian Rees, Mark Narain, Imroz Salam, Paul Banim, Debasish Das, Helen Matthews, Faiyaz Mohammed, Rebecca Jones, Sambit Sen, George Bird, Martin Prince, Geeta Prasad, Paul Kitchen, John Hutchinson, Prakash Gupta, Amir Shah, Subrata Saha, Katharine Pollock, Stephen Barclay, Natasha McDonald, Simon Rushbrook, Robert Przemioslo, Andrew Millar, Steven Mitchell, Andrew Davis, Asifabbas Naqvi, Tom Lee, Stephen Ryder, Jane Collier, Matthew Cramp, Richard Aspinal, Jonathan Booth, Earl Williams, Hyder Hussaini, John Christie, Tehreem Chaudhry, Stephen Mann, Aftab Ala, Julia Maltby, Chris Corbett, Saket Singhal, Barbara Hoeroldt, Jeff Butterworth, Andrew Douglas, Rohit Sinha, Simon Panter, Jeremy Shearman, Gary Bray, Michael Roberts, Daniel Forton, Nicola Taylor, Wisam Jafar, Matthew Cowan, Chin Lye Ch'ng, Mesbah Rahman, Emma Wesley, Sanjiv Jain, Aditya Mandal, Mark Wright, Palak Trivedi, Fiona Gordon, Esther Unitt, Andrew Austin, Altaf Palegwala, Vishwaraj Vemala, Andrew Higham, Jocelyn Fraser, Andy Li, Subramaniam Ramakrishnan, Alistair King, Simon Whalley, Ian Gee, Richard Keld, Helen Fellows, James Gotto, Charles Millson, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, and Public Health

Subjects
Liver Cirrhosis, Settore MED/12 - Gastroenterologia, Hepatology, UK PBC, Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary, Obeticholic Acid, Ursodeoxycholic Acid, Gastroenterology, Global PBC, Propensity Score, Transplant-Free Survival, UK-PBC, Chenodeoxycholic Acid, transplant-free survival, obeticholic acid, Humans, propensity score
Abstract

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) Obeticholic Acid (OCA) International Study of Efficacy (POISE) randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial demonstrated that OCA reduced biomarkers associated with adverse clinical outcomes (ie, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase) in patients with PBC. The objective of this study was to evaluate time to first occurrence of liver transplantation or death in patients with OCA in the POISE trial and open-label extension vs comparable non-OCA-treated external controls. METHODS: Propensity scores were generated for external control patients meeting POISE eligibility criteria from 2 registry studies (Global PBC and UK-PBC) using an index date selected randomly between the first and last date (inclusive) on which eligibility criteria were met. Cox proportional hazards models weighted by inverse probability of treatment assessed time to death or liver transplantation. Additional analyses (Global PBC only) added hepatic decompensation to the composite end point and assessed efficacy in patients with or without cirrhosis. RESULTS: During the 6-year follow-up, there were 5 deaths or liver transplantations in 209 subjects in the POISE cohort (2.4%), 135 of 1381 patients in the Global PBC control (10.0%), and 281 of 2135 patients in the UK-PBC control (13.2%). The hazard ratios (HRs) for the primary outcome were 0.29 (95% CI, 0.10-0.83) for POISE vs Global PBC and 0.30 (95% CI, 0.12-0.75) for POISE vs UK-PBC. In the Global PBC study, HR was 0.20 (95% CI, 0.03-1.22) for patients with cirrhosis and 0.31 (95% CI, 0.09-1.04) for those without cirrhosis; HR was 0.42 (95% CI, 0.21-0.85) including hepatic decompensation. CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with OCA in a trial setting had significantly greater transplant-free survival than comparable external control patients. ispartof: Gastroenterology vol:163 issue:6 pages:1630-1642.e3 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Published
2022

16. To erase or not to erase, that is not the question: Drawing from observation in an analogue or digital environment

Author

Mathew Reichertz, John Christie, Bryan Maycock, and Raymond M. Klein

Subjects
Computer science, General Arts and Humanities, Communication, 05 social sciences, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 050105 experimental psychology, 021106 design practice & management, Education
Abstract

Erasing when drawing occurs for a variety of reasons. While the most obvious may be correction of mistakes, at other times erasers are used to create such things as highlights or marks that introduce particular aesthetic elements. When a drawing is made on paper, partial erasure ‘marks’ can provide a useful record of a drawing’s evolution. For the teacher, this historical record can be a catalyst for helpful commentary and criticism. While programmed to simulate an analogue eraser, in a digital environment the erase function can eradicate a drawing’s history with a single click. We studied analogue and digital tool use behaviours (including erasing) to compare the frequency of erasure and the effect of erasing on observational accuracy in adults between the age of 17 and 64 with various levels of drawing experience from less than two years to more than ten years. The study involved participants making one drawing on paper with traditional drawing tools and one drawing on a digital drawing tablet. We then had the drawings rated for accuracy. Among other interesting results, we found that erasing occurs with greater frequency when participants work in a digital environment than in an analogue one and that, while there were significant tool use differences between the environments, those differences did not result in differences in the accuracy of final drawings indicating the adaptability of our participants using different means to achieve the same effect.

Published
2020
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17. Corrigendum to ‘An international genome-wide meta-analysis of primary biliary cholangitis: Novel risk loci and candidate drugs’ [J Hepatol 2021;75(3):572–581]

Author

Heather J. Cordell, James J. Fryett, Kazuko Ueno, Rebecca Darlay, Yoshihiro Aiba, Yuki Hitomi, Minae Kawashima, Nao Nishida, Seik-Soon Khor, Olivier Gervais, Yosuke Kawai, Masao Nagasaki, Katsushi Tokunaga, Ruqi Tang, Yongyong Shi, Zhiqiang Li, Brian D. Juran, Elizabeth J. Atkinson, Alessio Gerussi, Marco Carbone, Rosanna Asselta, Angela Cheung, Mariza de Andrade, Aris Baras, Julie Horowitz, Manuel A.R. Ferreira, Dylan Sun, David E. Jones, Steven Flack, Ann Spicer, Victoria L. Mulcahy, Jinyoung Byun, Younghun Han, Richard N. Sandford, Konstantinos N. Lazaridis, Christopher I. Amos, Gideon M. Hirschfield, Michael F. Seldin, Pietro Invernizzi, Katherine A. Siminovitch, Xiong Ma, Minoru Nakamura, George F. Mells, Andrew Mason, Catherine Vincent, Gang Xie, Jinyi Zhang, Andrea Affronti, Piero L. Almasio, Domenico Alvaro, Pietro Andreone, Angelo Andriulli, Francesco Azzaroli, Pier Maria Battezzati, Antonio Benedetti, Maria Consiglia Bragazzi, Maurizia Brunetto, Savino Bruno, Vincenza Calvaruso, Vincenzo Cardinale, Giovanni Casella, Nora Cazzagon, Antonio Ciaccio, Barbara Coco, Agostino Colli, Guido Colloredo, Massimo Colombo, Silvia Colombo, Laura Cristoferi, Carmela Cursaro, Lory Saveria Crocè, Andrea Crosignani, Daphne D’Amato, Francesca Donato, Gianfranco Elia, Luca Fabris, Stefano Fagiuoli, Carlo Ferrari, Annarosa Floreani, Andrea Galli, Edoardo Giannini, Ignazio Grattagliano, Pietro Lampertico, Ana Lleo, Federica Malinverno, Clara Mancuso, Fabio Marra, Marco Marzioni, Sara Massironi, Alberto Mattalia, Luca Miele, Chiara Milani, Lorenzo Morini, Filomena Morisco, Luigi Muratori, Paolo Muratori, Grazia A. Niro, Sarah O’Donnell, Antonio Picciotto, Piero Portincasa, Cristina Rigamonti, Vincenzo Ronca, Floriano Rosina, Giancarlo Spinzi, Mario Strazzabosco, Mirko Tarocchi, Claudio Tiribelli, Pierluigi Toniutto, Luca Valenti, Maria Vinci, Massimo Zuin, Hitomi Nakamura, Seigo Abiru, Shinya Nagaoka, Atsumasa Komori, Hiroshi Yatsuhashi, Hiromi Ishibashi, Masahiro Ito, Kiyoshi Migita, Hiromasa Ohira, Shinji Katsushima, Atsushi Naganuma, Kazuhiro Sugi, Tatsuji Komatsu, Tomohiko Mannami, Kouki Matsushita, Kaname Yoshizawa, Fujio Makita, Toshiki Nikami, Hideo Nishimura, Hiroshi Kouno, Hirotaka Kouno, Hajime Ota, Takuya Komura, Yoko Nakamura, Masaaki Shimada, Noboru Hirashima, Toshiki Komeda, Keisuke Ario, Makoto Nakamuta, Tsutomu Yamashita, Kiyoshi Furuta, Masahiro Kikuchi, Noriaki Naeshiro, Hironao Takahashi, Yutaka Mano, Seiji Tsunematsu, Iwao Yabuuchi, Yusuke Shimada, Kazuhiko Yamauchi, Rie Sugimoto, Hironori Sakai, Eiji Mita, Masaharu Koda, Satoru Tsuruta, Hiroshi Kamitsukasa, Takeaki Sato, Naohiko Masaki, Tatsuro Kobata, Nobuyoshi Fukushima, Yukio Ohara, Toyokichi Muro, Eiichi Takesaki, Hitoshi Takaki, Tetsuo Yamamoto, Michio Kato, Yuko Nagaoki, Shigeki Hayashi, Jinya Ishida, Yukio Watanabe, Masakazu Kobayashi, Michiaki Koga, Takeo Saoshiro, Michiyasu Yagura, Keisuke Hirata, Atsushu Tanaka, Hajime Takikawa, Mikio Zeniya, Masanori Abe, Morikazu Onji, Shuichi Kaneko, Masao Honda, Kuniaki Arai, Teruko Arinaga-Hino, Etsuko Hashimoto, Makiko Taniai, Takeji Umemura, Satoru Joshita, Kazuhiko Nakao, Tatsuki Ichikawa, Hidetaka Shibata, Satoshi Yamagiwa, Masataka Seike, Koichi Honda, Shotaro Sakisaka, Yasuaki Takeyama, Masaru Harada, Michio Senju, Osamu Yokosuka, Tatsuo Kanda, Yoshiyuki Ueno, Kentaro Kikuchi, Hirotoshi Ebinuma, Takashi Himoto, Michio Yasunami, Kazumoto Murata, Masashi Mizokami, Kazuhito Kawata, Shinji Shimoda, Yasuhiro Miyake, Akinobu Takaki, Kazuhide Yamamoto, Katsuji Hirano, Takafumi Ichida, Akio Ido, Hirohito Tsubouchi, Kazuaki Chayama, Kenichi Harada, Yasuni Nakanuma, Yoshihiko Maehara, Akinobu Taketomi, Ken Shirabe, Yuji Soejima, Akira Mori, Shintaro Yagi, Shinji Uemoto, Egawa H, Tomohiro Tanaka, Noriyo Yamashiki, Sumito Tamura, Yasuhiro Sugawara, Norihiro Kokudo, Naga Chalasani, Vel Luketic, Joseph Odin, Kapil Chopra, Goncalo Abecasis, Michael Cantor, Giovanni Coppola, Aris Economides, Luca A. Lotta, John D. Overton, Jeffrey G. Reid, Alan Shuldiner, Christina Beechert, Caitlin Forsythe, Erin D. Fuller, Zhenhua Gu, Michael Lattari, Alexander Lopez, Thomas D. Schleicher, Maria Sotiropoulos Padilla, Karina Toledo, Louis Widom, Sarah E. Wolf, Manasi Pradhan, Kia Manoochehri, Ricardo H. Ulloa, Xiaodong Bai, Suganthi Balasubramanian, Leland Barnard, Andrew Blumenfeld, Gisu Eom, Lukas Habegger, Alicia Hawes, Shareef Khalid, Evan K. Maxwell, William Salerno, Jeffrey C. Staples, Marcus B. Jones, Lyndon J. Mitnaul, Richard Sturgess, Christopher Healey, Andrew Yeoman, Anton V.J. Gunasekera, Paul Kooner, Kapil Kapur, V. Sathyanarayana, Yiannis Kallis, Javaid Subhani, Rory Harvey, Roger McCorry, Paul Rooney, David Ramanaden, Richard Evans, Thiriloganathan Mathialahan, Jaber Gasem, Christopher Shorrock, Mahesh Bhalme, Paul Southern, Jeremy A. Tibble, David A. Gorard, Susan Jones, George Mells, Victoria Mulcahy, Brijesh Srivastava, Matthew R. Foxton, Carole E. Collins, David Elphick, Mazn Karmo, Francisco Porras-Perez, Michael Mendall, Tom Yapp, Minesh Patel, Roland Ede, Joanne Sayer, James Jupp, Neil Fisher, Martyn J. Carter, Konrad Koss, Jayshri Shah, Andrzej Piotrowicz, Glyn Scott, Charles Grimley, Ian R. Gooding, Simon Williams, Judith Tidbury, Guan Lim, Kuldeep Cheent, Sass Levi, Dina Mansour, Matilda Beckley, Coral Hollywood, Terry Wong, Richard Marley, John Ramage, Harriet M. Gordon, Jo Ridpath, Theodore Ngatchu, Vijay Paul Bob Grover, Ray G. Shidrawi, George Abouda, L. Corless, Mark Narain, Ian Rees, Ashley Brown, Simon Taylor-Robinson, Joy Wilkins, Leonie Grellier, Paul Banim, Debasish Das, Michael A. Heneghan, Howard Curtis, Helen C. Matthews, Faiyaz Mohammed, Mark Aldersley, Raj Srirajaskanthan, Giles Walker, Alistair McNair, Amar Sharif, Sambit Sen, George Bird, Martin I. Prince, Geeta Prasad, Paul Kitchen, Adrian Barnardo, Chirag Oza, Nurani N. Sivaramakrishnan, Prakash Gupta, Amir Shah, Chris D.J. Evans, Subrata Saha, Katharine Pollock, Peter Bramley, Ashis Mukhopadhya, Stephen T. Barclay, Natasha McDonald, Andrew J. Bathgate, Kelvin Palmer, John F. Dillon, Simon M. Rushbrook, Robert Przemioslo, Chris McDonald, Andrew Millar, Cheh Tai, Stephen Mitchell, Jane Metcalf, Syed Shaukat, Mary Ninkovic, Udi Shmueli, Andrew Davis, Asifabbas Naqvi, Tom J.W. Lee, Stephen Ryder, Jane Collier, Howard Klass, Matthew E. Cramp, Nichols Sharer, Richard Aspinall, Deb Ghosh, Andrew C. Douds, Jonathan Booth, Earl Williams, Hyder Hussaini, John Christie, Steven Mann, Douglas Thorburn, Aileen Marshall, Imran Patanwala, Aftab Ala, Julia Maltby, Ray Matthew, Chris Corbett, Sam Vyas, Saket Singhal, Dermot Gleeson, Sharat Misra, Jeff Butterworth, Keith George, Tim Harding, Andrew Douglass, Harriet Mitchison, Simon Panter, Jeremy Shearman, Gary Bray, Michael Roberts, Graham Butcher, Daniel Forton, Zahid Mahmood, Matthew Cowan, Debashis Das, Chin Lye Ch'ng, Mesbah Rahman, Gregory C.A. Whatley, Emma Wesley, Aditya Mandal, Sanjiv Jain, Stephen P. Pereira, Mark Wright, Palak Trivedi, Fiona H. Gordon, Esther Unitt, Altaf Palejwala, Andrew Austin, Vishwaraj Vemala, Allister Grant, Andrew D. Higham, Alison Brind, Ray Mathew, Mark Cox, Subramaniam Ramakrishnan, Alistair King, Simon Whalley, Jocelyn Fraser, S.J. Thomson, Andrew Bell, Voi Shim Wong, Richard Kia, Ian Gee, Richard Keld, Rupert Ransford, James Gotto, and Charles Millson

Subjects
Science & Technology, Hepatology, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Italian PBC Study Group, Japan-PBC-GWAS Consortium, UK-PBC Consortium, Chinese PBC Consortium, 1103 Clinical Sciences, US PBC Consortium, Canadian PBC Consortium, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, PBC Consortia, 1117 Public Health and Health Services
Published
2021

18. Hepatic disease

Author

Ashleigh Williams and John Christie

Abstract

This chapter describes the anaesthetic management of the patient with liver disease and its sequelae. Acute liver failure and chronic liver failure are discussed, together with their anaesthetic implications on coagulation and drug metabolism. Major sequelae of liver disease are discussed, including portal hypertension, varices, and hepatorenal syndrome. The pre-operative investigation and optimisation, treatment, and anaesthetic management of the patient with liver failure are described. The investigation and management of postoperative liver dysfunction are described.

Published
2021
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20. An international genome-wide meta-analysis of primary biliary cholangitis: Novel risk loci and candidate drugs

Author

Heather J. Cordell, James J. Fryett, Kazuko Ueno, Rebecca Darlay, Yoshihiro Aiba, Yuki Hitomi, Minae Kawashima, Nao Nishida, Seik-Soon Khor, Olivier Gervais, Yosuke Kawai, Masao Nagasaki, Katsushi Tokunaga, Ruqi Tang, Yongyong Shi, Zhiqiang Li, Brian D. Juran, Elizabeth J. Atkinson, Alessio Gerussi, Marco Carbone, Rosanna Asselta, Angela Cheung, Mariza de Andrade, Aris Baras, Julie Horowitz, Manuel A.R. Ferreira, Dylan Sun, David E. Jones, Steven Flack, Ann Spicer, Victoria L. Mulcahy, Jinyoung Byan, Younghun Han, Richard N. Sandford, Konstantinos N. Lazaridis, Christopher I. Amos, Gideon M. Hirschfield, Michael F. Seldin, Pietro Invernizzi, Katherine A. Siminovitch, Xiong Ma, Minoru Nakamura, George F. Mells, Andrew Mason, Catherine Vincent, Gang Xie, Jinyi Zhang, Andrea Affronti, Piero L. Almasio, Domenico Alvaro, Pietro Andreone, Angelo Andriulli, Francesco Azzaroli, Pier Maria Battezzati, Antonio Benedetti, MariaConsiglia Bragazzi, Maurizia Brunetto, Savino Bruno, Vincenza Calvaruso, Vincenzo Cardinale, Giovanni Casella, Nora Cazzagon, Antonio Ciaccio, Barbara Coco, Agostino Colli, Guido Colloredo, Massimo Colombo, Silvia Colombo, Laura Cristoferi, Carmela Cursaro, Lory Saveria Crocè, Andrea Crosignani, Daphne D’Amato, Francesca Donato, Gianfranco Elia, Luca Fabris, Stefano Fagiuoli, Carlo Ferrari, Annarosa Floreani, Andrea Galli, Edoardo Giannini, Ignazio Grattagliano, Pietro Lampertico, Ana Lleo, Federica Malinverno, Clara Mancuso, Fabio Marra, Marco Marzioni, Sara Massironi, Alberto Mattalia, Luca Miele, Chiara Milani, Lorenzo Morini, Filomena Morisco, Luigi Muratori, Paolo Muratori, Grazia A. Niro, Sarah O’Donnell, Antonio Picciotto, Piero Portincasa, Cristina Rigamonti, Vincenzo Ronca, Floriano Rosina, Giancarlo Spinzi, Mario Strazzabosco, Mirko Tarocchi, Claudio Tiribelli, Pierluigi Toniutto, Luca Valenti, Maria Vinci, Massimo Zuin, Hitomi Nakamura, Seigo Abiru, Shinya Nagaoka, Atsumasa Komori, Hiroshi Yatsuhashi, Hiromi Ishibashi, Masahiro Ito, Kiyoshi Migita, Hiromasa Ohira, Shinji Katsushima, Atsushi Naganuma, Kazuhiro Sugi, Tatsuji Komatsu, Tomohiko Mannami, Kouki Matsushita, Kaname Yoshizawa, Fujio Makita, Toshiki Nikami, Hideo Nishimura, Hiroshi Kouno, Hirotaka Kouno, Hajime Ota, Takuya Komura, Yoko Nakamura, Masaaki Shimada, Noboru Hirashima, Toshiki Komeda, Keisuke Ario, Makoto Nakamuta, Tsutomu Yamashita, Kiyoshi Furuta, Masahiro Kikuchi, Noriaki Naeshiro, Hironao Takahashi, Yutaka Mano, Seiji Tsunematsu, Iwao Yabuuchi, Yusuke Shimada, Kazuhiko Yamauchi, Rie Sugimoto, Hironori Sakai, Eiji Mita, Masaharu Koda, Satoru Tsuruta, Hiroshi Kamitsukasa, Takeaki Sato, Naohiko Masaki, Tatsuro Kobata, Nobuyoshi Fukushima, Yukio Ohara, Toyokichi Muro, Eiichi Takesaki, Hitoshi Takaki, Tetsuo Yamamoto, Michio Kato, Yuko Nagaoki, Shigeki Hayashi, Jinya Ishida, Yukio Watanabe, Masakazu Kobayashi, Michiaki Koga, Takeo Saoshiro, Michiyasu Yagura, Keisuke Hirata, Atsushu Tanaka, Hajime Takikawa, Mikio Zeniya, Masanori Abe, Morikazu Onji, Shuichi Kaneko, Masao Honda, Kuniaki Arai, Teruko Arinaga-Hino, Etsuko Hashimoto, Makiko Taniai, Takeji Umemura, Satoru Joshita, Kazuhiko Nakao, Tatsuki Ichikawa, Hidetaka Shibata, Satoshi Yamagiwa, Masataka Seike, Koichi Honda, Shotaro Sakisaka, Yasuaki Takeyama, Masaru Harada, Michio Senju, Osamu Yokosuka, Tatsuo Kanda, Yoshiyuki Ueno, Kentaro Kikuchi, Hirotoshi Ebinuma, Takashi Himoto, Michio Yasunami, Kazumoto Murata, Masashi Mizokami, Kazuhito Kawata, Shinji Shimoda, Yasuhiro Miyake, Akinobu Takaki, Kazuhide Yamamoto, Katsuji Hirano, Takafumi Ichida, Akio Ido, Hirohito Tsubouchi, Kazuaki Chayama, Kenichi Harada, Yasuni Nakanuma, Yoshihiko Maehara, Akinobu Taketomi, Ken Shirabe, Yuji Soejima, Akira Mori, Shintaro Yagi, Shinji Uemoto, Egawa H, Tomohiro Tanaka, Noriyo Yamashiki, Sumito Tamura, Yasuhiro Sugawara, Norihiro Kokudo, Naga Chalasani, Vel Luketic, Joseph Odin, Kapil Chopra, Goncalo Abecasis, Michael Cantor, Giovanni Coppola, Aris Economides, Luca A. Lotta, John D. Overton, Jeffrey G. Reid, Alan Shuldiner, Christina Beechert, Caitlin Forsythe, Erin D. Fuller, Zhenhua Gu, Michael Lattari, Alexander Lopez, Thomas D. Schleicher, Maria Sotiropoulos Padilla, Karina Toledo, Louis Widom, Sarah E. Wolf, Manasi Pradhan, Kia Manoochehri, Ricardo H. Ulloa, Xiaodong Bai, Suganthi Balasubramanian, Leland Barnard, Andrew Blumenfeld, Gisu Eom, Lukas Habegger, Alicia Hawes, Shareef Khalid, Evan K. Maxwell, William Salerno, Jeffrey C. Staples, Marcus B. Jones, Lyndon J. Mitnaul, Richard Sturgess, Christopher Healey, Andrew Yeoman, Anton VJ. Gunasekera, Paul Kooner, Kapil Kapur, V. Sathyanarayana, Yiannis Kallis, Javaid Subhani, Rory Harvey, Roger McCorry, Paul Rooney, David Ramanaden, Richard Evans, Thiriloganathan Mathialahan, Jaber Gasem, Christopher Shorrock, Mahesh Bhalme, Paul Southern, Jeremy A. Tibble, David A. Gorard, Susan Jones, George Mells, Victoria Mulcahy, Brijesh Srivastava, Matthew R. Foxton, Carole E. Collins, David Elphick, Mazn Karmo, Francisco Porras-Perez, Michael Mendall, Tom Yapp, Minesh Patel, Roland Ede, Joanne Sayer, James Jupp, Neil Fisher, Martyn J. Carter, Konrad Koss, Jayshri Shah, Andrzej Piotrowicz, Glyn Scott, Charles Grimley, Ian R. Gooding, Simon Williams, Judith Tidbury, Guan Lim, Kuldeep Cheent, Sass Levi, Dina Mansour, Matilda Beckley, Coral Hollywood, Terry Wong, Richard Marley, John Ramage, Harriet M. Gordon, Jo Ridpath, Theodore Ngatchu, Vijay Paul Bob Grover, Ray G. Shidrawi, George Abouda, L. Corless, Mark Narain, Ian Rees, Ashley Brown, Simon Taylor-Robinson, Joy Wilkins, Leonie Grellier, Paul Banim, Debasish Das, Michael A. Heneghan, Howard Curtis, Helen C. Matthews, Faiyaz Mohammed, Mark Aldersley, Raj Srirajaskanthan, Giles Walker, Alistair McNair, Amar Sharif, Sambit Sen, George Bird, Martin I. Prince, Geeta Prasad, Paul Kitchen, Adrian Barnardo, Chirag Oza, Nurani N. Sivaramakrishnan, Prakash Gupta, Amir Shah, Chris DJ. Evans, Subrata Saha, Katharine Pollock, Peter Bramley, Ashis Mukhopadhya, Stephen T. Barclay, Natasha McDonald, Andrew J. Bathgate, Kelvin Palmer, John F. Dillon, Simon M. Rushbrook, Robert Przemioslo, Chris McDonald, Andrew Millar, Cheh Tai, Stephen Mitchell, Jane Metcalf, Syed Shaukat, Mary Ninkovic, Udi Shmueli, Andrew Davis, Asifabbas Naqvi, Tom JW. Lee, Stephen Ryder, Jane Collier, Howard Klass, Matthew E. Cramp, Nichols Sharer, Richard Aspinall, Deb Ghosh, Andrew C. Douds, Jonathan Booth, Earl Williams, Hyder Hussaini, John Christie, Steven Mann, Douglas Thorburn, Aileen Marshall, Imran Patanwala, Aftab Ala, Julia Maltby, Ray Matthew, Chris Corbett, Sam Vyas, Saket Singhal, Dermot Gleeson, Sharat Misra, Jeff Butterworth, Keith George, Tim Harding, Andrew Douglass, Harriet Mitchison, Simon Panter, Jeremy Shearman, Gary Bray, Michael Roberts, Graham Butcher, Daniel Forton, Zahid Mahmood, Matthew Cowan, Debashis Das, Chin Lye Ch’ng, Mesbah Rahman, Gregory C.A. 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Panter S., Shearman J., Bray G., Roberts M., Butcher G., Forton D., Mahmood Z., Cowan M., Ch'ng C.L., Rahman M., Whatley G.C.A., Wesley E., Mandal A., Jain S., Pereira S.P., Wright M., Trivedi P., Gordon F.H., Unitt E., Palejwala A., Austin A., Vemala V., Grant A., Higham A.D., Brind A., Mathew R., Cox M., Ramakrishnan S., King A., Whalley S., Fraser J., Thomson S.J., Bell A., Wong V.S., Kia R., Gee I., Keld R., Ransford R., Gotto J., Millson C., Medical Research Council (MRC), LiveR North, Cordell, H, Fryett, J, Ueno, K, Darlay, R, Aiba, Y, Hitomi, Y, Kawashima, M, Nishida, N, Khor, S, Gervais, O, Kawai, Y, Nagasaki, M, Tokunaga, K, Tang, R, Shi, Y, Li, Z, Juran, B, Atkinson, E, Gerussi, A, Carbone, M, Asselta, R, Cheung, A, de Andrade, M, Baras, A, Horowitz, J, Ferreira, M, Sun, D, Jones, D, Flack, S, Spicer, A, Mulcahy, V, Byan, J, Han, Y, Sandford, R, Lazaridis, K, Amos, C, Hirschfield, G, Seldin, M, Invernizzi, P, Siminovitch, K, Ma, X, Nakamura, M, Mells, G, Mason, A, Vincent, C, Xie, G, Zhang, J, Affronti, A, Almasio, P, Alvaro, D, Andreone, P, Andriulli, A, Azzaroli, F, Battezzati, P, Benedetti, A, Bragazzi, M, Brunetto, M, Bruno, S, Calvaruso, V, Cardinale, V, Casella, G, Cazzagon, N, Ciaccio, A, Coco, B, Colli, A, Colloredo, G, Colombo, M, Colombo, S, Cristoferi, L, Cursaro, C, Croce, L, Crosignani, A, D'Amato, D, Donato, F, Elia, G, Fabris, L, Fagiuoli, S, Ferrari, C, Floreani, A, Galli, A, Giannini, E, Grattagliano, I, Lampertico, P, Lleo, A, Malinverno, F, Mancuso, C, Marra, F, Marzioni, M, Massironi, S, Mattalia, A, Miele, L, Milani, C, Morini, L, Morisco, F, Muratori, L, Muratori, P, Niro, G, O'Donnell, S, Picciotto, A, Portincasa, P, Rigamonti, C, Ronca, V, Rosina, F, Spinzi, G, Strazzabosco, M, Tarocchi, M, Tiribelli, C, Toniutto, P, Valenti, L, Vinci, M, Zuin, M, Nakamura, H, Abiru, S, Nagaoka, S, Komori, A, Yatsuhashi, H, Ishibashi, H, Ito, M, Migita, K, Ohira, H, Katsushima, S, Naganuma, A, Sugi, K, Komatsu, T, Mannami, T, Matsushita, K, Yoshizawa, K, Makita, F, Nikami, T, Nishimura, H, Kouno, H, Ota, H, Komura, T, Nakamura, Y, Shimada, M, Hirashima, N, Komeda, T, Ario, K, Nakamuta, M, Yamashita, T, Furuta, K, Kikuchi, M, Naeshiro, N, Takahashi, H, Mano, Y, Tsunematsu, S, Yabuuchi, I, Shimada, Y, Yamauchi, K, Sugimoto, R, Sakai, H, Mita, E, Koda, M, Tsuruta, S, Kamitsukasa, H, Sato, T, Masaki, N, Kobata, T, Fukushima, N, Ohara, Y, Muro, T, Takesaki, E, Takaki, H, Yamamoto, T, Kato, M, Nagaoki, Y, Hayashi, S, Ishida, J, Watanabe, Y, Kobayashi, M, Koga, M, Saoshiro, T, Yagura, M, Hirata, K, Tanaka, A, Takikawa, H, Zeniya, M, Abe, M, Onji, M, Kaneko, S, Honda, M, Arai, K, Arinaga-Hino, T, Hashimoto, E, Taniai, M, Umemura, T, Joshita, S, Nakao, K, Ichikawa, T, Shibata, H, Yamagiwa, S, Seike, M, Honda, K, Sakisaka, S, Takeyama, Y, Harada, M, Senju, M, Yokosuka, O, Kanda, T, Ueno, Y, Kikuchi, K, Ebinuma, H, Himoto, T, Yasunami, M, Murata, K, Mizokami, M, Kawata, K, Shimoda, S, Miyake, Y, Takaki, A, Yamamoto, K, Hirano, K, Ichida, T, Ido, A, Tsubouchi, H, Chayama, K, Harada, K, Nakanuma, Y, Maehara, Y, Taketomi, A, Shirabe, K, Soejima, Y, Mori, A, Yagi, S, Uemoto, S, H, E, Tanaka, T, Yamashiki, N, Tamura, S, Sugawara, Y, Kokudo, N, Chalasani, N, Luketic, V, Odin, J, Chopra, K, Abecasis, G, Cantor, M, Coppola, G, Economides, A, Lotta, L, Overton, J, Reid, J, Shuldiner, A, Beechert, C, Forsythe, C, Fuller, E, Gu, Z, Lattari, M, Lopez, A, Schleicher, T, Padilla, M, Toledo, K, Widom, L, Wolf, S, Pradhan, M, Manoochehri, K, Ulloa, R, Bai, X, Balasubramanian, S, Barnard, L, Blumenfeld, A, Eom, G, Habegger, L, Hawes, A, Khalid, S, Maxwell, E, Salerno, W, Staples, J, Jones, M, Mitnaul, L, Sturgess, R, Healey, C, Yeoman, A, Gunasekera, A, Kooner, P, Kapur, K, Sathyanarayana, V, Kallis, Y, Subhani, J, Harvey, R, Mccorry, R, Rooney, P, Ramanaden, D, Evans, R, Mathialahan, T, Gasem, J, Shorrock, C, Bhalme, M, Southern, P, Tibble, J, Gorard, D, Jones, S, Srivastava, B, Foxton, M, Collins, C, Elphick, D, Karmo, M, Porras-Perez, F, Mendall, M, Yapp, T, Patel, M, Ede, R, Sayer, J, Jupp, J, Fisher, N, Carter, M, Koss, K, Shah, J, Piotrowicz, A, Scott, G, Grimley, C, Gooding, I, Williams, S, Tidbury, J, Lim, G, Cheent, K, Levi, S, Mansour, D, Beckley, M, Hollywood, C, Wong, T, Marley, R, Ramage, J, Gordon, H, Ridpath, J, Ngatchu, T, Bob Grover, V, Shidrawi, R, Abouda, G, Corless, L, Narain, M, Rees, I, Brown, A, Taylor-Robinson, S, Wilkins, J, Grellier, L, Banim, P, Das, D, Heneghan, M, Curtis, H, Matthews, H, Mohammed, F, Aldersley, M, Srirajaskanthan, R, Walker, G, Mcnair, A, Sharif, A, Sen, S, Bird, G, Prince, M, Prasad, G, Kitchen, P, Barnardo, A, Oza, C, Sivaramakrishnan, N, Gupta, P, Shah, A, Evans, C, Saha, S, Pollock, K, Bramley, P, Mukhopadhya, A, Barclay, S, Mcdonald, N, Bathgate, A, Palmer, K, Dillon, J, Rushbrook, S, Przemioslo, R, Mcdonald, C, Millar, A, Tai, C, Mitchell, S, Metcalf, J, Shaukat, S, Ninkovic, M, Shmueli, U, Davis, A, Naqvi, A, Lee, T, Ryder, S, Collier, J, Klass, H, Cramp, M, Sharer, N, Aspinall, R, Ghosh, D, Douds, A, Booth, J, Williams, E, Hussaini, H, Christie, J, Mann, S, Thorburn, D, Marshall, A, Patanwala, I, Ala, A, Maltby, J, Matthew, R, Corbett, C, Vyas, S, Singhal, S, Gleeson, D, Misra, S, Butterworth, J, George, K, Harding, T, Douglass, A, Mitchison, H, Panter, S, Shearman, J, Bray, G, Roberts, M, Butcher, G, Forton, D, Mahmood, Z, Cowan, M, Ch'Ng, C, Rahman, M, Whatley, G, Wesley, E, Mandal, A, Jain, S, Pereira, S, Wright, M, Trivedi, P, Gordon, F, Unitt, E, Palejwala, A, Austin, A, Vemala, V, Grant, A, Higham, A, Brind, A, Mathew, R, Cox, M, Ramakrishnan, S, King, A, Whalley, S, Fraser, J, Thomson, S, Bell, A, Wong, V, Kia, R, Gee, I, Keld, R, Ransford, R, Gotto, J, Millson, C, Cordell HJ, Fryett JJ, Ueno K, Darlay R, Aiba Y, Hitomi Y, Kawashima M, Nishida N, Khor SS, Gervais O, Kawai Y, Nagasaki M, Tokunaga K, Tang R, Shi Y, Li Z, Juran BD, Atkinson EJ, Gerussi A, Carbone M, Asselta R, Cheung A, de Andrade M, Baras A, Horowitz J, Ferreira MAR, Sun D, Jones DE, Flack S, Spicer A, Mulcahy VL, Byan J, Han Y, Sandford RN, Lazaridis KN, Amos CI, Hirschfield GM, Seldin MF, Invernizzi P, Siminovitch KA, Ma X, Nakamura M, Mells GF, PBC Consortia, Canadian PBC Consortium, Chinese PBC Consortium, Italian PBC Study Group, Japan-PBC-GWAS Consortium, US PBC Consortium, UK-PBC Consortium, and Calvaruso V. .

Subjects
Liver Cirrhosis, ALSPAC, ERN RARE-LIVER, Genomic co-localization, Network-based in silico drug efficacy screening, UK-PBC, 0301 basic medicine, Candidate gene, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary, Italian PBC Study Group, LD SCORE REGRESSION, Japan-PBC-GWAS Consortium, Genome-wide association study, Locus (genetics), Disease, SUSCEPTIBILITY, PBC, Chronic liver disease, Bioinformatics, GENETIC ASSOCIATION, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, UK-PBC Consortium, Genotype, Medicine, Genetic association, Science & Technology, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Hepatology, business.industry, Biliary, Chinese PBC Consortium, 1103 Clinical Sciences, medicine.disease, PBC Consortia, 030104 developmental biology, Meta-analysis, ERN RARE LIVER, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, US PBC Consortium, Canadian PBC Consortium, business, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human
Abstract

[BACKGROUND & AIMS] Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic liver disease in which autoimmune destruction of the small intra-hepatic bile ducts eventually leads to cirrhosis. Many patients have inadequate response to licensed medications, motivating the search for novel therapies. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and meta-analyses (GWMA) of PBC have identified numerous risk loci for this condition, providing insight into its aetiology. We undertook the largest GWMA of PBC to date, aiming to identify additional risk loci and prioritise candidate genes for in silico drug efficacy screening. [METHODS] We combined new and existing genotype data for 10, 516 cases and 20, 772 controls from five European and two East Asian cohorts. [RESULTS] We identified 56 genome-wide significant loci (20 novel) including 46 in European, 13 in Asian, and 41 in combined cohorts; and a 57th genome-wide significant locus (also novel) in conditional analysis of the European cohorts. Candidate genes at newly identified loci include FCRL3, INAVA, PRDM1, IRF7, CCR6, CD226, and IL12RB1, each having key roles in immunity. Pathway analysis reiterated the likely importance of pattern recognition receptor and TNF signalling, Jak-STAT signalling, and differentiation of TH1 and TH17 cells in the pathogenesis of this disease. Drug efficacy screening identified several medications predicted to be therapeutic in PBC, some well-established in the treatment of other autoimmune disorders. [CONCLUSIONS] This study has identified additional risk loci for PBC, provided a hierarchy of agents that could be trialled in this condition, and emphasised the value of genetic and genomic approaches to drug discovery in complex disorders. [Lay summary] Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic liver disease that eventually leads to cirrhosis. In this study, we analysed genetic information from 10, 516 people with PBC and 20, 772 healthy individuals recruited in Canada, China, Italy, Japan, UK, or USA. We identified several genetic regions associated with PBC. Each of these regions contains several genes. For each region, we used diverse sources of evidence to help us choose the gene most likely to be involved in causing PBC. We used these ‘candidate genes’ to help us identify medications that are currently used for treatment of other conditions, which might also be useful for treatment of PBC., 原発性胆汁性胆管炎のゲノムワイド関連解析 --国際メタ解析による新規疾患感受性遺伝子と治療薬候補の同定--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2021-06-28.

Published
2021

21. A Structured Approach of Reliability Demonstration Test in the Development of Electromechanical Remotely Operated Downhole Control Device for Increased Operations Efficiency

Author

Pankaj Shrivastava, Michael John Christie, and Joseph Chakkungal

Subjects
Computer science, Control (management), Reliability (statistics), Test (assessment), Reliability engineering
Abstract

The remotely operated electromechanical control device (ECD) is coupled to an open-close valve that would normally require hydraulic lines from surface. With each function of the valve, an intervention is eliminated, which increases operational efficiency and saves rig time. As these devices are permanently installed in severe downhole environments, design-in reliability is paramount. Reliability demonstration test (RDT) is a key element of the design-for-reliability process to verify that the product satisfies the system reliability target. This paper presents a structured RDT approach to demonstrate the reliability of a remotely operated ECD in a cost- and time-efficient manner. The reliability target of the ECD was established based on the tasks requirements (open-close functions), well conditions, and mission life. Key subassemblies of the ECD were identified, and a system reliability target was allocated to the subsystem level using a weight factor-based approach. A test-to-success methodology was used to design the RDT of individual subassemblies by identifying the underlying failure mechanism, applicable test stresses, and acceleration factors. A parametric cumulative binomial test design model was used to optimize the test parameters, such as sample size, test time, and number of valve open-close functions. Conducting a system reliability test is often cost prohibitive. Therefore, performing a reliability test at the subsystem level is an alternative approach of verifying system reliability. Reliability allocation weight factors are determined based on the cost, time, and relative difficulty in testing the design feature. Aging parameters were found to be the number of valve open-close functions based on the underlying tasks, operating time, and well environment (temperature). This paper highlights the structured methodology and application requirements of RDT to meet the mission reliability target of a remotely operated ECD. A comprehensive reliability target was established based on the underlying tasks, operating time, and well environment. A combination of overstress (temperature) and use-rate accelerations was used in the test design. An optimum value assessment of test design parameters was performed for developing a cost-effective test design. The approach and benefits of structured reliability test design are discussed in the paper.

Published
2020
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24. The inhibitory and motor innervation of the anococcygeus muscle

Author

McGrath, John Christie

Subjects
615.1
Abstract

(1) The subject of this thesis was the investigation of the dual innervation of the anococcygeus muscle. The rat anococcygeus had previously been shown in vitro to have a motor adrenergic innervation and also an inhibitory nerve response whose transmitter was unknown. (2) The object of the present study was threefold - (a) To determine whether this inhibitory response was due to a nerve pathway distinct from the motor innervation and with a separate spinal origin and if so whether this pathway had a ganglion synapse and so could be considered as part of the autonomic nervous system. (b) To compare the pharmacological properties of the anococcygeus muscle and vas deferens and to determine whether the rate of depletion of noradrenaline by reserpine in these two tissues was affected by nerve stimulation. (c) To compare the properties of the anococcygeus muscles from the cat and the rat in order to find whether the dual innervation found in the rat was represented in this further species and if so whether this comparison would throw any more light on the nature of the inhibitory response. (3) Using a pithed rat preparation permitting selective stimulation of the autonomic spinal outflows, it was shown that the inhibitory pathway to the anococcygeus muscles arose from the spinal canal, that it was interrupted by a ganglion synapse and that the spinal origin of its preganglionic nerves was L5 - S2 as opposed to T10 - L3 for the preganglionic nerves in the motor pathway. (4) Using this same preparation, the pharmacological properties of the motor nerves to the anococcygeus were examined in situ and compared with those of the vas deferens. This comparison demonstrated that the pharmacological properties of the anococcygeus motor innervation were those of a classical adrenergic innervation whereas the vas deferens showed responses which were in themselves complex and showed unconventional responses to drugs. A hypothesis is suggested to explain this unconventional nature of the vas deferens response. (5) An analysis of the dose dependence and time course of the depletion of tissue noradrenaline by reserpine showed that the rat anococcygeus and vas deferens were depleted to a similar extent and at a similar rate and that this was slower than that found in the heart. Increase in sympathetic nerve activity by spinal stimulation in pithed rats significantly increased the noradrenaline depletion in both anococcygeus and vas deferens. From this it is suggested that nerve impulse traffic may be an important factor in determining the rate of depletion of noradrenaline by reserpine and in the vas deferens may explain the apparent resistance to depletion. (6) The cat anococcygeus muscle was investigated in vitro and shown to possess a dual innervation similar to that in the rat. Due to the presence of intrinsic tone, both motor and inhibitory nerve responses could be demonstrated in the absence of blocking drugs and their interaction studied. The pharmacological properties of the cat anococcygeus were similar to those of the rat except that several substances relaxed the cat muscle which contracted the rat including acetylcholine, isoprenaline, prostaglandins and ATP. These substances were therefore assessed as possible inhibitory transmitters but further analysis with blocking drugs suggested that the relaxations produced by these drugs were different from that produced by the inhibitory nerves. The inhibitory effect of acetylcholine on the cat muscle was particularly interesting since it inhibited motor nerve responses as well as relaxing the muscle. Several substances not normally associated with release of noradrenaline from nerves, including guanethidine, cocaine LSD and 5HT produced indirect sympathomimetic effects in both species. (7) It is concluded that the anococcygeus muscle receives a dual innervation consisting of a motor adrenergic pathway originating from the lower thoracic and upper lumbar cord and a separate inhibitory pathway with its preganglionic fibres originating from the lower lumbar and upper sacral region of the vertebral column. This dual innervation is found in both the rat and cat anococcygeus but in neither species does the inhibitory pathway appear to be adrenergic, cholinergic or purinergic and the transmitter remains unknown.

Published
1973

25. A Novel Application of Production Acceptance Testing in the Development of Intelligent Well Completion Equipment used in HPHT Applications

Author

Pankaj Shrivastava, Michael John Christie, and Aswin Balasubramanian

Subjects
Completion (oil and gas wells), Acceptance testing, Computer science, Production (economics), Reliability (statistics), Reliability engineering
Abstract

The successful operation of completion tools, especially intelligent completion tools, at high pressure/high temperature (HPHT) operating conditions is dependent on reliable design and robust production and operating procedures. Recent technological advancements in high-temperature electronics can lead to changes in the production processes of existing completion products. Possible reasons for change include component obsolescence, consolidation of production processes, or leveraging technological advancements from one product to another. Verification of changes made in production processes is critical to maintain high operational reliability of the product. This paper presents a methodical test design approach to verify changes made in production processes in a cost- and time-efficient manner. The purpose of the Production Acceptance Test (PAT) is to provide assurance that the reliability of standard production items meets the reliability specifications. PAT usually involves testing of a sample of items drawn from a production batch. The results obtained from testing these samples enables an informed decision regarding the reliability of the entire production population. The concept and philosophy of PAT stems from the military handbook, MIL-HDBK-781, based on non-parametric distribution utilizing Mean-Time-Between-Failures (MTBF) as the performance criteria. To overcome the limitations of MTBF and non-parametric distribution, a modified test design methodology includes a comprehensive reliability statement of the product along with the use of parametric cumulative binomial distribution. Elements of PAT design (Discrimination Ratio (DR), producer's risk, consumer's risk, etc.) are assessed for developing high-temperature electronics for HPHT environments. A key prerequisite of employing PAT is to assess product reliability through either reliability test data or field operational data. A reliability specification of the product is an upfront requirement of designing PAT. The test design methodology presented utilizes comprehensive reliability statements in terms of % probability of success, % confidence, lifetime, and operating conditions. DR is another key element of PAT design and typically ranges from 1.5-3.0. However, for manufacturers with robust production processes and well planned management-of-change, DR lies somewhere in the range of 2.5-3.0. By selecting optimum values of test design parameters, an effective test plan can be developed which can result in time and cost savings compared to a standard reliability test. This paper discusses the methodology and application requirements to enhance PAT as a verification test to validate any changes in production processes. Test design methodologies are upgraded to include a comprehensive reliability statement along with the use of a parametric cumulative binomial algorithm to overcome the limitations of original PAT methodology highlighted in MIL-HDBK-781. Optimum value assessment of PAT design parameters was performed for developing high-temperature electronics used in HPHT environments. A case history of a downhole electronics module is presented to describe the enhanced approach and benefits of PAT.

Published
2019
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26. History and Development of the Gulf Cooperation Council: A Brief Overview

Author

John Christie

Subjects
Power (social and political), Economy, State (polity), media_common.quotation_subject, Political science, Position (finance), Organizational structure, media_common
Abstract

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), formed by six nations of the Arabian peninsula—Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates—is no exception to the general rule. The organizational structure of the GCC reflected the Council's collective view of the best means and methods for the new body to function to its maximum advantage. The GCC Secretariat General, headquartered in Riyadh, plays a significant and influential role in the GCC scheme of things; it has much of the power and style of the United Nations Secretariat-General. The GCC itself will give a stout affirmative to the questions and point to a dozen or more kindred characteristics of the peoples of the GCC states. The very existence of a combined military force confirms the GCC's oft-stated position: that an attack on any one GCC state will be regarded as an attack on all.

Published
2019
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27. On the roles of central and peripheral vision in the extraction of material and form from a scene

Author

John Christie, Bryan Maycock, Mathew Reichertz, Raymond M. Klein, and Jack Wong

Subjects
Adult, Male, Linguistics and Language, genetic structures, Computer science, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Central region, 050105 experimental psychology, Language and Linguistics, Square (algebra), Task (project management), 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Computer vision, business.industry, 05 social sciences, eye diseases, Sensory Systems, Form Perception, Spatial relation, Peripheral vision, Central vision, Visual Perception, Female, Artificial intelligence, Visual Fields, business, Perceptual Masking, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Conventional wisdom tells us that the appreciation of local (detail) and global (form and spatial relations) information from a scene is preferentially processed by central and peripheral vision, respectively. Using an eye monitor with high spatial and temporal precision, we sought to provide direct evidence for this idea by controlling whether carefully designed hierarchical scenes were viewed only with central vision (the periphery was masked), only with peripheral vision (the central region was masked), or with full vision. The scenes consisted of a neutral form (a D shape) composed of target circles or squares, or a target circle or square composed of neutral material (Ds). The task was for the participant to determine as quickly as possible whether the scene contained circle(s) or square(s). Increasing the size of the masked region had deleterious effects on performance. This deleterious effect was greater for the extraction of form information when the periphery was masked, and greater for the extraction of material information when central vision was masked, thus providing direct evidence for conventional ideas about the processing predilections of central and peripheral vision.

Published
2019

28. Does multilingualism affect the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease?: A worldwide analysis by country

Author

John Christie, Raymond M. Klein, and Mikael Parkvall

Subjects
Gerontology, Health (social science), Bilingualism, Affect (psychology), Article, 050105 experimental psychology, Developmental psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Brain reserve, medicine, Dementia, Mental exercise, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Multilingualism, Cognitive decline, lcsh:Social sciences (General), Neuroscience of multilingualism, Cognitive reserve, Health Policy, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, 05 social sciences, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Cognition, lcsh:RA1-1270, Alzheimer's disease, medicine.disease, lcsh:H1-99, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

It has been suggested that the cognitive requirements associated with bi- and multilingual processing provide a form of mental exercise that, through increases in cognitive reserve and brain fitness, may delay the symptoms of cognitive failure associated with Alzheimer′s disease and other forms of dementia. We collected data on a country-by-country basis that might shed light on this suggestion. Using the best available evidence we could find, the somewhat mixed results we obtained provide tentative support for the protective benefits of multilingualism against cognitive decline. But more importantly, this study exposes a critical issue, which is the need for more comprehensive and more appropriate data on the subject. Keywords: Bilingualism, Alzheimer's disease, Dementia, Brain reserve

Published
2016

29. The Missing-Phoneme Effect in Aural Prose Comprehension

Author

John Christie, David W. Gow, Mireille Babineau, Jean Saint-Aubin, and Raymond M. Klein

Subjects
Adult, Male, media_common.quotation_subject, computer.software_genre, 050105 experimental psychology, Visual processing, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Reading (process), Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Active listening, Narrative, Audio signal processing, General Psychology, media_common, Psycholinguistics, 05 social sciences, Cognition, Linguistics, Comprehension, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Reading, Speech Perception, Female, Written language, Psychology, computer, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Cognitive psychology
Abstract

When participants search for a target letter while reading for comprehension, they miss more instances if the target letter is embedded in frequent function words than in less frequent content words. This phenomenon, called the missing-letter effect, has been considered a window on the cognitive mechanisms involved in the visual processing of written language. In the present study, one group of participants read two texts for comprehension while searching for a target letter, and another group listened to a narration of the same two texts while listening for the target letter’s corresponding phoneme. The ubiquitous missing-letter effect was replicated and extended to a missing-phoneme effect. Item-based correlations between the reading and listening tasks were high, which led us to conclude that both tasks involve cognitive processes that reading and listening have in common and that both processes are rooted in psycholinguistically driven allocation of attention.

Published
2016
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30. Hepatic disease

Author

Ashleigh Williams and John Christie

Abstract

This chapter describes the anaesthetic management of the patient with liver disease and its sequelae. Acute liver failure and chronic liver failure are discussed, together with their anaesthetic implications on coagulation and drug metabolism. Major sequelae of liver disease are discussed, including portal hypertension, varices, and hepatorenal syndrome. The preoperative investigation and optimization, treatment, and anaesthetic management of the patient with liver failure are described. The investigation and management of post-operative liver dysfunction are described. The anaesthetic management of acute oesophageal variceal haemorrhage and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS) are described.

Published
2018
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31. Methods for the evaluation of biomarkers in patients with kidney and liver diseases: multicentre research programme including ELUCIDATE RCT

Author

James Neuberger, Sue E. Bell, Michelle Hutchinson, Peter Heudtlass, Paul G. Richardson, Adebanji Adeyoju, Marc Jones, Michael P. Messenger, Anusha Edwards, Matthew Potton, Jacqueline Dinnes, Alice J Sitch, David A Cairns, Tilly Hale, Douglas Thompson, Claire Hulme, Roberta Longo, Stephanie Roberts, Paul D. Baxter, Joan Bedlington, Francesco Del Galdo, Sudeep Tanwar, William Rosenberg, Christopher McCabe, Nick Hornigold, Douglas Thorburn, John Christie, Jonathan J Deeks, Rosamonde E. Banks, Peter Selby, Andrew Lewington, Grant D. Stewart, Neil S. Sheerin, Tobias Livingstone, Sebastian Trainor, Vicky Napp, Paul Gibbs, Janine C Bestall, Jenny Hewison, Maureen Twiddy, Naeem Soomro, Walter M Gregory, Naveen S. Vasudev, Nicola Calder, Douglas G. Altman, Catharine M. Sturgeon, Julie Parkes, Matthew Welberry Smith, Carys Lippiatt, David Hrouda, Sheryl Sim, Neil Corrigan, and William McKane

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, MEDLINE, Psychological intervention, lcsh:RA1-1270, Disease, Health informatics, law.invention, Transplantation, Randomized controlled trial, law, Health care, medicine, Physical therapy, Biomarker (medicine), Intensive care medicine, business
Abstract

BackgroundProtein biomarkers with associations with the activity and outcomes of diseases are being identified by modern proteomic technologies. They may be simple, accessible, cheap and safe tests that can inform diagnosis, prognosis, treatment selection, monitoring of disease activity and therapy and may substitute for complex, invasive and expensive tests. However, their potential is not yet being realised.Design and methodsThe study consisted of three workstreams to create a framework for research: workstream 1, methodology – to define current practice and explore methodology innovations for biomarkers for monitoring disease; workstream 2, clinical translation – to create a framework of research practice, high-quality samples and related clinical data to evaluate the validity and clinical utility of protein biomarkers; and workstream 3, the ELF to Uncover Cirrhosis as an Indication for Diagnosis and Action for Treatable Event (ELUCIDATE) randomised controlled trial (RCT) – an exemplar RCT of an established test, the ADVIA Centaur® Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) test (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Ltd, Camberley, UK) [consisting of a panel of three markers – (1) serum hyaluronic acid, (2) amino-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen and (3) tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1], for liver cirrhosis to determine its impact on diagnostic timing and the management of cirrhosis and the process of care and improving outcomes.ResultsThe methodology workstream evaluated the quality of recommendations for using prostate-specific antigen to monitor patients, systematically reviewed RCTs of monitoring strategies and reviewed the monitoring biomarker literature and how monitoring can have an impact on outcomes. Simulation studies were conducted to evaluate monitoring and improve the merits of health care. The monitoring biomarker literature is modest and robust conclusions are infrequent. We recommend improvements in research practice. Patients strongly endorsed the need for robust and conclusive research in this area. The clinical translation workstream focused on analytical and clinical validity. Cohorts were established for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and renal transplantation (RT), with samples and patient data from multiple centres, as a rapid-access resource to evaluate the validity of biomarkers. Candidate biomarkers for RCC and RT were identified from the literature and their quality was evaluated and selected biomarkers were prioritised. The duration of follow-up was a limitation but biomarkers were identified that may be taken forward for clinical utility. In the third workstream, the ELUCIDATE trial registered 1303 patients and randomised 878 patients out of a target of 1000. The trial started late and recruited slowly initially but ultimately recruited with good statistical power to answer the key questions. ELF monitoring altered the patient process of care and may show benefits from the early introduction of interventions with further follow-up. The ELUCIDATE trial was an ‘exemplar’ trial that has demonstrated the challenges of evaluating biomarker strategies in ‘end-to-end’ RCTs and will inform future study designs.ConclusionsThe limitations in the programme were principally that, during the collection and curation of the cohorts of patients with RCC and RT, the pace of discovery of new biomarkers in commercial and non-commercial research was slower than anticipated and so conclusive evaluations using the cohorts are few; however, access to the cohorts will be sustained for future new biomarkers. The ELUCIDATE trial was slow to start and recruit to, with a late surge of recruitment, and so final conclusions about the impact of the ELF test on long-term outcomes await further follow-up. The findings from the three workstreams were used to synthesise a strategy and framework for future biomarker evaluations incorporating innovations in study design, health economics and health informatics.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN74815110, UKCRN ID 9954 and UKCRN ID 11930.FundingThis project was funded by the NIHR Programme Grants for Applied Research programme and will be published in full inProgramme Grants for Applied Research; Vol. 6, No. 3. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

Published
2018

32. Illusory line motion is not caused by object-differentiating mechanisms or endogenous attention

Author

John Christie

Subjects
genetic structures, Physiology, media_common.quotation_subject, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Motion (physics), Discrimination Learning, Spatial Processing, Physiology (medical), Perception, Psychophysics, Humans, Attention, General Psychology, media_common, Communication, Optical Illusions, Optical illusion, business.industry, General Medicine, Object (philosophy), Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Line (geometry), Cues, Psychology, business, Photic Stimulation, Cognitive psychology
Abstract

Christie and Klein [2005. Does attention cause illusory line motion? Perception & Psychophysics, 67(6), 1032–1043] published line motion ratings consistent with illusory line motion (ILM) after peripheral endogenous cues but not central arrow cues. When attention was directed endogenously on the basis of the shape of one of two peripherally presented objects, participants reported small, but significant motion away from the attended object, and this was attributed to participant bias, or to a peripherally directed object-based attention system endogenously recruited to differentiate the peripheral shapes. By using a unique cueing method with identical peripheral markers, but still allowing them to act as cues, the findings of Christie and Klein Experiment 4 were replicated. This reduces the likelihood that object discrimination or object attention mechanisms are responsible for the reported ILM-like effects.

Published
2014
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33. Characterizing unconventional T cells in the tumor microenvironment of metastatic osteosarcoma

Author

Nicole Appel, John Christie, and Joseph Blattman

Subjects
Immunology, Immunology and Allergy
Abstract

Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer and typically affects patients in the second decade of life. Current treatment methods have not proven effective for treating reoccurring or metastatic osteosarcoma (mOS) given the 5-year survival rate of 15–30%. Previous work has shown anti-PD-L1 combined with anti-CTLA-4 improves survival of mOS in mice from 0% in no treatment mice to 60% in treated mice. To further improve survival, we analyzed tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in mice over time and discovered CD4hiCD8hiPD-1hi T cells consistently appeared in the tumor microenvironment (TME) after approximately two months. To determine whether these CD4hiCD8hi, or double positive (DP) cells, were candidates for immune therapy, TILs from mice with long-term cancer were stained for CD3 to confirm T cell lineage, CD44 to verify activation, and Qa-2, which is first expressed during the stage IV single positive phase of T cell maturation and is therefore a marker to distinguish mature from immature T cells. The DP TILs were found to be activated, mature T cells that are distinct from DP immature thymocytes. The DP TILs were further compared to splenocytes and were determined to be concentrated in the TME rather than resulting from a systemic change in the immune system. Finally, the presence of DP T cells in the lungs was found to be unique to long-term lung metastases when lung tissues from age-matched healthy mice were obtained and processed alongside experimental lung metastases. Overall, mature and activated DP T cells concentrate in the TME of long-term lung metastases of mOS.

Published
2019
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34. Skiing Maine

Author

John Christie, Josh Christie, John Christie, and Josh Christie

Subjects
Skis and skiing--Maine--Guidebooks
Abstract

Maine Ski Hall of Famer John Christie, author of the definitive history of the resort at Sugarloaf and veteran of Maine's ski industry, teams up with his son Josh to guide skiers to all the best places. Every public ski mountain or hill in the state is listed, along with pertinent information about trails, amenities, conditions, and personal anecdotes and suggestions from the authors, who have skied at all of them. Included are destinations for cross-country and downhill skiing.

Published
2016

35. Cuatro horizontes : Una visita a la capilla de Ronchamp de Le Corbusier

Author

John Berger, John Christie, sor Lucia Kuppens, sor Techilde Hinckley, John Berger, John Christie, sor Lucia Kuppens, and sor Techilde Hinckley

Abstract

Este libro recoge las conversaciones mantenidas entre John Berger, John Christie, sor Lucia Kuppens y sor Telchilde Hinckley tras visitar en 2009 la capilla de Ronchamp de Le Corbusier. En este viaje de peregrinaje espiritual y arquitectónico, los diálogos afloran como un homenaje en vivo a la capilla y a su arquitecto. Los cuatro visitantes acuden a Notre-Dame-du-Haute desde trayectorias muy distintas, cuatro miradas que se cruzan en ricos diálogos donde aparecen con inusitada frescura y espontaneidad temas tan universales como el valor de la historia, la espiritualidad del lugar, la luz o la materia. El libro viene introducido por un texto de John Christie que cuenta las circunstancias del viaje y recupera asimismo un texto que John Berger escribió en 1965 tras la muerte de Le Corbusier.

Published
2016

36. Of guns and geese: a meta-analytic review of the ‘weapon focus’ literature

Author

Emily J. Russell, Kristine A. Peace, John Christie, and Jonathan M. Fawcett

Subjects
Eyewitness testimony, fungi, Weapon focus, Poison control, Human factors and ergonomics, Cognition, social sciences, Criminal investigation, humanities, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Arousal, Schema (psychology), population characteristics, Psychology, Law, Social psychology, General Psychology, Cognitive psychology
Abstract

Weapon focus is frequently cited as a factor in eyewitness testimony, and is broadly defined as a weapon-related decrease in performance on subsequent tests of memory for those elements of an event or visual scene concurrent to the weapon. This effect has been attributed to either (a) physiological or emotional arousal that narrows the attentional beam (arousal/threat hypothesis), or (b) the cognitive demands inherent in processing an unusual object (e.g. weapon) that is incongruent with the schema representing the visual scene (unusual item hypothesis). Meta-analytical techniques were applied to test these theories as well as to evaluate the prospect of weapon focus in real-world criminal investigations. Our findings indicated an effect of weapon presence overall (g= 0.53) that was significantly influenced by retention interval, exposure duration, and threat but unaffected by whether the event occurred in a laboratory, simulation, or real-world environment.

Published
2013
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37. Maine Outdoor Adventure Guide

Author

John Christie, Josh Christie, John Christie, and Josh Christie

Subjects
Adventure and adventurers--Maine, Outdoor recreation--Maine, Wilderness areas--Recreational use--Maine
Abstract

This book is a trip-oriented guide, with each entry focusing on a specific activity at a particular location. Some examples are biking the Acadia Carriage Roads; climbing Bigelow Mountain;or canoeing the Magalloway River. It presents a series of trips that could comprise an entire summer of exploration or be stretched out over years.The authors present a series of day or weekend trips that could comprise an entire summer of exploration or be stretched out over years. Combined, the trips represent a broad-based discovery of the entire state of Maine. Maps, clear directions, and pertinent information are included for each trip, as well as first-hand descriptions of what you can expect to encounter along the way.

Published
2015

38. Placeholders dissociate two forms of inhibition of return

Author

Matthew D. Hilchey, John Christie, and Jay Pratt

Subjects
Male, Visual perception, Formative Feedback, Physiology, media_common.quotation_subject, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Object processing, 050105 experimental psychology, Inhibition of return, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Physiology (medical), Perception, Orientation, Reaction Time, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Attention, General Psychology, media_common, Communication, business.industry, 05 social sciences, Eye movement, General Medicine, Fixation (psychology), Response bias, Inhibition, Psychological, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, Covert, Visual Perception, Female, Cues, Psychology, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Photic Stimulation, Cognitive psychology
Abstract

Decades of research using Posner’s classic spatial cueing paradigm has uncovered at least two forms of inhibition of return (IOR) in the aftermath of an exogenous, peripheral orienting cue. One prominent dissociation concerns the role of covert and overt orienting in generating IOR effects that relate to perception- and action-oriented processes, respectively. Another prominent dissociation concerns the role of covert and overt orienting in generating IOR effects that depend on object- and space-based representation, respectively. Our objective was to evaluate whether these dichotomies are functionally equivalent by manipulating placeholder object presence in the cueing paradigm. By discouraging eye movements throughout, Experiments 1A and 1B validated a perception-oriented form of IOR that depended critically on placeholders. Experiment 2A demonstrated that IOR was robust without placeholders when eye movements went to the cue and back to fixation before the manual response target. In Experiment 2B, we replicated Experiment 2A’s procedures except we discouraged eye movements. IOR was observed, albeit only weakly and significantly diminished relative to when eye movements were involved. We conclude that action-oriented IOR is robust against placeholders but that the magnitude of perception-oriented IOR is critically sensitive to placeholder presence when unwanted oculomotor activity can be ruled out.

Published
2016

39. Unpacking a Wicked Problem: Enablers/Impediments to Regional Engagement

Author

Michael John Christie, David Pickernell, and Patricia A Rowe

Subjects
Unpacking, Government, Wicked problem, Public Administration, Sociology and Political Science, business.industry, Stakeholder, Context (language use), Public relations, Regional development, Local government, Political science, business, Triple helix
Abstract

A case study approach is applied to review Local Government Authorities (LGA) regional engagement in the Australian context. We address the question 'What are the key LGA enablers/impediments to regional engagement?' by applying Leydesdorff's (2000) proposition that triple helix type network systems exhibit patterns of complex behaviour if the interaction factors that trigger enablers are reflexively declared. The three strands of the LGA triple helix network system are institutions, industry and government. In this case study the LGA's overall management of its regional stakeholder relationships resulted in impediments that limit strong regional engagement. Importantly, the findings inform practitioners, policy-makers and research audiences of the nature of impediments and, by inference, the nature of enablers in LGA triple helix network systems.

Published
2009
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40. A Forward Solution for RF Impedance Tomography in Wood

Author

Ian WOODHEAD, Nobuo SOBUE, Ian PLATT, and John CHRISTIE

Subjects
lcsh:Technology (General), Impedance, lcsh:T1-995, Heterogeneous, Tomography, Wood, Model
Abstract

Both integral equation and differential equation methods enable modelling current and hence impedance of wood, to provide the forward solution for impedance tomography that in turn provides a measure of its internal moisture distribution. Previously, we have used a series impedance model and successfully demonstrated measurement of internal moisture distribution. Here we describe the adaptation of our integral equation method for this application. This has required an alternative calculation to model the impressed field from the segmented electrodes used in the measurements to date, and we demonstrate distortion of the anomalous field due to the presence of a wood dielectric, and the field magnitude. Further work will be required to translate the resulting field distribution from our model, to complex current and hence impedance readings, to allow completion of tomographic reconstruction using this approach.

Published
2008

41. Tennis

Author

John Christie

Subjects
biology, media_common.quotation_subject, Art history, Art, biology.organism_classification, Poacher, media_common
Published
2016
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42. On the uniqueness of attentional capture by uninformative gaze cues: Facilitation interacts with the Simon effect and is rarely followed by IOR

Author

Darren McKee, John Christie, and Raymond M. Klein

Subjects
Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Stimulus (physiology), 050105 experimental psychology, Conflict, Psychological, Inhibition of return, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Orientation, Psychophysics, Reaction Time, Humans, Attention, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Cued speech, Cognitive science, Simon effect, 05 social sciences, General Medicine, Gaze, Inhibition, Psychological, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Fixation (visual), Facilitation, Cues, Probability Learning, Psychology, Stimulus–response compatibility, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Cognitive psychology
Abstract

Orienting to an uninformative peripheral cue is characterized by a brief facilitation followed by a long-lasting inhibition once attention is removed from the cued location. Although central gaze cues cause reflexive orienting, the inhibitory effect that is relatively ubiquitous following exogenous orienting to uninformative peripheral cues has been relatively rare. We hypothesized that IOR might be seen following gaze-induced orienting if attention were effectively returned to centre by a return gaze or return flash. The time-course of gaze-directed orienting was measured by varying the interval between the gaze cue and a peripheral target requiring an orientation discrimination (permitting measurement of the Simon effect). Significant facilitation was observed at all but the longest SOA tested, 2,880 ms, by which time the facilitation had disappeared with no evidence of IOR. Gaze-induced cuing (which was unaffected by return cue condition) interacted with the Simon effect, decreasing it at the gazed-at location, a pattern that is not seen with more typical endogenous and exogenous cuing. Vision allows for long-distance observation of many important aspects of an organism's environment: Food, predators, and mates. A feature of many visual systems is the ability to orient attention quickly. A shadow looms or blades of grass move, and the organism becomes more alert generally, and shifts its attention to enhance identification of the stimulus and permit appropriate responding as needed. Converging evidence from the Posner cueing paradigm (Posner 1978, 1980), which has become one of the prime tools to study such attentional shifts, and from other paradigms, has led to the conclusion that uninformative peripheral events (cues) can cause rapid automatic orienting of attention (e.g., Jonides, 1981), with targets presented near the stimulated location processed more efficiently than those further away. In a seminal paper, Posner and Cohen (1984) found that this facilitation was confined to short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs); at longer ones there is delayed responding to targets presented at the cued location, a phenomenon that was subsequently called inhibition of return (IOR; see Klein, 2000, for a review) by Posner, Rafal, Choate, and Vaughn (1985). Of course, our orienting abilities did not evolve to perform the Posner cuing task. Rather, orienting to food, conspecifics, and predators is important for survival. In social organisms there would likely have been selective pressure to use vision to provide a valuable source of information about what others in our group are attending (e.g., Moore & Dunham, 1995). In this context, it is not surprising then, that when psychologists conducted experiments using uninformative gaze cues presented at fixation, they obtained evidence suggesting that such cues produced relatively rapid automatic orienting in the direction of the gaze (for a review, see Frischen, Bayliss, & Tipper, 2007). The control of orienting by gaze cues was initially explored by developmentalists in infants and toddlers and it has even been observed in nonhuman primates (Tomasella, Call, & Hare, 1998). The developmental work was conducted in the context of "joint visual attention." It is possible that some of the early reports that infants as old as 10 months did not show gaze following (e.g., Corkum & Moore, 1998) were limited by the use of a real actor who may have been too engaging for the children to orient away from (D'Entremont, 2000). In one study, this obstacle was removed by Hood, Willen, and Driver (1998) through the use of a real, but computer-displayed, face whose eyes blinked a few times with forward gaze and unpredictably opened looking leftward or rightward. Shortly thereafter the face disappeared and a target appeared unpredictably on the left or right. Children as young as six months old looked faster when the gaze direction and the location of the object agreed. …

Published
2007
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43. Improved electric field modelling for TDR

Author

Ian Woodhead, Graeme D. Buchan, John Christie, and Ian Platt

Subjects
Field (physics), Discretization, business.industry, Applied Mathematics, Basis function, Integral equation, Moment (mathematics), Optics, Electric field, Applied mathematics, Limit (mathematics), business, Reflectometry, Instrumentation, Engineering (miscellaneous), Mathematics
Abstract

Integral equation (IE) methods may be used to model the interaction between microwave signals and porous materials and hence lead to improvements in time-domain reflectometry (TDR) or other techniques for measurement of moisture content. Although they may employ pulse basis functions to represent the field in each cell of the discretized region, the inherent approximations limit accuracy. Higher order basis functions provide one alternative, but here we describe a method that retains the geometric and cell density advantages of delta functions, and improves accuracy by correcting for the field integration errors of the conventional moment method. Our approach circumvents errors that arise when assuming that the field of a cell is adequately represented by a source at its centre, and results in close agreement between empirical results and the model.

Published
2007
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44. 'Street' and Prescription Drug Abuse

Author

Sharon S. Kelley, James Godin, and John Christie

Subjects
Substance abuse, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Anesthesia, medicine, Methamphetamine, business, medicine.disease, Psychiatry, Amphetamine, Prescription drug abuse, medicine.drug
Published
2015
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45. Vector averaging of inhibition of return

Author

Eric M. J. Morris, Raymond M. Klein, and John Christie

Subjects
Cued speech, Communication, Angular distance, business.industry, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Inhibition of return, Orienting response, Inhibition, Psychological, User-Computer Interface, Eye position, Center of gravity, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Fixation (visual), Reaction Time, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Humans, Computer vision, Artificial intelligence, Cues, Psychology, business, Neural coding
Abstract

Observers detected targets presented 400 msec after a display containing one cue or two to four cues displayed simultaneously in randomly selected locations on a virtual circle around fixation. The cue arrangement was completely uninformative about the upcoming target's location, and eye position was monitored to ensure that the participants maintained fixation between the cue and their manual detection response. Reflecting inhibition of return (IOR), there was a gradient of performance following single cues, with reaction time decreasing monotonically as the target's angular distance from the cued direction increased. An equivalent gradient of IOR was found following multiple cues whose center of gravity fell outside the parafoveal region and, thus, whose net vector would activate an orienting response. Moreover, on these trials, whether or not the targeted location had been stimulated by a cue had little effect on this gradient. Finally, when the array of cues was balanced so that its center of gravity was at fixation, there was no IOR. These findings, which suggest that IOR is an aftermath of orienting elicited by the cue, are compatible with population coding of the entire cue (as a grouped array for multiple cues) as the generator of IOR.

Published
2005
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46. Property : The True Story of a Polygamous Church Wife

Author

Carol Christie, John Christie, Carol Christie, and John Christie

Subjects
Abused wives--Canada--Biography, Ex-cultists--Canada--Biography, Polygamy--Canada
Abstract

The true story of a brave woman's nearly 40 years in a polygamous cult, her eventual escape, and her struggle to integrate into a world she barely knew. In the early 1970s an innocent teenager who had led a sheltered life was forced to leave her family and enter into a polygamous, abusive, and deviant relationship with a man called the Prophet. In 2008, nearly 40 years later, she fled his religious sect. Property is not a misnomer. It accurately depicts how the women in the sect were treated. Carol Christie reveals the degradation, abuse, and brainwashing that the Church Wives endured. She exposes the physical abuse, the mental cruelty, the slave labour, and the sexual deviance that took place near Owen Sound, a small community just a few hours north of Toronto, as well as at other locations. She describes the many opportunities that officials had to investigate but walked away from, swayed by the charismatic Prophet. Carol is building a new life, one of freedom and options. With no money and no job she started again and is now dedicated to helping others who have escaped while raising awareness about the dangers of the cult.

Published
2013

48. A water content sensor for baked products

Author

John Christie, Richard Fenton, Ian M. Woodhead, and Kenji Irie

Subjects
Ingredient, Moisture, business.industry, Moisture measurement, Food products, Mixing (process engineering), Environmental science, Relative humidity, Experimental work, Process engineering, business, Water content
Abstract

The water content of baked products such as bread, cake and biscuits, affect the texture, colour, keeping qualities and consumer acceptance. Currently, moisture content is controlled by ensuring a uniform set of ingredients, mixing and baking, but inevitably variation arises from, for example, variation in ingredient characteristics, position within ovens and ambient temperature and relative humidity. A water content sensor that can measure on-line moisture after baking and adjust oven temperature distribution or just the mean oven temperature, will lead to more consistent products. This paper outlines requirements of a sensor for on-line measurement of moisture content, describes a sensor concept that meets these requirements, and then presents the results from experimental work that determined typical permittivity values of bread, one of the target baked products.

Published
2014
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50. [Untitled]

Author

Graeme D. Buchan, Don Kulasiri, John Christie, and Ian M. Woodhead

Subjects
Permittivity, Transverse plane, Materials science, Transmission line, Homogeneity (physics), Mathematical analysis, Electronic engineering, Dielectric, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Linear interpolation, Reflectometry, Integral equation, Surfaces, Coatings and Films
Abstract

The use of time domain reflectometry (TDR) techniques for measuring the moisture content of composite materials is a mature art but usually assumes homogeneity of the material in the transverse plane. As the basis of a forward solution to TDR imaging, we describe an integral equation approach to model the response of the TDR system to a lossless heterogeneous dielectric body. Then, in conjunction with a suitable dielectric model of the composite material, the TDR response to moisture content distribution may be quantified. Several methods for integrating the field values between the transmission line rods were compared and a new method that combines a priori information with linear interpolation provided the most consistent integration for three different permittivity distributions. A self-consistency approach was used to compare the modeled propagation velocity with that expected from transmission line theory.

Published
2000
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